甲酸乙酯对土耳其扁谷盗的熏蒸作用

采用密闭熏蒸法研究了甲酸乙酯在不同条件下对土耳其扁谷盗卵、低龄幼虫、高龄幼虫、蛹和成虫的致死作用．在28 ℃条件下,以体积分数为0.040和0.045的药剂处理土耳其扁谷成虫12　h,其校正死亡率分别为88.633%和99.453%;以体积分数为0.035的药剂在15,18,21,24,27,30,33　℃下处理24　h,校正死亡率分别为84.367%,88.087%,92.376%,74.266%,63.252%,60.935%,58.775%,表明甲酸乙酯具有良好的速效性,且在相对低温时比在相对高温时熏蒸效果好.在20,25,30　℃条件下,熏蒸处理土耳其扁谷盗成虫24　h,其半致死体积分数LC50为0.014 31,0.017 335,0.021 073;处理48　h时则分别为0.012 828,0.015 446,0.020 068,质量浓度为30　g/m3的甲酸乙酯处理土耳其扁谷盗卵,低龄幼虫,高龄幼虫和蛹24　h,对应死亡率为93.372%,99.782%,96.638%,91.645%,表明甲酸乙酯对土耳其扁谷盗低龄幼虫熏蒸效果最好,蛹和卵对甲酸乙酯具较强的抗药性.     

不同低温驯化处理对重要储粮害虫过冷却点和冰点的影响

研究了在不同低温(0和5℃)条件下、驯化处理不同时间(1、5、10、15和20h)对重要储粮害虫赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum Herbst、锈赤扁谷盗Cryptolest ferrugineus(Stephens)、锯谷盗Oryzaephilus surinamensis(Linnaeus)、烟草甲Lasioderm aserricorne(Fabricius)、谷蠹Rhyzopertha dominica(Fbricius)和玉米象Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky成虫的过冷却点与冰点的影响.研究结果表明,在所试低温处理时间范围内,不同低温短期驯化处理对玉米象、赤拟谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗、烟草甲、谷蠹、锯谷盗成虫的过冷却点与冰点无显著影响.     

影响碎麦对储粮害虫引诱效果的因素研究

通过模拟实仓实验研究了10种小麦、3种粉碎粒度(1.5、2.0和2.5 mm)及4种使用量(200、400、600和800 mg)对4种储粮害虫引诱效果的影响.储粮害虫主要有玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais)、锯谷盗(Oryzaephilus surinamensis)、锈赤扁谷盗(Cryptolestes ferrugineus)和赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneum).结果表明小麦的品种、粒度和使用量对诱虫效果均有不同程度的影响.     

龙柏精油对土耳其扁谷盗的熏蒸作用

龙柏精油对土耳其扁谷盗的卵、幼虫、成虫均有十分显著的熏蒸效果。当浓度分别为20.00 mg/L、10.00 mg/L、5.00 mg/L时,24 h熏蒸,卵的孵化率分别为6.25%、8.33%、16.48%,48 h熏蒸,卵的孵化率分别为2.29%、4.67%、10.67%。当龙柏精油浓度为20 mg/L、10 mg/L、5 mg/L、2.5 mg/L时,6 h的熏蒸,土耳其扁谷盗的死亡率分别为94.67%、85.29%、72.33%、54.62%,12h熏蒸死亡率分别为100%、100%、79.56%、59.45%,24 h熏蒸死亡率分别为100%、100%、88.77%、75.50%,36 h熏蒸死亡率分别为100%、100%、98.33%、83.33%。当龙柏精油浓度为20 mg/L、10 mg/L、5 mg/L时,分别经12 h、24 h熏蒸,成虫死亡率均达100%。同时土耳其扁谷盗蛹表现出对龙柏精油的熏蒸较强的抗性。当龙柏精油浓度为20 mg/L、10 mg/L、5 mg/L、2.5 mg/L时,24 h熏蒸,蛹未羽化率分别为7.33%、6.67%、3.33%、3.33%,48 h熏蒸未羽化率分别为9.33%、7.67%、3.33%,3.33%。试验结果表明龙柏精油可以作为熏蒸剂来防治土耳其扁谷盗等仓库害虫。     

丁香毒杀赤拟谷盗卵的胚胎学研究

赤拟谷盗是世界性仓库害虫。本研究采用环境扫描电镜研究了不同胚胎发育期卵的表面结构及胚胎发育过程,特别是研究了丁香及其化学成分对赤拟谷盗卵的毒杀作用。研究表明赤拟谷盗卵呈椭圆形,表面光滑;发育60 h时,卵的一端已经明显出现分化;发育76 h时,已经可以见到头部发育完整的幼虫;至92 h时,卵已经开始孵化。丁香处理的赤拟谷盗卵,部分卵能发育为幼虫,但幼虫均不能正常孵化而死亡。其中,发育12 h后用丁香处理的赤拟谷盗卵不能发育为幼虫而干瘪死亡,发育36 h后用丁香处理的卵虽能部分发育为幼虫,但幼虫全部在卵壳内死亡,发育84 h后用丁香处理的卵,部分幼虫在孵化时死亡。目前主要用化学防护剂和熏蒸剂防治储藏害虫,用植物源的丁香控制赤拟谷盗具有较大的应用价值。     

高良姜根茎提取物对锈赤扁谷盗的毒杀作用

采用索氏提取法,以乙醚为有机溶剂制备高良姜根茎提取物,研究其对锈赤扁谷盗成虫的驱避作用、触杀作用、熏蒸作用和种群抑制作用.研究结果表明:高良姜根茎提取物对锈赤扁谷盗成虫的驱避作用较弱,而其触杀、熏蒸和种群抑制作用较强.其对锈赤扁谷盗成虫的触杀作用随处理时间的延长和处理浓度的增加均显著增强,在2μL/cm2的处理浓度下处理72 h后试虫平均校正死亡率达到97.80%.其对锈赤扁谷盗的熏蒸作用效果随着处理浓度的增加而显著增强,在80μL/L的处理浓度下经过2 d的处理后,熏蒸瓶内加小麦的和不加小麦的两种处理平均校正死亡率均达到96%以上.在最高处理浓度(80μL/100 g小麦)下,高良姜根茎提取物对锈赤扁谷盗当代种群平均抑制率和子代种群形成平均抑制率分别达到73.82%和98.64%.     

几种中药材提取物对中药材仓储害虫的防治作用研究

为了在不引入外缘化学合成物质的条件下减少仓储害虫对中药材的危害,利用几种中药材的乙醇粗提物研究其对常见中药材仓储害虫的防治效果.结果表明,在施用相当于2 g/mL药材浓度的提取物1 mL处理72 h时,苦皮藤提取物对锯谷盗的触杀率、苦楝皮提取物对赤拟谷盗的触杀率均达90%以上;处理48 h,辛夷提取物对锯谷盗、苦楝皮提取物对赤拟谷盗、苦皮藤提取物对赤拟谷盗和药材甲的熏杀率均达80%以上;施药48 h内辛夷和鲜姜提取物对药材甲驱避率、苦皮藤提取物对锯谷盗驱避率都在80%以上.辛夷、黄花蒿、苦楝皮、苦皮藤、鲜姜5种药材的乙醇粗提物对药材甲、锯谷盗、赤拟谷盗3种中药材仓储害虫均表现一定的触杀、熏蒸和驱避作用.     

学习经历对赤拟谷盗幼虫趋向行为的影响

将饥饿0、6、12、24h的赤拟谷盗幼虫分别感受全麦粉气味0、6、12、24h后,再观察其对3种气味源(全麦粉、碎麦、全麦)的趋向行为.研究结果表明,不同饥饿状态下的赤拟谷盗幼虫感受全麦粉气味不同时间后对全麦粉、碎麦、全麦3种气味源趋向行为有显著差异.饥饿0h的赤拟谷盗幼虫对3种气味源的选择系数均随感受全麦粉气味时间的延长而呈下降趋势;饥饿6h的赤拟谷盗幼虫感受全麦粉气味12h后对全麦粉气味源的选择系数最高达到78.3%;饥饿12h的赤拟谷盗幼虫感受全麦粉气味不同时间后对全麦粉的选择系数差异不显著;饥饿24h的赤拟谷盗幼虫感受全麦粉气味24h后对全麦粉气味源的选择系数最高达到70.0%.本研究结果为深入理解害虫对储粮环境的生态适应性、有效实施行为调控防治储粮害虫提供了科学信息.     

仓储粮食中害虫活动声的提取与频谱分析

以无规声源作为粮食中害虫爬行发声的理论模型，分别对20只黑菌虫（Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer）成虫在小麦中的爬行声和20只赤拟谷盗（Tribolium castaneum Herbst）成虫在玉米中的爬行声进行了数据采集．在Matlab下，对爬行声信号进行了再现．依据噪声特征，综合利用滤波器消噪和小波消噪提取出了明显的声信号．对信号的功率谱特征进行了分析，黑菌虫成虫在小麦中的爬行声频谱和赤拟谷盗成虫在玉米中的爬行声均是离散谱，前者频率最高1600Hz，主频在205Hz．后者主频在350Hz，最高频率800Hz．其结果表明，用爬行声功率谱特征可以区分粮食中害虫的种群．     

丁香酚对赤拟谷盗的生物活性

采用点滴法、熏蒸法等生物测定的常规方法测定了丁香酚(Syzygium aromaticum)对世界性仓贮害虫赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneum (Herbst))的生物活性作用.结果表明,丁香酚能抑制赤拟谷盗的生长发育,不同发育时期的赤拟谷盗卵对丁香酚的敏感程度不同;在(31±1) ℃,相对湿度为50%～85%的环境条件下,发育72 h左右的赤拟谷盗卵对丁香酚最敏感,6 μL/mL丁香酚即能完全抑制卵的孵化;丁香酚对赤拟谷盗的幼虫和成虫均有显著的触杀作用,其对幼虫和成虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为218.999 9 μL/mL和363.077 4 μL/mL,表明幼虫对丁香酚比成虫对丁香酚更敏感;丁香酚对赤拟谷盗成虫具有明显的驱避作用,对幼虫和成虫也有一定的熏蒸致死作用,用2 μL/mL丁香酚处理赤拟谷盗成虫3 h,对赤拟谷盗成虫的驱避率可达到93.3%,即可达到最高驱避级别V级.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the