藏东南墨脱地区云中过冷水的毫米波雷达观测

云中过冷水识别对于人工影响天气及预防飞机积冰具有重要意义,但过冷水的识别一直是气象探测中的难点,毫米波雷达是连续探测云结构和物理特征的有效工具。本文利用布设在藏东南水汽通道入口处墨脱地区的Ka波段毫米波云雷达基数据,结合微波辐射计温度资料,采用基于模糊逻辑法、阈值法进行过冷水识别,识别出的粒子相态包含冰、雪、过冷水及混合态。并利用同址的微波辐射计的液态水路径(LWP)对墨脱云雷达观测的两个层积云过程的过冷水识别效果进行了分析和初步验证。结果表明:模糊逻辑法和阈值法识别的过冷水基本合理,但模糊逻辑法可以识别更多的过冷水,从定量分析来看,模糊逻辑法相对于阈值法识别的LWP更接近于微波辐射计。藏东南墨脱地区层积云中过冷水的微物理参数与其他地区较为一致,有效半径主要位于7~15 μm之间,液态水含量(LWC) 主要分布在0.01~0.3 g·m-3之间,但墨脱地区过冷水的分布比其他地区更为丰富,往往云顶、云底及云中同时存在过冷水。     

飞行对抗场景中云红外图像仿真研究

云背景对各种红外探测系统的探测识别能力有很大影响。为了更好的研究云背景对红外探测系统的影响,需要建立准确、形象、直观的探测器观察到的云背景红外辐射模型,生成相应的云红外图像。利用分形云插值计算方法和高斯一维随机插值算法,建立云的运动模型和光照模型,利用云层浓度跟高度的关系建立云层模型,实现了对云层形象、直观、准确的仿真。研究结果对红外制导武器在有云飞行对抗过程中的抗干扰评估具有一定参考价值。     

基于距离判别法的雹云识别模型

【目的】提高雹云识别准确率,降低因冰雹造成的经济损失。【方法】依据气象雷达反射率图像,利用Kmeans聚类提取云层的内外轮廓,计算其距离方差;利用雷达软件提取云高数据并计算云高的一阶统计测度;将云层内外层轮廓的距离方差与云高一阶统计测度相结合,构造雹云判别模型。【结果】利用此模型对已有样本检测,可知该模型识别率判别准确率为88.75%,准确率较高。【结论】通过内外轮廓方差与云高一阶统计测度构造的距离判别模型有较好的判别效果。     

一种面向高分五号高光谱影像的云检测算法

云层覆盖影响高光谱影像的质量,降低了影像的应用价值,因此云检测已成为高光谱影像应用需首要解决的问题之一。本文针对GF5高光谱影像特点,提出视觉彩色特征和云物理光谱特征相结合的云检测算法。基于原始DN值影像,利用云的HSV色彩空间分布特征,结合云与典型地物的光谱特征差异,构建出云概率影像,动态设定云检测阈值,实现GF5高光谱影像的云检测。该算法整体云识别精度在90%以上,且算法执行快、自动化程度高,对不同地区、不同时间的GF5高光谱影像都有一定的适应性,便于工程化应用。     

耀光水体、非耀光水体和云层的多光谱遥感识别模型

太阳耀光水体和水云的光谱相似性导致绝大部分多光谱遥感图像云检测算法的太阳耀光信号误识别.选取对耀光水体、非耀光水体、水云、冰云光谱信息差异性和敏感性最大的红光波段及中红外波段,结合上述4类分类对象的遥感统计数据,从黑体辐射理论和云粒子微观物理性质出发,分析二维特征空间中不同类型水体和云层的辐射分布差异,提出利用多光谱遥感数据AVHRR识别不同类型水体和云层的红光-中红外光谱普适性分类模型.该分类模型对于多光谱遥感数据具有广泛适用性,可作为发展多光谱识别分类自动化算法的基础.     

探秘10种罕见云层

这种罕见云层又被称为珍珠母云或贝母云层，在离地面15—25公里的同温层上，远远高过对流云层。它们有着彩虹般的颜色，但比一般的彩虹云高，也更罕见。     

CNN边缘提取在冰雹预测中的应用

冰雹是一种破坏性较为严重的自然灾害之一.结合细胞神经网络理论对雹云进行了预测研究,选取新疆几个地区的冰雹云层图像进行分析,提供了一种简单的利用细胞神经网络边缘探测方法来判别云层图像是否降雹.在MATLAB程序进行边缘探测得到图像对应的像素矩阵数据,将矩阵数据处理得到每个图像的像素强度,像素强度小于0.8的是降雹云层,大于0.9的是无雹云层.经验证细胞神经网络理论在冰雹的预测识别中是有效的.     

基于模糊逻辑法的粒子识别研究

毫米波雷达相比于微波雷达对云的探测具有更高的敏感性,本文利用Chilbolton观测场的94GHz毫米波云雷达的基本探测量,结合探空仪的温度廓线数据,根据Shupe总结得到的云粒子相态识别的阈值,采用模糊逻辑算法对一次实际探测进行了反演研究.该模糊逻辑算法采用的主要隶属函数为不对称的梯形函数,识别粒子的相态类别主要分成雨、毛毛雨、液态水、混合相态、冰、雪等6种,对比经典的阈值算法反演的过冷水区域结果后认为,本文所研究的模糊逻辑算法对云中水凝物粒子的相态识别分类基本合理,其反演的结果对于人工影响天气作业以及飞机安全飞行等方面具有重要的意义.     

基于图像分割的云层测速方法

为了解决塔式太阳能电站镜场上空的云层遮挡问题,提出一种对镜场上空移动云层进行预测的测速方法。首先利用固定摄像机对云层图像进行采集,然后提取不同帧数的图像,并进行伽马变换、遗传算法图像分割、云层目标检测、运动云层匹配等处理,最后根据匹配得到的像素坐标计算云层的移动速度和方向。实验测试结果表明:与光流法的数据进行比较,显示图像分割方法计算量少,位置预测误差小。可见运用图像分割方法进行云测速是可行的,为塔式太阳能电站的云监测中云遮挡预判提供理论依据。     

一次层状云人工增雨过程的数值模拟研究

模拟分析了河南南阳一次层状云人工增雨过程的自然云和催化云的微物理过程.结果表明自然云内冰晶含量很少,冰相过程不活跃,消耗水汽较少,大滴形成较为困难,降水效率低,降水强度出现过2次峰值.通过对自然云的模拟分析可以得出合适的催化部位,一般在过冷水含量较大,温度较低,云稳定维持阶段(模拟第52分)开始播撒,催化位置为(18 ...     

Water activity as the determinant for homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions

The unique properties of water in the supercooled (metastable) state are not fully understood. In particular, the effects of solutes and mechanical pressure on the kinetics of the liquid-to-solid phase transition of supercooled water and aqueous solutions to ice have remained unresolved. Here we show from experimental data that the homogeneous nucleation of ice from supercooled aqueous solutions is independent of the nature of the solute, but depends only on the water activity of the solution--that is, the ratio between the water vapour pressures of the solution and of pure water under the same conditions. In addition, we show that the presence of solutes and the application of pressure have a very similar effect on ice nucleation. We present a thermodynamic theory for homogeneous ice nucleation, which expresses the nucleation rate coefficient as a function of water activity and pressure. Recent observations from clouds containing ice are in good agreement with our theory and our results should help to overcome one of the main weaknesses of numerical models of the atmosphere, the formulation of cloud processes.     

Deep convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to -37.5 degrees C

In cirrus and orographic wave clouds, highly supercooled water has been observed in small quantities (less than 0.15 g m(-3)). This high degree of supercooling was attributed to the small droplet size and the lack of ice nuclei at the heights of these clouds. For deep convective clouds, which have much larger droplets near their tops and which take in aerosols from near the ground, no such measurements have hitherto been reported. However, satellite data suggest that highly supercooled water (down to -38 degrees C) frequently occurs in vigorous continental convective storms. Here we report in situ measurements in deep convective clouds from an aircraft, showing that most of the condensed water remains liquid down to -37.5 degrees C. The droplets reach a median volume diameter of 17 microm and amount to 1.8 gm(-3), one order of magnitude more than previously reported. At slightly colder temperatures only ice was found, suggesting homogeneous freezing. Because of the poor knowledge of mixed-phase cloud processes, the simulation of clouds using numerical models is difficult at present. Our observations will help to understand these cloud processes, such as rainfall, hail, and cloud electrification, together with their implications for the climate system.     

飞机电热除冰的研究进展与展望

 飞机在结冰气象条件下容易发生结冰现象,冰的存在会破坏飞机气动特性,影响飞行安全,严重结冰可导致机毁人亡,故必须及时将冰移除。电热除冰是目前最常考虑的除冰方式之一,本文系统介绍了电热除冰装置及其工作原理。首先,主要围绕除冰过程的传热特性、冰层力学特性和冰脊的形成,详细阐述了国内外电热除冰研究的发展。然后,针对国内外研究存在的一些问题,提出了几点对电热除冰研究的粗略想法,电热除冰数值计算方法和模拟技术研究、热力耦合特性对冰层融化和力学特性的影响研究、冰脱落准则和运动规律研究是未来研究需要重视的方向。     

冰晶中空气和过冷水滴对毫米波雷达反演卷云冰水含量的影响

在现有对卷云的探测基础上,考虑卷云中常被忽略的冰晶空气含量和过冷水滴,应用Lorenz-Mie散射理论和Maxwell-Garnett等效介质理论研究了冰晶空气含量和过冷水滴对毫米波雷达云水量反演的影响。分析表明,过冷水滴对云水量反演的影响较大;而冰晶中空气含量对云水量反演的影响则可以忽略。因此,更准确的卷云模型应该考虑过冷水滴。     

Structural transformation in supercooled water controls the crystallization rate of ice

One of water's unsolved puzzles is the question of what determines the lowest temperature to which it can be cooled before freezing to ice. The supercooled liquid has been probed experimentally to near the homogeneous nucleation temperature, T(H) ≈ 232 K, yet the mechanism of ice crystallization-including the size and structure of critical nuclei-has not yet been resolved. The heat capacity and compressibility of liquid water anomalously increase on moving into the supercooled region, according to power laws that would diverge (that is, approach infinity) at ~225 K (refs 1, 2), so there may be a link between water's thermodynamic anomalies and the crystallization rate of ice. But probing this link is challenging because fast crystallization prevents experimental studies of the liquid below T(H). And although atomistic studies have captured water crystallization, high computational costs have so far prevented an assessment of the rates and mechanism involved. Here we report coarse-grained molecular simulations with the mW water model in the supercooled regime around T(H) which reveal that a sharp increase in the fraction of four-coordinated molecules in supercooled liquid water explains its anomalous thermodynamics and also controls the rate and mechanisms of ice formation. The results of the simulations and classical nucleation theory using experimental data suggest that the crystallization rate of water reaches a maximum around 225 K, below which ice nuclei form faster than liquid water can equilibrate. This implies a lower limit of metastability of liquid water just below T(H) and well above its glass transition temperature, 136 K. By establishing a relationship between the structural transformation in liquid water and its anomalous thermodynamics and crystallization rate, our findings also provide mechanistic insight into the observed dependence of homogeneous ice nucleation rates on the thermodynamics of water.     

过冷水雾相变传播及温度场的实验研究

实验表明在过冷水雾相变传播过程中伴随有脉冲型单峰形式的温度上升,相变传播速率约为1．2cm/s,温度的波形和峰值以及相变的传播速度与过冷水雾的初始温度基本无关,据此对过冷水雾冰晶机制作了探讨。     

The formation of cubic ice under conditions relevant to Earth's atmosphere

An important mechanism for ice cloud formation in the Earth's atmosphere is homogeneous nucleation of ice in aqueous droplets, and this process is generally assumed to produce hexagonal ice. However, there are some reports that the metastable crystalline phase of ice, cubic ice, may form in the Earth's atmosphere. Here we present laboratory experiments demonstrating that cubic ice forms when micrometre-sized droplets of pure water and aqueous solutions freeze homogeneously at cooling rates approaching those found in the atmosphere. We find that the formation of cubic ice is dominant when droplets freeze at temperatures below 190 K, which is in the temperature range relevant for polar stratospheric clouds and clouds in the tropical tropopause region. These results, together with heat transfer calculations, suggest that cubic ice will form in the Earth's atmosphere. If there were a significant fraction of cubic ice in some cold clouds this could increase their water vapour pressure, and modify their microphysics and ice particle size distributions. Under specific conditions this may lead to enhanced dehydration of the tropopause region.     

层状云人工催化物理效应的数值模拟

对于自然云催化过程的数值模拟可以再现人工催化后云的宏微观物理响应特征,有助于提高对人工催化机理的科学认识,优化人工催化方案。在天气研究与预报(weather research and forecasting, WRF)模型Thompson微物理方案中加入碘化银人工催化过程,对2018年河北省一次层状云催化过程开展数值研究。数值模拟结果表明,采用与实际催化过程相似的催化剂量,层状云降水个例催化后冰晶含水量及地面降水显著增加。该次降水个例自然云中冰相粒子较少,自然云中冰相过程不活跃,数值模拟结果再现了降水个例催化后从过冷却到冰、雪晶含量明显增加的转变。相同催化剂量下,催化层厚度的减少提高了播撒率,进一步优化了催化效果,可见,应该在云中过冷水含量丰富的云区开展冷云催化作业。人工催化过程增加的冰晶通过凝华过程增长并自动转化为雪晶,雪晶增长下落过程中以凇附过冷云水增长为主。催化过程导致地面降雪显著增加。     

基于CALIOP资料的中国及周边地区云出现概率时空分布特征分析

云垂直结构是影响大气辐射的重要参数,其时空分布是影响全球气候变化的关键组成部分.本文利用星载激光雷达CALIOP的1 km云层产品,计算了中国及周边地区（0-55°N,70-140°E）云的出现概率,对不同地区、不同季节、不同高度单层云的出现概率做了对比分析.结果表明：云的出现概率表现出明显的地区差异,蒙古高原和印度半岛北部少云,热带海域和中国南方多云,多数地区夜间云出现概率略高于白天;除蒙古高原和印度半岛北部以外,多数地区单层云比多层云更常见;多数地区高云占单层云的比例最大,而中国大陆南部单层的中云较常见,西太平洋北部海域常被单层的低云覆盖;夏秋两季云出现概率普遍大于春冬两季,尤其印度半岛北部的云主要出现在夏季;蒙古高原和印度半岛北部单层云少于多层云,冬季尤其明显,而中国西南地区东部全年单层云更常见;夏季单层的高云占全年单层云的比例最大,青藏高原部分地区超过35%,这与其地形特征和夏季对流活动旺盛有关.     

在低过冷度HPLC-6溶液中冰晶生长习性的研究

通过推广冰晶在纯水中的生长理论 ,结合冰晶的空间结构及 HPLC-6分子在冰晶表面的吸附模式 ,计算了在低过冷度条件下 ,冰晶在 HPLC-6溶液中沿 a轴和 c轴两个不同方向的生长速率 ,得到的结果与实验结果符合较好 .