Why endophenotype development requires families

Endophenotypes are heritable quantitative traits that are associated with disease liability, can be measured in both affected and unaffected individuals, and provide much greater power to localize and identify risk genes for mental illness than does affection status alone. Traditionally, endophenotypic markers for psychiatric illnesses include in vivo neuroanatomic and functional magnetic resonance imaging measurements and indices of neurocognitive abilities. However, neurocognitive and neuroimaging measures are by no means the only classes of endophenotypes that could be useful for identifying genes for mental illness. Given the advantages of endophenotype-based strategies for elucidating the genetic underpinnings of psychiatric disorders, it would seem prudent to develop a wide range of putative endophenotypes. In order for a measure to be considered a valid endophenotype, it must meet a number of criteria. Specifically, the trait must (1) have moderate to high heritability, (2) be associated with the illness, (3) be independent of clinical state, and (4) impairment must co-segregate with the illness within a family, with non-affected family members showing impairment relative to the general population. While each of these criteria is critical, the heritability and co-segregation requirements are really what differentiate an endophenotype from a simple biomarker. At this time, one requires an experimental design that includes families to demonstrate both heritability and co-segregation. The assertion that novel endophenotypes can not be fully established without family data does not preclude work in unrelated individuals, rather that unrelated samples will only be able to nominate potential candidate endophenotypes that subsequently need to be confirmed in family-based experiments.     

精神分裂症和情感障碍家系中夫妻互患癌的研究

探讨了精神分裂症、情感障碍与癌症之间关系。采用了精神分裂症和情感障碍的家系分析法和对照比较法。结果表明情感障碍组夫妻癌发生率高于精神分裂症组 ;各级亲属患癌率分析表明精神病与癌症之间无明显关联存在。因此 ,癌症的发生与人类的情绪有关 ,不健康的心理状态是癌症发生的不良因素。     

新的差族和几乎差族的构造

利用4阶分圆给出了新的差族,这类差族可以用来构造Hadamard矩阵;利用2阶分圆构造出了一类新的几乎差族,其在很多组合和统计问题中可以给出部分平衡的不完备区组设计.     

Pathway-based analysis for genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia to provide new insight in schizophrenia study

Schizophrenia (SZ) is an inheritable complex mental disease. There have been several genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of SZ to identify novel genetic susceptibility factors. To further interpret SZ GWASs, pathway-based analysis (PBA), which considers the combined effect of variants and identifies pathways associated with traits, provides a feasible solution to discover the biological function and mechanism of SZ. Furthermore, to investigate the common pathways between SZ and bipolar disorder (BD) wil...     

关于分担值的正规族

推广了设F是区域D内的全纯函数族.α和b是2个有穷复数.且b≠a,0.若对于F中的任意函数f=α=f'=α,f'=b=f=b,则F在D内正规的-个正规定则,得到了亚纯函数族的-个正规定则.     

涉及微分多项式的亚纯函数的正规族

研究了亚纯函数涉及微分多项式的正规族,证明了:设F为单位圆盘△上的一族亚纯函数,k,n,g为正整数,P(w)=wq+aq-1(z)wq-1+…+a1(z)w是多项式.并且设H(f,f',…,f(k))是不含常数项的微分多项式,a,b为任意的2个非零复数,若对任一f∈ F,f的零点重数≥k+1,极点重数≥2,并且p(f(k))+H(f,f',…,f(k))=a→f(z)=b,则F在单位圆盘△上正规.     

两类外差族的存在性

外差族(EDF)是差族的一种推广.我们证明了当c=2或3时,(v,2×c,λ)-EDF存在的充要条件为λ(v-1)≡0(mod 2c2)且(v,2×c,λ)≠(6,2×3,18).     

涉及微分多项式的亚纯函数的正规族

研究了亚纯函数涉及微分多项式的正规族,证明了:设F为单位圆盘Δ上的一族亚纯函数,k,n,q为正整数,P(w)=wq+aq-1(z)wq-1+…+a1(z)w是多项式。并且设H(f,f′,…,f(k))是不含常数项的微分多项式,a,b为任意的2个非零复数,若对任一f∈F,f的零点重数≥k+1,极点重数≥2,并且p(f(k))+H(f,f′,…,f(k))=a f(z)=b,则F在单位圆盘Δ上正规。     

全纯曲线正规族分担超平面

利用亚纯函数值分布理论和正规族理论、线性代数理论及研究方法,研究了全纯曲线族分担超平面的正规性。设begin{document}$ mathcal{F} $end{document}是从begin{document}$ Dsubset mathbb{C} $end{document}到begin{document}${mathbb{P}}^{3}left(mathbb{C}right) $end{document}的一族全纯映射,begin{document}$ {H}_{0}$end{document}和begin{document}${H}_{l}({H}_{l}ne {H}_{0}) $end{document}是begin{document}$ {mathbb{P}}^{3}left(mathbb{C}right) $end{document}上处于一般位置的超平面,begin{document}$l=1,2,cdots,8 $end{document}。假定对于任意的begin{document}$ fin mathcal{F} $end{document}满足条件：begin{document}$f(textit{z})in H_l$end{document}当且仅当begin{document}$nabla f in H_l={xin {mathbb{P}}^{3}left(mathbb{C}right): $end{document}begin{document}$ langle x, alpha_l rangle=0}$end{document};若begin{document}$f(textit{z})in H_l $end{document}的并集,有begin{document}$|langle fleft(zright),{H}_{0}rangle|/(|f||{H}_{0}|)$end{document}大于或等于begin{document}$delta $end{document}。begin{document}$0 < delta < 1 $end{document},begin{document}$delta $end{document}是常数,则 begin{document}$ mathcal{F} $end{document}在D上正规。     

全纯曲线正规族分担超平面

利用亚纯函数值分布理论和正规族理论、线性代数理论及研究方法,研究了全纯曲线族分担超平面的正规性。设$ \mathcal{F} $是从$ D\subset \mathbb{C} $到${\mathbb{P}}^{3}\left(\mathbb{C}\right) $的一族全纯映射,$ {H}_{0}$和${H}_{l}({H}_{l}\ne {H}_{0}) $是$ {\mathbb{P}}^{3}\left(\mathbb{C}\right) $上处于一般位置的超平面,$l=1,2,\cdots,8 $。假定对于任意的$ f\in \mathcal{F} $满足条件：$f(\textit{z})\in H_l$当且仅当$\nabla f \in H_l=\{x\in {\mathbb{P}}^{3}\left(\mathbb{C}\right): \rhbr \langle x, \alpha_l \rangle=0\}$;若$f(\textit{z})\in H_l $的并集,有$|\langle f\left(z\right),{H}_{0}\rangle|/(\|f\|\|{H}_{0}\|)$大于或等于$\delta $。$0 < \delta < 1 $,$\delta $是常数,则 $ \mathcal{F} $在D上正规。     

Is there an anatomical endophenotype for neurodevelopmental disorders？ A review of dual disorder anatomical likelihood estimation （ALE） meta-analyses of grey matter volumes

The term neurodevelopmental disorder broadly encompasses conditions thought to arise early in development and includes schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism among others. These conditions share a number of genetic and environmental risk factors postulated to lead to common difficulties in socio-emotional processing, communication and cognitive function. The alternative position is that, while the same traits are affected across these conditions, the nature or direction in which they are modified may be distinct. MRI studies provide a rapidly expanding and rich database which we propose can be used to contribute to this debate. Anatomical likelihood estimation (ALE) is a method of meta-analysis applied to voxel-based MRI studies. We have adapted this method to explore the extent to which schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and autism share a common brain structural phenotype. We will review this work here and discuss whether there is sufficient other evidence to justify a common framework for further research into the inter-relatedness of such conditions.     

Norm continuity for t>0 of linear operator families

Some criteria of norm continuity fort > 0 of linear operator families in Hilbert spaces are given.     

函数族涉及分担值的正规定则

研究了亚纯函数族涉及分担值的正规性.主要考虑区域D上亚纯函数族F中每对函数f和g满足f（k）-af-n与g（k）-ag-n分担值b时,F在D内是否正规,其中a和b是两个有穷复数使得a≠0,n和k≥2是两个正整数.两个例子说明本文结果的一些条件是不可去的.     

红松半同胞家系生长性状变异分析与优良家系选择

【目的】分析红松(Pinus koraiensis)半同胞家系生长性状的遗传变异,选择优良家系,为红松高世代遗传改良提供材料。【方法】以吉林露水河国家红松良种基地内红松半同胞家系子代测定林为研究对象,对34个家系(包括对照1个)不同林龄(18、23、27 a)时期的生长性状进行家系间差异性比较、遗传参数估算、表型相关与遗传相关分析,综合各林龄阶段家系生长表现,以材积和育种值为主要指标进行优良家系选择。【结果】不同林龄时期,树高、胸径、材积的家系间差异均达到极显著水平。材积家系间差异主要受遗传效应影响,随林龄增长,作用逐渐加强。树高与胸径主要受遗传效应、遗传与环境互作效应共同影响,冠幅主要受环境效应影响。4个性状中,树高变异相对较小,材积变异较大。树高、胸径、材积受较强遗传控制,冠幅受中低遗传控制。林龄18~23 a时,树高、胸径、材积的家系遗传力呈下降趋势;林龄23~27 a时,遗传力变幅较小,表现趋于稳定。遗传进展变化趋势与遗传变异系数变化趋势一致,表现为树高、胸径、材积随林龄增长有所下降,林龄23 a后变幅缩小,基本稳定。生长性状间表型相关与遗传相关均表现为正相关关系。胸径与材积遗传相关达到极显著水平;树高与材积遗传相关随林龄增长逐渐减弱;冠幅与材积遗传相关随林龄增长逐渐加强。对参试家系3个林龄时期的生长表现进行综合分析与评价,筛选出优良家系2个,二者材积均值高出对照25.84%,高出参试家系平均值50.00%,高出表现较差的1331号家系114.29%。【结论】所选1302号、1046号优良家系材积现实增益显著,可为红松高世代育种提供基础材料,对今后红松生长性状的遗传改良以及大径材定向培育等具有积极意义。     

工件分簇的半连续型批处理机调度问题

半连续型批处理机调度问题是从钢铁工业加热炉对管坯的加热过程中提炼出来的,其中把加热炉看作批处理机,同一时刻可以有C个工件被加工。工件以批方式进行加工,批中工件的进入、加工和离开都是按周期进行,同一批中的工件都有自己的开始加工时间和完工时间,且加工时间均等于这批工件中加工时间的最大者,批的大小为这批工件的个数。半连续型批处理机调度问题包含如何分批及安排各批间的加工顺序。考虑了单机且工件分簇的情况,其中在同一簇中工件的加工时间相同。目标函数为极小化总完工时间。对于工件的簇数是F的情况,通过最优解的性质给出了一个复杂性为O（F^2）的动态规划算法,能够获得对应问题的最优解。     

离异单亲及重组家庭子女教育问题的探讨

由于家庭不良环境的影响和父(母)爱的缺失,离异单亲及重组家庭子女的性格会产生一系列的变化,大多成为学校中的"问题学生".我们必须重视此类学生的教育,从学校、家庭和社会各方面共同努力,为他们创造一个良好的学习、生活环境,使他们健康成长.     

农业产业化中农户经营风险因素分析

以咸阳市为例,分析了农户生产经营风险产生的原因,认为自然灾害、合同、市场、资金、技术是主要风险因素,在此基础上提出规避和化解农户农业经营风险的对策和建议,包括完善农业基础设施、培养新型农民、提高农民组织化程度、建立风险基金、成立小额贷款公司等.     

面向产品族规划的核心平台数学描述及确定方法

提出了解决在面向产品族开发中核心平台 (面向产品族规划时的核心部件 )的定量确定和分析方法。通过分析面向产品族的用户需求和基于功能的产品开发过程 ,应用质量功能配置 (quality functional deployment)矩阵进行关系映射 ,利用数学描述模型完成定量化表示 ,实现功能和实体部件层次的关联表达 ,给出了确定和分析核心平台的方法。提出的理论模型适用于面向产品族规划的新产品开发和老产品整理中核心平台的确定和分析问题 ,对于企业扩展产品频谱以更好适应市场需求具有重要的指导意义。     

安徽省城镇居民消费结构变动分析

采用因子分析方法对安徽城镇居民从1995~2003年消费结构的变动进行分析,了解了安徽省近年来城镇居对消费结构的特点和变化趋势,试图找出安徽经济发展的一条线索,并希望通过这个分析为今后的经济模型的建立和市场分析决策提供一定的参考。