浅蛤属(Macridiscus)物种特异性线粒体DNA分子标记及其长度多态性和个体内异质性

浅蛤属(Macridiscus)包括3个形态非常相似的物种,即黑浅蛤(M .melanaegis)、等边浅蛤(M .multifarius)和半步目浅蛤(M .semicancellata),其中前二者为同域分布.根据形态学特征,浅蛤属物种较难区分.本研究以改进的CTAB法提取浅蛤个体基因组DNA 后,用引物Macr_CO1_F16834和Cytb_Macr_R2PCR 配对进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR),扩增线粒体DNA控制区至细胞色素b基因(Cytb)的DNA 片段并进行序列测定,结果发现在黑浅蛤控制区偏3′端,存在该种特有的长度为363bp的数目可变串联重复序列(variablenumberoftandemrepeat,VNTR),种内因该VNTR出现1~3次不等的串联拷贝,而表现出广泛的长度多态性和个体内线粒体异质性现象,这是目前在动物线粒体控制区中发现的最大的VNTR;在半步目浅蛤的控制区的偏3′端,则同时存在14和17bp的2个较短的VNTRs,该物种也因这2个VNTRs的拷贝数目不同,而存在广泛的长度多态性;而等边浅蛤的该段序列长度保守,没有与其他物种共享的VNTR.以该段序列作为分子标记,运用PCR技术能够快速准确地识别浅蛤属物种.      

等边浅蛤线粒体全基因组测序和系统发育研究

采用高通量测序技术对等边浅蛤的线粒体全基因组进行了测序,并通过拼接、组装得到了完整的线粒体基因组序列。研究结果表明:环状线粒体基因组总长度为20 248 bp,由13个蛋白编码基因,22个tRNA基因,2个rRNA基因及1个控制区组成,所有基因均在重链编码。等边浅蛤线粒体基因碱基组成为A(28.55%),T(39.33%),C(10.40%)和G(21.72%),A+T含量为67.88%,具有AT偏好性。D-loop控制区位于COX1基因和Cytb基因之间,长度为1 944 bp。利用帘蛤科16个物种及缢蛏(外群)的线粒体基因组的12个蛋白质编码基因构建NJ系统进化树。结果表明,等边浅蛤与菲律宾蛤仔聚为一支,亲缘关系最近。该研究将补充浅蛤属线粒体基因组信息,为浅蛤属以及帘蛤科的系统发生关系及进化地位积累有价值的数据资料。     

帘蛤科两种经济贝类种群的ITS-1序列遗传多样性分析

利用核糖体DNA转录间隔区ITS-1序列对硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)的养殖群体和青蛤(Cyclinasinensis)的野生种群遗传多样性进行了分析.经过PCR扩增、连接与测序后,得到硬壳蛤ITS-1的长度为718～724 bp,青蛤的为665～683 bp,序列用ClustalX1.83多重比对后,在725 bp组成的同源片段中有714个碱基序列为保守位点,通过DNAsp软件分析,该种群的核酸多态性指数Pi为0.00302,每位点Eta为0.00304,并检测出4个单倍型(Haplotype)序列.青蛤在由695 bp组成的同源片段中有644个碱基序列为保守位点,该种群的Pi为0.03071,每位点Eta为0.0378,共测出6个单倍型(Haplotype)序列.利用PAUP4.10软件计算出每个种群内单倍型序列间的相对遗传距离,其中,硬壳蛤的遗传距离仅为0.0014～0.0056,说明其DNA遗传多样性的丰度较低;而野生青蛤种群的遗传距离为0.0036～0.0105,说明其遗传多样性比较丰富.文章还初步讨论了双壳类遗传多样性变动的因素及种质保护等问题.     

基于线粒体ND2基因的龙头鱼群体遗传多样性分析

以海口、南通、青岛、泉州、湛江5个地理群体98尾龙头鱼为研究对象,通过PCR扩增获得序列长度为1 046bp的线粒体ND2基因全序列,共检测到变异位点19个,其中18个单一变异位点,1个简约信息位点。98条序列共定义了19个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.366±0.063 8,平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)为0.000 427±0.000 424。群体间平均遗传距离在0.000 228～0.000 607之间,遗传分化指数FST值均小于0.05,群体间没有显著的遗传分化。AMOVA结果显示,龙头鱼遗传变异主要来自于种群内(99.68%)。单倍型系统发育树显示,19个单倍型之间不存在明显的亚种分化。整体的中性检验结果均为负值且显著偏离中性,表明5个地理群体龙头鱼历史上曾经历过种群扩张。参考ND2基因2.5%～3.6%每百万年的变异速率,估算出群体分化扩张时间大致为(1.87～1.30)万年前的第四纪更新世晚期。     

MHC单倍体型无特定病原体鸭的培育

目的 培育MHC单倍型无特定病原体单倍型鸭。方法 以国家禽类实验动物种子中心培育并保存的无特定病原体(SPF)麻鸭为基础,根据位于主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)核心区域的鸭抗原处理相关转运体分子(TAP)双拷贝基因(Tap1和Tap2)的多态性,分别利用Tap1基因组短串联重复序列(STR)、TAP2的肽结合区序列以及Tap2全基因组序列的基因型分型,连续选育主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)单倍型SPF鸭。结果 F0代和F1代鸭的STR结果完全一致;F2和F3代鸭的Tap1和Tap2基因组序列完全纯合。连续6个世代的Tap2基因组序列分析,B3群鸭有2个位点发生突变,B1、B2和B4遗传学稳定。结论 成功建立了4个MHC单倍体型SPF鸭群B1、B2、B3和B4,为深入开展鸭的免疫遗传学研究提供了实验动物支撑条件。     

基于mtDNA COI基因序列的盐肤木种群遗传变异

基于mtDNA COI基因序列对贵州、湖北和四川的盐肤木(Rhus chinensis Mill.)种群进行遗传变异分析.研究共测得盐肤木9个种群50个个体的mtDNA COI基因长度为1.37kb的序列,在测得的序列中有3个核苷酸位点存在变异(占所测核苷酸序列的0.22%),T、C、A、G 4种核苷酸的组成分别为34.1%、21.8%、22.5%、21.6%,其中A+T含量(56.6%)高于G+C含量(43.4%).共检测到3个单倍型(HapA、HapB和HapC),HapA出现在所有种群中,是出现频率最高的单倍型,占所测序列的90%,该单倍型可能是祖先单倍型;HapB由安县的1个个体和竹山的3个个体共享,而HapC只存在于榕江的1个个体.分析表明盐肤木种群具低水平单倍型多样性(0.000 2)和核苷酸多样性(0.187 0),基于该基因序列的盐肤木种群间遗传多样性和遗传分化均较小.     

棱果沙棘及其亲本cpDNA trnS-G片段的序列变异分析

对自然杂交种棱果沙棘(Hippophae goniocarpa)及其亲本中国沙棘(H.rhamnoides ssp.sinensis)和肋果沙棘(H.neurocarpa)的共6个个体的叶绿体基因组的trnS-G片段进行了序列测定.所测样品序列长度为646～654 bp,排序后为656 bp.所测序列共有51个变异位点,占整个序列长度的7.77%,其中有14个变异位点属于碱基的插入或缺失类型,37个变异位点属于碱基的替换类型,各占变异位点总数的27%、73%和序列总长度的2.13%、5.64%.分析序列结果表明,所测样品在trnS-G间隔区序列长度变化不大,但提供了较多的变异位点,并且碱基变换类型丰富,碱基变异位点来源于中国沙棘和肋果沙棘的种间序列的差异.棱果沙棘的2个个体分别与中国沙棘和肋果沙棘的其中1个个体的序列完全一致,说明在自然杂交种棱果沙棘的起源中,中国沙棘和肋果沙棘均可作为母本.     

长江流域3个群体草鱼mtDNA D-loop区段的PCR-RFLP分析

对采自长江流域湖北省监利县、江西省九江市以及江苏省扬州市邗江区3个群体的141尾草鱼线粒体DNA的D-loop区段进行PCR扩增,使用12种核酸内切限制酶酶切.结果显示,扩增出的140尾试验鱼的mtDNA D-loop区段长度约为1.6 kbp,监利群体中的1尾约为1.8 kbp,个体间存在长度变异现象;6种限制酶具有酶切位点,共检测到两种单倍型,其中监利群体中有长度变异的1尾为一种单倍型,另外140尾为另一种单倍型.依据单倍型频率的组成情况计算出九江和邗江两群体内的单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数均为0,监利群体内的分别为0.046 6、0.001 80;监利群体与邗江(或九江)群体间的Rogers遗传距离为0.040 3;x2检验结果显示3个群体间的遗传差异不显著(P＞0.05).这些结果表明草鱼mtDNA D-loop区段的遗传多样性很低.     

基于线粒体细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ亚基(COI)基因的两种枝吻纽虫系统发育关系分析

为了探讨纽虫之间的遗传差异及亲缘关系,对取自北海和湛江的中华枝吻纽虫(Dendrorhynchus sinensis)26个样本和湛江枝吻纽虫(Dendrorhynchus zhanjiangensis)3个样本的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ亚基(COI)基因部分片段进行序列测定,并结合从GenBank下载的其它纽虫序列,分析它们之间的系统发育关系。结果显示,中华枝吻纽虫26个个体共检测17个单倍型,湛江枝吻纽虫3个个体共检测到2个单倍型,其长度均为615bp;枝吻纽虫个体核苷酸序列A、T、G、C的含量相近,碱基组成均表现出A+T含量偏倚,即A+T含量明显高于G+C含量。中华枝吻纽虫的17个单倍型以及湛江枝吻纽虫的2个单倍型之间的遗传距离分别为0.002~0.013和0.008;而两种枝吻纽虫COI基因序列的遗传差异很大,彼此之间的遗传距离都在0.194以上,加之分子系统树(NJ)的拓扑结构也显示,作为同属的两种枝吻纽虫没有聚成1支,而是各自成支,这些表像都支持两种枝吻纽虫分别为独立有效物种的观点。中华枝吻纽虫的17个单倍型聚为1支后,与Cerebratulus marginatus,C.lacteus聚为1大支,而湛江枝吻纽虫的2个单倍型聚为1支后,与Lineus ruber和L.longissimus聚为1大支,表明枝吻纽虫属(Dendrorhynchus)并非单系。     

基于线粒体Cytb基因探讨我国日本囊对虾4个地理群体的遗传结构及种群分化

利用线粒体细胞色素b基因序列分析了4个不同地理群体(北海群体、陵水群体、惠来群体和厦门群体)的野生日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)的群体遗传结构.以特异引物进行PCR扩增,获得了日本囊对虾530 bp的基因片段序列.序列分析结果表明,在120个日本囊对虾个体中,共检测到75个多态位点,获得62个单倍型,其中有44个简约信息位点,占整段序列的8.3%.各单倍型变异无碱基的插入或缺失,全部为转换或颠换,碱基频率含量(fA+fT)为59.4%,大于(fG+fC)(40.6%).核苷酸多态性以惠来群体最高,其它3个群体较低.群体内遗传距离为0.45%～2.60% ,群体间遗传距离在0.50%～5.30%之间.采用分子方差分析(AMOVA)方法,结果显示,群体间遗传变异占总变异的69.9%,群体内的遗传变异占总变异的31.1%,群体间变异是总变异的主要来源.构建的4个群体分子系统树表明,北海群体、陵水群体和部分惠来群体由于亲缘关系较近而聚在一起,而厦门群体则和部分惠来群体聚成另一支,两支的平均遗传距离为5.17%,分化接近亚种水平,据此认为我国东南近海的日本囊对虾可以分为2个种群,2个种群的分布区域在广东惠来海域附近存在重叠.     

羊大片吸虫龙岩分离株ITS基因的克隆及序列分析

应用PCR方法扩增龙岩地区羊片形吸虫分离株ITS序列,经克隆、测序后获得ITS全长序列944bp,其中ITS-1为421bp,ITS-2为361bp;通过在肝片吸虫和大片吸虫ITS种间鉴别位点上的序列分析表明,从龙岩地区羊体内分离的片形吸虫虫种属大片吸虫(命名为FgLY)。与国内外大片吸虫的进化分析表明,FgLY与中国云南的2个分离株处在一个小分支,亲缘关系最近。该结果为羊大片吸虫的进一步生物学研究和片形吸虫病的预防奠定了基础。     

铑铁电阻温度计工作基准装置研究

利用新式低温控温仪及精密自动电桥,建立了一套铑铁电阻温度计工作基准装置,并设计制造了新型低温绝热比对恒温器。采用比对方法对组成“1.2~24K温区的ITS-90国家温度基准组”的铑铁电阻温度计进行了比对测量;对5支标准铑铁电阻温度计进行1990年国际温标（ITS-90）转换和电学单位转换,拟合计算分度数据作为铑铁电阻温度计工作基准装置分度表;利用本套铑铁电阻温度计工作基准装置进行40个温度点的比对测量。结果表明,本套基准装置控温水平达到0.4 mK/30min,5支铑铁电阻温度计示值与平均值差值全部小于0.88mK,比对测量不确定度为0.95 mK,证明本套装置测量数据准确、性能可靠,可作为1.2~24K温区国家工作基准使用。     

Self-assembly low dimensional inorganic/organic heterojunction nanomaterials

One dimensional inorganic/organic heterojunction nanomaterials have gained extensive attention in materials science because of their outstanding optical and electrical properties. Strong interactions between the inorganic and organic units can lead to novel or improved physical or chemical performance relative to that of the individual components, realizing synergistic ("1+1>2") performance. It is of great scientific significance for the development of basic scientific research: Understanding and interpretation the law of molecular self-assemble, controlling the self-assemble of low dimensional molecular aggregation with high ordered degree in large area through tailoring the molecular structure and the interaction forces, understanding the synergy drive mechanism produced by the weak interactions between the molecular aggregations then optimizing the original function through the hybrid/ heterojunction self-assemble. In this paper, we discuss the synthetic methods for preparing heterojunctions incorporating diverse components and their potential applications in the fields of electronics and optics.     

Extensive variation of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 in vivo

Genotypic variation among independent isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is well known, but its molecular basis and biological consequences are poorly understood. We examined the genesis of molecular variation in HIV-1 by sequential virus isolations from two chronically infected individuals and analysis of recombinant HIV-1 genomic clones. In three different virus isolates full-length HIV-1 clones were identified and found to consist, respectively, of 17, 9 and 13 distinguishable, but highly-related, viral genotypes. Thirty-five viral clones derived from two HIV-1 isolates obtained from the same individual but 16 months apart showed progressive change, yet were clearly related. Similar changes in the HIV-1 genome did not occur in vitro during virus isolation and amplification. The results indicate that HIV-1 variation in vivo is rapid, that a remarkably large number of related but distinguishable genotypic variants evolve in parallel and coexist during chronic infection, and that 'isolates' of HIV-1, unless molecularly or biologically cloned, generally consist of complex mixtures of genotypically distinguishable viruses.     

Molecular organization of vomeronasal chemoreception

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) has a key role in mediating the social and defensive responses of many terrestrial vertebrates to species- and sex-specific chemosignals. More than 250 putative pheromone receptors have been identified in the mouse VNO, but the nature of the signals detected by individual VNO receptors has not yet been elucidated. To gain insight into the molecular logic of VNO detection leading to mating, aggression or defensive responses, we sought to uncover the response profiles of individual vomeronasal receptors to a wide range of animal cues. Here we describe the repertoire of behaviourally and physiologically relevant stimuli detected by a large number of individual vomeronasal receptors in mice, and define a global map of vomeronasal signal detection. We demonstrate that the two classes (V1R and V2R) of vomeronasal receptors use fundamentally different strategies to encode chemosensory information, and that distinct receptor subfamilies have evolved towards the specific recognition of certain animal groups or chemical structures. The association of large subsets of vomeronasal receptors with cognate, ethologically and physiologically relevant stimuli establishes the molecular foundation of vomeronasal information coding, and opens new avenues for further investigating the neural mechanisms underlying behaviour specificity.     

“活化石”植物银杏形态与分子进化（Ⅰ）

测定了银杏雌株核糖体ｒＲＮＡ基因转录间隔区ｒＤＮＡＩＴＳ区全序列共１１７２碱基对,其中ＩＴＳ１长７８８碱基对,ＩＴＳ２２２６碱基对,５８ＳｒＲＮＡ基因１５８碱基对．采用计算机分析软件对所获得序列进行比较分析．结果表明：形态上仅有很少变化的银杏,其个体之间有明显的分子差异,不同产地栽培株ｒＤＮＡＩＴＳ区序列的核苷酸差异值高达２５％,这一差异远远大于一般意义上种间的距离,表明了该类植物形态上的变化与分子进化的不一致．造成形态与分子进化不一致的原因有待进一步探讨．     

Location and primary structure of a major antigenic site for poliovirus neutralization

We have determined a major antigenic site for virus neutralization on the capsid protein VP1 of poliovirus type 3. Antigenic mutant viruses selected for resistance to individual monoclonal antibodies had point mutations concentrated in a region 277-294 bases downstream from the start of the region of viral RNA coding for VP1. These findings provide the basis for an improved understanding of the molecular basis of virus neutralization.     

Orientation of molecular interface dipole on metal surface investigated by noncontact atomic force microscopy

We investigated the orientations of interface dipole moments of individual non-planar titanyl phthalocyanine(TiOPc)molecules on Cu(111)and Cu(100)substrates using scanning tunneling microscope(STM)and noncontact atomic force microscope(NC-AFM).The dipole moment orientations corresponding to two different configurations of individual TiOPc molecules were determined unambiguously.The correlation between the actual molecular structures and the corresponding STM topographies is proposed based on the sub-molecular resolution imaging and local contact potential difference(LCPD)measurements.Comparing with the pristine substrate,the LCPD shift due to the adsorption of non-planar molecule is dependent on the permanent molecular dipole,the charge transfer between the surface and the molecule,and the molecular configurations.This work would shed light on tailoring interfacial electronic properties and controlling local physical properties via polar molecule adsorption.     

封闭系统中的货币分布状况分析

模型中基于个体货币的转移,近似于用类比热力学中的分子运动来研究货币的分布状况,在热力学中某一状态发生的概率,早由Blotzmann和Gibbs提出[1].基于实际交易,引入Gini系数衡量制定的交易规则下货币分布状况；为了更加符合实际,对模型进行了改进,引入每次交易成功的概率r,其中r由交易过程中的一些影响因素作用而随机生成,经过分析得出更具有现实意义的模型.     

Assembly dynamics of microtubules at molecular resolution

Microtubules are highly dynamic protein polymers that form a crucial part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells. Although microtubules are known to self-assemble from tubulin dimers, information on the assembly dynamics of microtubules has been limited, both in vitro and in vivo, to measurements of average growth and shrinkage rates over several thousands of tubulin subunits. As a result there is a lack of information on the sequence of molecular events that leads to the growth and shrinkage of microtubule ends. Here we use optical tweezers to observe the assembly dynamics of individual microtubules at molecular resolution. We find that microtubules can increase their overall length almost instantaneously by amounts exceeding the size of individual dimers (8 nm). When the microtubule-associated protein XMAP215 (ref. 6) is added, this effect is markedly enhanced and fast increases in length of about 40-60 nm are observed. These observations suggest that small tubulin oligomers are able to add directly to growing microtubules and that XMAP215 speeds up microtubule growth by facilitating the addition of long oligomers. The achievement of molecular resolution on the microtubule assembly process opens the way to direct studies of the molecular mechanism by which the many recently discovered microtubule end-binding proteins regulate microtubule dynamics in living cells.