正常状态下黑线仓鼠脑内c-fos的基础表达

目的：研究正常状态下黑线仓鼠脑内前脑皮层、海马和下丘脑区c-fos的基础表达。方法：采用免疫组织化学方法（SABC）检测c-fos蛋白在黑线仓前脑皮层、海马和下丘脑区的表达,以昆明品系小鼠为对照,建立足底电击急性应激小鼠模型。结果：正常生活状态下黑线仓鼠脑内前脑皮层、海马和下丘脑区c-fos蛋白广泛表达;其中海马CA1和CA3区c-fos阳性神经元相对数量较少,海马DG区、前脑皮层和下丘脑区c-fos阳性神经元相对数量较多;与正常小鼠相比,前脑皮层c-fos阳性神经元显著增多（P〈0.01）。应激小鼠各脑区c-fos阳性神经元数量明显增多,与正常小鼠比较有统计学显著差异（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。各脑区c-fos阳性神经元平均目标灰度值结果类似。结论：正常状态下黑线仓鼠脑内c-fos蛋白的表达可能与动物的行为活动和内分泌、空间认知功能以及复杂运动的调控密切相关。     

电刺激大壁虎（Gekko gecko）中脑诱导转向运动的研究

为探索大壁虎运动行为脑功能基础和人工诱导的可能性,用不锈钢微电极对头部固定状态下浅麻醉的大壁虎（Gekko gecko,n=20）中脑脑区施以生理范围内的电刺激．发现中脑被盖区域在电刺激下可诱导出大壁虎脊柱侧弯和四肢动（外伸、内收、抬腿迈步等动作）等一系列多肌群参与的复杂运动行为;根据急性实验结果,通过在中脑被盖特定脑区植入金属微电极对术后恢复一周的清醒状态下的大壁虎（n=20）脑区施加电刺激信号,可成功地诱导出左、右转向的运动行为．该结果发现大壁虎中脑与运动行为密切相关,而且通过刺激脑内相关的核团可能实现对大壁虎部分运动行为的人工诱导．这为大壁虎运动的人工制导提供了有益的信息．     

中央上核向大脑皮质的纤维投射——HRP逆行标记法研究

本文用辣根过氧化物的酶(HRP)逆行标记法对中央上核(CS)向大脑皮质的纤维投射进行了研究。观察结果表明;CS向大脑皮质投射的范围很广泛,除压上回和视区以外的大部分大脑皮质都接受CS的投射纤维,但从整体上看前半皮质多于后半皮质。在各脑区的注射例中,海马的标记细胞最多,其次是隔区,前乙状回,后乙状回和扣带回。标记细胞为中等大小的卵圆形细胞,位于核的中央部。     

大鼠端脑神经元型一氧化氮合酶免疫阳性神经元的分析

目的：观察大鼠端脑神经元一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）免疫阳性神经元的分析。方法：ABC免疫细胞化学显示大鼠端脑nNOS阳性神经元。结果：nNOS阳性神经元呈棕褐色，胞体的形态多样化，呈梭形、三角形、圆形等多种形状，突起一个或多个；阳性纤维呈棕色串珠状，个别脑区阳性纤维相互交织成网。端脑nNOS免疫阳性神经元主要分布于嗅结节（包括海马回）、梨状区（包括梨状皮质和梨状核）、斜角带、隔区、杏仁复合体、海马结构、尾壳核和苍白球，以及大脑皮质等各个部位，其中以大脑皮质、梨状区和斜角带、尾壳核等部分最为丰富。结论：大鼠端脑内分布有丰富的nNOS阳性神经元，它们可能通过调节神经递质的分泌，参与脑的高级整合功能。     

行星为什么不“眨眼睛”？

A：这个问题显然要从“星星为什么眨眼睛”说起。“一闪一闪亮晶晶，满天都是小星星”这首儿歌家喻户晓，星星眨眼睛的秘密不是因为别的，而是地球的大气层因温度、密度或流动差异导致折射率变化造成的，即使在看似无风平静的夜晚，实际上也在不停地运动之中（称为湍流）。     

左腹侧枕颞区在颜色特征的直接和间接提取中的功能分离

以往的研究提示,物体特性的储存／提取与知觉这些特性的脑区有关．有的研究发现知识的储存和提取恰恰激活了知觉区,而另一些研究则表明,知识的储存区并不是知觉区本身,而是位于知觉区的附近,比如前部．而知觉区或其前部与对刺激不同特性的提取是否有关,尚未有针对性的研究．文中采用功能磁共振成像技术,探讨了在颜色知觉和颜色提取过程中,腹侧枕颞区的激活特点．实验采用静止的灰度图像做控制条件,首先对被试进行颜色知觉的功能定位,然后用6d时间在扫描机器外训练被试记住颜色和运动、颜色和字母之间的联系,最后进行颜色信息的直接和间接提取的功能磁共振扫描．结果发现,颜色知觉任务激活了双侧腹侧枕颞区后部,当以运动为线索,直接提取相对应的颜色信息时,这一区域也被激活;而当呈现运动和字母两种线索,要求被试（通过间接提取颜色）判断二者是否互相匹配时,除枕颞区后部外,其左侧前部也出现激活．结果为颜色信息的提取中,左侧枕颞区后部和前部在不同提取任务中的功能分离提供了证据：与颜色相关的信息储存在腹侧枕颞区两个前后相近的部位,其中后部和颜色的知觉特性相关,而前部可能和颜色相关的各种知识联系相关．     

基于复杂网络构建与分析技术的语音响度差异神经处理机制研究

相关分析能够找出研究现象之间的依存关系、相关方向以及相关程度,可以发现大数据集里隐藏的关联网络.本文面向语音响度变化认知问题,提出“差异度”的概念,利用相关分析构建大脑功能的复杂网络,探索深层的神经处理机制与脑认知新规律.提出一种短时窗分析方法,构建不同认知阶段的脑网络;基于不同刺激下节点度的拓扑特征,构建基于差异度的脑地形图,实现脑区之间数据关系的可视化表达和动态演化过程表达.结果发现,前额叶、右额颞区和右后颞区分别在听觉处理的早期、中期和晚期对声音响度变化具有显著响应.研究表明脑复杂网络构建与分析技术可以成为研究神经处理机制与认知规律的有效工具.     

基于图论算法的脊髓损伤后大脑皮层运动区神经元网络分析

 脊髓损伤(SCI)后大脑皮层运动区神经元的功能重组对机体功能康复的影响仍然不为人知。脊髓损伤前后,对一只在跑步机上直立行走的恒河猴的大脑皮层运动区神经元信号进行记录,利用不同神经元动作电位序列间的相关系数建立神经元网络图。为了研究神经元活动模式的变化与功能康复之间的联系,利用图论算法计算了神经元网络图的全局效能指标和神经元脆弱性指标。结果显示,不同时期神经元活动模式的显著变化意味着运动区神经元的功能重组(神经可塑性)与脊髓损伤后猴子的功能康复状态紧密相关,且这种神经功能重组对于猴子步行功能的康复起了非常重要的积极作用。     

不同环境小鼠的行为,记忆及脑突触蛋白磷酸化

本实验通过离体测定小鼠脑突触蛋白磷酸化水平探讨了丰富和单调环境饲养下小鼠行为、记忆差异的脑内突触化学机制。结果如下:(1)丰富环境小鼠小脑半球突触蛋白磷酸化水平的显著变化可能与小鼠对环境的适应有关;(2)丰富环境可增强记忆保持力;(3)两组小鼠行为训练后各脑区突触蛋白磷酸化水平的变化有差异,丰富环境组小鼠左、右海马测定值均升高。表明:不同环境小鼠行为、记忆的差异可能与环境对某些脑区突触蛋白磷酸化作用的影响有关。     

虫草素改善脑缺血小鼠学习记忆及保护海马神经元的作用研究

采用双侧颈动脉夹闭建立脑缺血模型,分别观察造模后和造模前腹腔注射100 mg?kg-1虫草素对小鼠Y迷宫行为训练的影响以及检测海马各区神经元数量的变化.结果表明,造模前给予虫草素能明显提高小鼠的正确反应率（p0.05）,减少达标所需训练次数（p0.05）,并显著增加海马CA1区和CA3区锥体神经元数量（p0.01）.造模后给予虫草素对小鼠的正确反应率没有显著影响（p0.05）,但显著减少达标所需训练次数（p0.05）;同时,海马CA3区神经元数量显著增加（p0.01）,而CA1区没有显著变化（p0.05）.由此可见,虫草素能改善脑缺血小鼠的学习能力,预防作用似乎比治疗作用更为显著,其相关机制可能与虫草素促进海马神经元的修复有关.     

Dynamic coding of behaviourally relevant stimuli in parietal cortex.

A general function of cerebral cortex is to allow the flexible association of sensory stimuli with specific behaviours. Many neurons in parietal, prefrontal and motor cortical areas are activated both by particular movements and by sensory cues that trigger these movements, suggesting a role in linking sensation to action. For example, neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) encode both the location of visual stimuli and the direction of saccadic eye movements. LIP is not believed to encode non-spatial stimulus attributes such as colour. Here we investigated whether LIP would encode colour if colour was behaviourally linked to the eye movement. We trained monkeys to make an eye movement in one of two directions based alternately on the colour or location of a visual cue. When cue colour was relevant for directing eye movement, we found a substantial fraction of LIP neurons selective for cue colour. However, when cue location was relevant, colour selectivity was virtually absent in LIP. These results demonstrate that selectivity of cortical neurons can change as a function of the required behaviour.     

去势对成年雄性斑胸草雀HVC神经元电生理特性的影响

鸣唱控制系统的高级发声中枢HVC（high vocal center）是发声运动通路和前端脑通路的始端，是发声行为的起始控制脑区，亦可接受听觉信号的输入及反馈，是鸣禽鸣唱调控最为重要的脑区.以往研究表明,雄激素及其代谢产物对鸣禽鸣唱控制有重要作用.去势显著改变鸣禽体内激素含量，进而影响鸣禽鸣曲稳定性，但其具体机制尚未阐明.我们运用全细胞膜片钳记录法，在离体细胞水平研究了去势引起的雄激素水平降低对HVC不同神经元电生理特性的影响.研究结果显示,去势组与对照组相比，投射神经元HVCRA，HVCX膜输入电阻减小，膜时间常数降低，动作电位后超极化幅值升高及达到峰值时间延长，表明雄激素可以提高两类投射神经元的兴奋性. 综上所述，雄激素可以一定程度上提高HVC神经元的兴奋性，雄激素可增强HVC对发声运动通路（vocal motor pathway,VMP)的控制，抑制前端脑通路(anterior forebrain pathway,AFP)来实现维持鸣曲的稳定.     

Gamma-band synchronization in visual cortex predicts speed of change detection

Our capacity to process and respond behaviourally to multiple incoming stimuli is very limited. To optimize the use of this limited capacity, attentional mechanisms give priority to behaviourally relevant stimuli at the expense of irrelevant distractors. In visual areas, attended stimuli induce enhanced responses and an improved synchronization of rhythmic neuronal activity in the gamma frequency band (40-70 Hz). Both effects probably improve the neuronal signalling of attended stimuli within and among brain areas. Attention also results in improved behavioural performance and shortened reaction times. However, it is not known how reaction times are related to either response strength or gamma-band synchronization in visual areas. Here we show that behavioural response times to a stimulus change can be predicted specifically by the degree of gamma-band synchronization among those neurons in monkey visual area V4 that are activated by the behaviourally relevant stimulus. When there are two visual stimuli and monkeys have to detect a change in one stimulus while ignoring the other, their reactions are fastest when the relevant stimulus induces strong gamma-band synchronization before and after the change in stimulus. This enhanced gamma-band synchronization is also followed by shorter neuronal response latencies on the fast trials. Conversely, the monkeys' reactions are slowest when gamma-band synchronization is high in response to the irrelevant distractor. Thus, enhanced neuronal gamma-band synchronization and shortened neuronal response latencies to an attended stimulus seem to have direct effects on visually triggered behaviour, reflecting an early neuronal correlate of efficient visuo-motor integration.     

产业结构空间关联的网络特征对环境污染的影响研究基于中间中心度视角

深层次探究产业结构对环境的作用效果是实现生态经济的重要一环.基于各地区要素禀赋和技术水平的差异,地区之间的产业结构相互关联,使得一个地区的产业结构不仅会对本地的环境产生影响,也对邻近地区的环境产生溢出效应.为了更进一步地探究产业结构对环境污染的影响,本文基于2007～2017年中国省际面板数据,综合运用社会网络分析法和空间杜宾模型,分析产业结构空间关联的中间中心度特征对环境污染的空间效应.实证结果表明:中间中心度高的地区其产业结构演进对本地和邻近地区的环境污染均呈倒U型曲线关系,表明只有当产业结构空间关联的中间中心度达到一定阈值时,对本地和邻近地区的环境改善才具有促进作用.     

Neural substrates of awakening probed with optogenetic control of hypocretin neurons

The neural underpinnings of sleep involve interactions between sleep-promoting areas such as the anterior hypothalamus, and arousal systems located in the posterior hypothalamus, the basal forebrain and the brainstem. Hypocretin (Hcrt, also known as orexin)-producing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus are important for arousal stability, and loss of Hcrt function has been linked to narcolepsy. However, it is unknown whether electrical activity arising from Hcrt neurons is sufficient to drive awakening from sleep states or is simply correlated with it. Here we directly probed the impact of Hcrt neuron activity on sleep state transitions with in vivo neural photostimulation, genetically targeting channelrhodopsin-2 to Hcrt cells and using an optical fibre to deliver light deep in the brain, directly into the lateral hypothalamus, of freely moving mice. We found that direct, selective, optogenetic photostimulation of Hcrt neurons increased the probability of transition to wakefulness from either slow wave sleep or rapid eye movement sleep. Notably, photostimulation using 5-30 Hz light pulse trains reduced latency to wakefulness, whereas 1 Hz trains did not. This study establishes a causal relationship between frequency-dependent activity of a genetically defined neural cell type and a specific mammalian behaviour central to clinical conditions and neurobehavioural physiology.     

神经元的几何形态分类

为了对不同神经元进行区分,采用L-Measure软件对神经元的几何形态进行特征提取,通过主成分分析对提取的特征降维进行处理.采用概率神经网络、BP(Back Propagation)神经网络和模糊分类器组成的分类器“投票”,对锥体神经元、普肯野神经元、运动神经元、感觉神经元、双级神经元、三级神经元和多级神经元7种神经元...     

Integration of target and body-part information in the premotor cortex when planning action

To plan an action, we must first select an object to act on and the body part (or parts) to use to accomplish our intention. To plan the motor task of reaching, we specify both the target to reach for and the arm to use. In the process of planning and preparing a motor task, information about the motor target and the arm to use must be integrated before a motor program can be formulated to generate the appropriate limb movement. One of the structures in the brain that is probably involved in integrating these two sets of information is the premotor area in the cerebral cortex of primates. The lateral sector of the dorsal premotor cortex is known to receive both visual and somatosensory input, and we show here that neurons in this area gather information about both the target and the body part, while subsequent activity specifies the planned action.     

基于视觉感知的模糊C均值聚类算法

针对传统模糊C均值聚类算法对结构复杂图像分割效果不理想的问题,提出一种基于视觉感知的模糊C均值聚类算法.首先,在分析视皮层神经元感受野性质的基础上,建立视神经元细胞响应函数来计算图像的结构特征.其次,定义一种斜坡函数从仿生学的角度来模拟人眼对相对亮度变化的感知,用来计算图像中像素点与聚类中心点之间的差异.所提模型充分考虑了邻域刺激对中心神经元影响的方向性、位置相对性和周期性,比较精确地描述了图像的结构信息,有效地抑制了噪声和复杂纹理的干扰.实验结果表明,本文算法克服了传统模糊C均值聚类算法的缺点,实现了具有复杂背景图像的精确分割.     

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor rescues spinal motor neurons from axotomy-induced cell death.

Current ideas about the dependence of neurons on target-derived growth factors were formulated on the basis of experiments involving neurons with projections to the periphery. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and recently identified members of the NGF family of neuronal growth factors, known as neurotrophins, are thought to regulate survival of sympathetic and certain populations of sensory ganglion cells during development. Far less is known about factors that regulate the survival of spinal and cranial motor neurons, which also project to peripheral targets. NGF has not been shown to influence motor neuron survival, and whether the newly identified neurotrophins promote motor neuron survival is unknown. We show here that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is retrogradely transported by motor neurons in neonatal rats and that local application of BDNF to transected sciatic nerve prevents the massive death of motor neurons that normally follows axotomy in the neonatal period. These results show that BDNF has survival-promoting effects on motor neurons in vivo and suggest that BDNF may influence motor neuron survival during development.     

Correlation between neural spike trains increases with firing rate

Populations of neurons in the retina, olfactory system, visual and somatosensory thalamus, and several cortical regions show temporal correlation between the discharge times of their action potentials (spike trains). Correlated firing has been linked to stimulus encoding, attention, stimulus discrimination, and motor behaviour. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying correlated spiking are poorly understood, and its coding implications are still debated. It is not clear, for instance, whether correlations between the discharges of two neurons are determined solely by the correlation between their afferent currents, or whether they also depend on the mean and variance of the input. We addressed this question by computing the spike train correlation coefficient of unconnected pairs of in vitro cortical neurons receiving correlated inputs. Notably, even when the input correlation remained fixed, the spike train output correlation increased with the firing rate, but was largely independent of spike train variability. With a combination of analytical techniques and numerical simulations using 'integrate-and-fire' neuron models we show that this relationship between output correlation and firing rate is robust to input heterogeneities. Finally, this overlooked relationship is replicated by a standard threshold-linear model, demonstrating the universality of the result. This connection between the rate and correlation of spiking activity links two fundamental features of the neural code.