The identity of vincamajoridine and akuammine

Résumé Les auteurs démontrent que la vincamajoridine C₂₂H₂₆O₄N₂; F. 258; ()_D-104±4° (py) récemment extraite de la Grande Pervenche (Vinca major L.) est identique à l'akuammine antérieurement découverte dans les graines d'une autre ApocynacéePicralima nitida (Stapf) T. etH. Durand.     

Chemical investigation ofAbroma august a Linn. identity of abromine with betaine

Zusammenfassung Isolierung und Charakterisierung verschiedener Stoffe aus der indischen PflanzeAbroma augusta Linn.     

Scanning-autoradiography--a new method for the demonstration of membrane-surface-associated structures.

A method for the demonstration of membrane-localized markers and receptors is described which results from the combination of autoradiography and scanning electronmicroscopy.     

Leslie修正模型在人口预测中的应用

运用操作性强,可信度高的方法来准确预测未来人口的变化是一个国家或地区制定相应中政策的重要依据.决定人口发展的关键性参数是人口死亡率,妇女平均生育率和人口的初始年龄分布,本文通过对<中国人口统计年鉴>中部分相应数据进行统计分析,以2004年为初始年建立leslie修正模型对中国未来人口进行长期预测,发现人口总数从2005年到2050年总体呈先上升再稍有下降最终趋于平隐的趋势,人口总数将在2020年再次达到峰值.此外针对数据的无规律性建立GM(1,1)模型预测出未来20年市、镇、乡每类人口性别比呈缓慢的增长趋势.并运用预测数据结果对老龄化、抚养比、人口素质等人口特征指标进行简要分析.     

The specification of neuronal identity in the mammalian cerebral cortex

Summary The determination of neuronal fate in the developing cerebral cortex has been studied by tracking normal cell lineages in the cortex, and by testing the commitment of young cortical neurons to their normal fates. These studies together suggest that neuronal progenitors are multipotent during development and have the potential to produce neurons destined for many or all of the cortical layers. However, the laminar identity of an individual neuron appears to be specified through environmental interactions at the time of the cell's temrinal mitotic division, prior to its migration into the cortical plate.     

The specification of neuronal identity in the mammalian cerebral cortex

The determination of neuronal fate in the developing cerebral cortex has been studied by tracking normal cell lineages in the cortex, and by testing the commitment of young cortical neurons to their normal fates. These studies together suggest that neuronal progenitors are multipotent during development and have the potential to produce neurons destined for many or all of the cortical layers. However, the laminar identity of an individual neuron appears to be specified through environmental interactions at the time of the cell's terminal mitotic division, prior to its migration into the cortical plate.     

Scanning-autoradiography—a new method for the demonstration of membrane-surface-associated structures

Summary A method for the demonstration of membrane-localized markers and receptors is described which results from the combination of autoradiography and scanning electronmicroscopy.     

Aldose reductase structures: implications for mechanism and inhibition

During chronic hyperglycaemia, elevated vascular glucose level causes increased flux through the polyol pathway, which induces functional and morphological changes associated with secondary diabetic complications. Inhibitors of aldose reductase (ARIs) have been widely investigated as potential therapeutic agents, but to date only epalrestat is successfully marketed for treatment of diabetic neuropathy, in Japan. Promising compounds during in vitro studies or in trials with animal models have failed to proceed beyond clinical trials and to everyday use, due to a lack of efficacy or adverse side effects attributed to lack of inhibitor specificity and likely inhibition of the related aldehyde reductase (ALR1). Knowledge of the catalytic mechanism and structures of the current inhibitors complexed with ALR2 are means by which more specific and tightly bound inhibitors can be discovered. This review will provide an overview of the proposed catalytic mechanism and the current state of structure-based drug design.     

Amino acid excretion patterns in the offspring of a ‘doubly-heterozygous’ cystine stone former

Résumé L'analyse des acides aminés de la cystinurie du type I-III dans l'urine de deux enfants d'un hétérozygote double a révélé que les quantité d'acides aminés dibasiques excrétées en 24 h sont celles qui furent trouvées chez les hétérozygotes de la cystinurie du type III. Les données expérimentales s'accordent sur ce point que les types biochimiquement hétérogènes de la cystinurie sont règiés par des allèles.     

Average conditional correlation and tree structures for multivariate GARCH models

We propose a simple class of multivariate GARCH models, allowing for time‐varying conditional correlations. Estimates for time‐varying conditional correlations are constructed by means of a convex combination of averaged correlations (across all series) and dynamic realized (historical) correlations. Our model is very parsimonious. Estimation is computationally feasible in very large dimensions without resorting to any variance reduction technique. We back‐test the models on a six‐dimensional exchange‐rate time series using different goodness‐of‐fit criteria and statistical tests. We collect empirical evidence of their strong predictive power, also in comparison to alternative benchmark procedures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modal and temporal logics for abstract space–time structures

In the fourth century BC, the Greek philosopher Diodoros Chronos gave a temporal definition of necessity. Because it connects modality and temporality, this definition is of interest to philosophers working within branching time or branching space–time models. This definition of necessity can be formalized and treated within a logical framework. We give a survey of the several known modal and temporal logics of abstract space–time structures based on the real numbers and the integers, considering three different accessibility relations between spatio-temporal points.     

A trapper keeper for TRAPP, its structures and functions

During biosynthesis many membrane and secreted proteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum, through the Golgi and on to the plasma membrane in small transport vesicles. These transport vesicles have to undergo budding, movement, tethering, docking, and fusion at each organelle of the biosynthetic pathway. The transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex was initially identified as the tethering factor for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)—derived COPII vesicles, but the functions of TRAPP may extend to other areas of biology. Three forms of TRAPP complexes have been discovered to date, and recent advances in research have provided new insights on the structures and functions of TRAPP. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the recent findings in TRAPP biology.     

String theory,Einstein, and the identity of physics: Theory assessment in absence of the empirical

String theorists are certain that they are practicing physicists. Yet, some of their recent critics deny this. This paper argues that this conflict is really about who holds authority in making rational judgment in theoretical physics. At bottom, the conflict centers on the question: who is a proper physicist? To illustrate and understand the differing opinions about proper practice and identity, we discuss different appreciations of epistemic virtues and explanation among string theorists and their critics, and how these have been sourced in accounts of Einstein's biography. Just as Einstein is claimed by both sides, historiography offers examples of both successful and unsuccessful non-empirical science. History of science also teaches that times of conflict are often times of innovation, in which novel scholarly identities may come into being. At the same time, since the contributions of Thomas Kuhn historians have developed a critical attitude towards formal attempts and methodological recipes for epistemic demarcation and justification of scientific practice. These are now, however, being considered in the debate on non-empirical physics.