聚乙二醇插层石墨氧化物复合材料在水中无超声剥离

A novel method for exfoliating graphite oxide (GrO) was implemented through the mass water absorption of a GrO–poly(ethylene glycol) (GrO–PEG) composite. The GrO–PEG composite was prepared by intercalating PEG into the lamellae of GrO, and the variation of the basal spacing was measured by X-ray diffraction analysis. The yield of graphene was measured with an ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer, and the properties of graphene oxide (GO) were characterized by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Increasing intercalation time was found to improve the yield of GO, whereas increasing the PEG molecular weight had the opposite effect. The GO sheets produced from the intercalation–absorption–exfoliation process were found to be a four-layer structure. TEM and Raman analyses indicate that the graphitized structure and oxygen groups of GO were preserved during the exfoliation process. Most importantly, the results show that good-quality GO could be prepared via a mild method involving water absorption of a GrO–PEG composite.     

Exfoliation of poly(ethylene glycol)-intercalated graphite oxide composite in water without sonication

A novel method for exfoliating graphite oxide(GrO) was implemented through the mass water absorption of a GrO–poly(ethylene glycol)(GrO–PEG) composite. The GrO–PEG composite was prepared by intercalating PEG into the lamellae of GrO, and the variation of the basal spacing was measured by X-ray diffraction analysis. The yield of graphene was measured with an ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer,and the properties of graphene oxide(GO) were characterized by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Raman spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Increasing intercalation time was found to improve the yield of GO, whereas increasing the PEG molecular weight had the opposite effect. The GO sheets produced from the intercalation–absorption–exfoliation process were found to be a four-layer structure. TEM and Raman analyses indicate that the graphitized structure and oxygen groups of GO were preserved during the exfoliation process. Most importantly, the results show that good-quality GO could be prepared via a mild method involving water absorption of a GrO–PEG composite.     

Highly efficient anode catalyst with a Ni@Pd Pt core–shell nanostructure for methanol electrooxidation in alkaline media

To enhance the electrocatalytic activity of anode catalysts used in alkaline-media direct methanol fuel cells(DMFCs), a Ni@Pd Pt electrocatalyst was successfully prepared using a three-phase-transfer method. The Ni@Pd Pt electrocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and high-resolution TEM(HRTEM) techniques. The experimental results indicate that the average particle size of the core–shell-structured Ni@Pd Pt electrocatalyst is approximately 5.6 nm. The Ni@Pd Pt electrocatalyst exhibits a catalytic activity 3.36 times greater than that of Pd Pt alloys for methanol oxidation in alkaline media. The developed Ni@Pd Pt electrocatalyst offers a promising alternative as a highly electrocatalytically active anode catalyst for alkaline DMFCs.     

Electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol and ethylene glycol on bimetallic Ni and Ti nanoparticle-modified indium tin oxide electrode in alkaline solution

Bimetallic Ni and Ti nanoparticle-modified indium tin oxide electrode(Ni–TiNPs/ITO) were prepared by a twostep ion implantation method, and their electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of ethanol and glycol was evaluated. The ion-implantation method is simple, low-cost and environmental friendly without the use of any binder. The Ni–TiNPs/ITO electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), atomic force microscopy(AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). SEM and AFM showed that the nanoparticles on the Ni–TiNPs/ITO electrode had a small range of dispersion(10–20 nm) and high dispersion. Electrochemical performances were measured by cyclic voltammetry(CV) and chronoamperometrics. The Ni–TiNPs/ITO electrode exhibited much higher electrocatalytic activity and stability for ethanol and ethylene glycol oxidation than NiNPs/ITO.     

Pepsin nanofilm self—assembly on the positively charged poly （ethylene terephthalate）substrate

Pepsin was assembled on the surface of prepared poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET-NH3^ ) substrates.The composition and structure of the pepsin/PET-NH3^ assembling films in different condition were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and atomic force microscopy(AFM).     

Formation of crystalline TiO2 by anodic oxidation of titanium

Formation of crystalline TiO2(anatase) films by anodic oxidation of titanium foils in ethylene glycol(EG) based electrolytes at room temperature has been investigated.By varying the anodizing parameters such as the amounts of water and NH4 F added,applied voltage and anodization time,anodic TiO2 films with different crystalline structures were obtained.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and X-ray powder diffraction(XRD) characterizations were employed to determine the morphologies and crystalline structures of as-prepared anodic TiO2 films.The results indicate that crystallization of anodic TiO2 films was generally facilitated by high fluoride concentration,high applied voltage and longer anodization time,and the formation of anodic TiO2 films with best crystallinity could only be achieved when optimized amounts of water were added.     

Pulsed Nd:YAG laser cladding of high silicon content coating on low silicon steel

A pulsed Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) laser-based technique was employed to clad low silicon steel with preplaced Si and Fe mixed powders for high Si content. The surface morphology, microstructural evolution, phase composition, and Si distribution, within the obtained cladding coatings, were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), with associated energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microhardness was also measured along the depth direction of the specimens, A crack- and pore-free cladding coating through excellent metallurgical bonding with the substrate was successfully prepared on low silicon steel by means of optimized single-track and multi-track laser cladding. The phases of the coating are a-Fe, T-Fe, and FeSi. The high microhardness of the lasercladding zone is considered as an increase in Si content and as the refined microstructure produced by the laser treatment. The Si contents of the cladding coatings were about 5.8wt% in the single-track cladding and 6.5wt% in the multi-track cladding, respectively.     

Highly efficient anode catalyst with a Ni@PdPt core–shell nanostructure for methanol electrooxidation in alkaline media

To enhance the electrocatalytic activity of anode catalysts used in alkaline-media direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), a Ni@PdPt electrocatalyst was successfully prepared using a three-phase-transfer method. The Ni@PdPt electrocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) techniques. The experimental results indicate that the average particle size of the core–shell-structured Ni@PdPt electrocatalyst is approximately 5.6 nm. The Ni@PdPt electrocatalyst exhibits a catalytic activity 3.36 times greater than that of PdPt alloys for methanol oxidation in alkaline media. The developed Ni@PdPt electrocatalyst offers a promising alternative as a highly electrocatalytically active anode catalyst for alkaline DMFCs.     

Silk Fibroin Film Blended with Poly（ ethylene glycol-glycerin）

To improve the toughness of silk fibroin（ SF） films,poly（ ethylene glycol-glycerin）（ PEGG） was synthesized with ethylene glycol and epichlorohydrin. The SF / PEGG blend films were prepared by casting aqueous solution and their structures were characterized. The PEGG was in liquid state at room temperature so it will not be a single phrase at blend film. It crosslinked with SF and made it insolubility in water. The results of X-ray diffraction（ XRD） indicated that the crystallinity of the SF in the blend films decreased with the content of PEGG increasing. The tensile strength and elongation at break of blend films were measured using an instron tensile tester. The results showed that the tensile strength and elongation at break of blend films were high enough for application.After the blend films were stored at room temperature for 100 d,the crystallinity, the tensile strength and elongation at wet state increased. The blend films are superior to SF films in providing excellent flexibility and mechanical properties in both dry and wet states. Based on the fact that SF has good biocompatibility,the SF /PEGG blend film will offer new options in many different biomedical applications.     

Effect of annealing on composition,structure and electrical properties of Au layers grown on different thickness Cr layers

110 nm-thick Au layers were sputter-deposited on unheated glasses coated about a 10 nm-thick and a 50 nm-thick Cr layer respectively. The Au/Cr bilayer films were annealed in a vacuum of 1 mPa at 300℃ for 2, 5 and 30 min, respectively. Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the composition and structure of the Au layers. The resistivity of the bilayer films was measured by using four-point probe technique. The adhesion of the bilayer films to the substrate was tested using tape tests. The amount of Cr atoms diffusing into the Au layer increases with increasing the annealing time, resulting in a decrease in lattice constant and an increase in resistivity of the Au layer. The content of Cr inside the Au layer grown on the thinner Cr layer is less than that grown on the thicker Cr layer. For the Au/Cr bilayer films, the lower resistivity and the good adhesion to the glass substrate can be obtained at a shorter annealing time for a thinner Cr layer.     

Chemical Modification of Silk Fibers with Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate

Silk fibers have been grafted with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and characteristics of the grafted silk fibers were analyzed in relation to the graft yield on the basis of the tensile properties, dyeing behaviour, durability during laundering and solubility of the specimen in NaOH solution. The amount of the acid dye absorbed by the fibers decreased with increasing graft yield, while the value of rating for washing fastness on silk fibers was almost unchanged by the graft treatment The breaking loads of the fiber were almost unchanged whereas rigidity of the fibers increased after graft treatment. Graft treatment enhanced silk fiber durability during laundering and in NaOH solution.     

Effect of homogenization process on the hardness of Zn–Al–Cu alloys

The effect of a homogenizing treatment on the hardness of as-cast Zn–Al–Cu alloys was investigated. Eight alloy compositions were prepared and homogenized at 350 ℃ for 180 h, and their Rockwell “B” hardness was subsequently measured. All the specimens were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and metallographically prepared for observation by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results of the present work indicated that the hardness of both alloys (as-cast and homogenized) increased with increasing Al and Cu contents; this increased hardness is likely related to the presence of the θ and τ' phases. A regression equation was obtained to determine the hardness of the homogenized alloys as a function of their chemical composition and processing parameters, such as homogenization time and temperature, used in their preparation.     

Biomimetic fluorapatite films for conservation of historic calcareous stones

Fluorapatite protective films were prepared on marble substrates using a biomimetic method. By mimicking the mineralization mechanism of enamel, phosphorus and fluorine were introduced on the surface of the marble substrate. In the presence of a biological template, namely collagen, an integrated fluorapatite film was produced and the marble substrate was entirely covered. The prepared fluorapatite films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The performances of the fluorapatite films were evaluated by color changes, capillary water absorption, and acid resistance tests. The results revealed that the fluorapatite films had good compatibility with the marble substrate; the physical properties such as color and capillary water adsorption of the marble substrates were unchanged. The fluorapatite films also had good acid resistance and were stable even in heavy acid rain.     

Hydrothermal synthesis and photoluminescence behavior of CeO_2 nanowires with the aid of surfactant PVP

<正>Well-crystalline CeO_2 nanowires were prepared via a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal process.Reaction temperature and reaction time were changed for the determination of optimal synthesis parameters.The as-obtained products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM),and field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM).The results show that single crystal CeO_2 nanowires with high yield and good uniformity can be obtained hydrothermally at 180℃for 12 h with the aid of 2.0 g surfactant(polyvinyl pyrrolidone,PVP).The role of PVP was then discussed and a possible growth mechanism was proposed. Moreover,room temperature photoluminescence(PL) spectra were obtained for these CeO_2 nanowires,which are believed to be related to the abundant defects in these nanostructures.     

Preparation of silicon carbide nitride films on Si substrate by pulsed high-energy density plasma

Thin films of silicon carbide nitride (SiCN) were prepared on (111) oriented silicon substrates by pulsed high-energy density plasma (PHEDP). The evolution of the chemical bonding states between silicon, nitrogen and carbon was investigated as a function of discharge voltage using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. With an increase in discharge voltage both the C 1s and N 1s spectra shift to lower binding energy due to the formation of C-Si and N-Si bonds. The Si-C-N bonds were observed in the deconvolved C 1s and N 1s spectra. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) results show that there were no crystals in the films. The thickness of the films was approximately 1-2 μm with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).     

Electrochemically functionalized graphene as an anti-corrosion reinforcement in Cu matrix composite thin films

Cu–graphene(Gr) composite thin films were prepared by electrodeposition route using in-house synthesized Gr sheets. The Gr sheets were synthesized by the electrochemical exfoliation route using 1 M HClO_4 acid as electrolyte. The Gr sheets were confirmed by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The(002) plane of Gr sheets was observed at 2θ of 25.66°. The(002) plane confirmed the crystal structure of carbon peaks. The stretching vibration of C=C bond at a wavelength of 1577 cm~(-1) and other functional groups of carboxyl and epoxide groups were observed from FTIR. TEM confirmed the transparent structure of Gr sheets. The prepared Gr sheets were used as reinforcement at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.3 g/L with a copper matrix to synthesize the Cu–Gr composite. The prepared composite thin films were characterized by XRD, SEM, and energy-dispersion spectrometry(EDS) for morphological and analytical studies. The presence of Gr sheets in Cu–Gr composite was confirmed by EDS analysis. The prepared Cu–Gr nanocomposite thin film showed higher corrosion resistance compared with pure copper thin films in 3.5 wt% NaCl, as confirmed by Tafel plots. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy complimented the above results and showed that 0.3 g/L composite film achieved the highest film resistance.     

Environmental boundary and formation mechanism of different types of H<Subscript>2</Subscript>S corrosion products on pipeline steel

To establish an adequate thermodynamic model for the mechanism of formation of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) corrosion products, theoretical and experimental studies were combined in this work. The corrosion products of API X60 pipeline steel formed under different H₂S corrosion conditions were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. A thermodynamic model was developed to clarify the environmental boundaries for the formation and transformation of different products. Presumably, a dividing line with a negative slope existed between mackinawite and pyrrhotite. Using experimental data presented in this study combined with previously published results, we validated the model to predict the formation of mackinawite and pyrrhotite on the basis of the laws of thermodynamics. The established relationship is expected to support the investigation of the H₂S corrosion mechanism in the oil and gas industry.     

Preparation and Performance of Collagen Modified Polyester Used as Implantable Artificial Hair

The implantable artificial hair was prepared by grafting collagen on the surface of poly( ethylene terephthalate)( PET) to improve its biocompatibility. Acrylic acid( AAc) was used to modify the surface properties of PET firstly,and then collagen was grafted on the PET-AAc surface. The concentration of collagen solution was discussed to graft more collagen on PET surface. Composites were well characterized by scanning electron microscopy( SEM),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy( FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy( XPS). SEM indicated that collagen with about 3. 07μm thickness was coated on PET surface when the concentration of collagen solution was 1. 0 mg/m L. FTIR and XPS showed AAc and collagen were both on the surface of PET monofilaments. The optimized concentration of collagen solution was 1. 0 mg/m L,resulting in the most grafting density of 3. 46 μg/cm2. It can be concluded that a large amount of collagen is coated on PET surface.     

In vitro corrosion behavior of the extruded Mg–4Zn–1Mn alloy in different physiological solutions for biomedical applications

The extruded Mg–4Zn–1Mn alloy was prepared and its in vitro corrosion behavior in different physiological solutions of simulated body fluid(SBF), artificial saliva(AS) and artificial urine(AU) was investigated for biomedical applications. The microstructural characterization by optical microscope(OM), X-ray diffractometer(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer(EDS) showed that the alloy with an average grain size of approximate 20 μm was mainly composed ...     

Synthesis of lanthanum oxide nanosheets by a green carbonation process

Two-dimensional metal oxide nanostructures, such as nanoplates, nanowalls, and nanosheets, have received further attentions in recent years, due to their outstanding properties resulted from the small thickness and quantum size effects. In this work, lanthanum oxide nanosheets with the thickness of 56 nm had been suc-cessfully prepared by an originally simple method of car- bon dioxide carbonation; the preparation process was green without using surfactants and detergent. The X-ray dif-fraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the pro-ducts. Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis and FT-IR were introduced to prove that the lanthanum oxide precursor with lamellar morphology was La2（CO3）3.3H20. The carbon dioxide carbonation method would provide significant benefits containing mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, low cost, and easy to realize large-scale production.