Progress in the research of GSH in cells

Glutathione (GSH), ??-Glu-Cys-Gly, is one of the most abundant small non-protein thiol molecules in mammalian tissues, particularly in the liver. Although glutathione is present in thiol-reduced (GSH) and disulfide oxidized (GSSG) forms, the predominant form is GSH and its content can exceed 10 mmol/L in liver cells. As an important intracellular reductant, GSH has many biological functions in cells. Its major function is as an anti-oxidant as it can protect proteins from oxidation by reversible posttranslational modification (glutathionylation) and decrease reactive oxygen species-mediated damage. However, it does have numerous other functions, including to chelate metal irons; enhance the absorption of iron, selenium and calcium; participate in lipid and insulin metabolism; regulate cellular events such as gene expression, DNA and protein synthesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis, redox-dependent signal transduction pathways, cytokine production and the immune response; and control protein glutathionylation. Therefore, GSH plays important roles in cell survival and health, and an imbalance in the GSH level can lead to many diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the function of GSH in mammalian cells and discuss future research of GSH.     

The interaction of GSSG modified magnetic nanoparticles with SPC-A1 cells in vitro

Magnetic nanoparticles(MNPs) are promising materials for various biomedical applications,including magnetic resonance imaging,stem cell tracking,gene/drug delivery,and cancer treatment.To increase the effectiveness of MNPs,high capture efficiency and controlled uptake of the particles by cells is required.In this paper we report the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake into SPC-A1 cells of oxidized glutathione(GSSG)-modified MNPs(GSSG@Fe3O4).Experimental findings indicated that GSSG@Fe3O4 were biocompatible,and could be efficiently taken up by SPC-A1 cells(up to 160 pg iron per cell).The internalized GSSG@Fe3O4 was retained in the cell cytoplasm for 6 generations.The uptake of GSSG@Fe3O4 into SPC-A1 cells was energy-,concentration-and time-dependent.Pinocytosis may be involved in the internalization process of GSSG@Fe3O4 into SPC-A1 cells,but this mechanism remains to be elucidated.The controlled and efficient localization of GSSG@Fe3O4 into the cytosol and long intracellular retention provides theoretical and experimental insight into the biomedical applications for these molecules.     

矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷抑制环氧丙酰胺诱导的MDA-MB-231细胞内谷胱甘肽的降低

为探讨食源性成分降低丙烯酰胺及主要致毒代谢物环氧丙酰胺对人体的危害作用,利用比色法、酶活性检测及免疫分析等方法,从细胞谷胱甘肽及其相关酶解毒的角度,研究了不同浓度的矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷对环氧丙酰胺引起的人类乳癌细胞MDA-MB-231毒性的影响. 结果表明,与环氧丙酰胺单独处理的细胞相比,矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷预处理后,能够显著降低细胞毒性及胞内活性氧水平,明显提高细胞内还原型谷胱甘肽含量,抑制谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶与谷胱甘肽S转移酶活性的升高,并且提高两种酶的蛋白表达量. 矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷对环氧丙酰胺引起的MDA-MB-231细胞毒性具有明显的抑制作用.      

谷胱甘肽合成酶的克隆与工程菌筛选

运用分子生物学方法构建含GSH基因的质粒pGEX4T-1-GSH,转化不同的宿主菌(JM109,DH5α,XBlue,BL21),挑克隆,经重组鉴定(PCR方法),IPTG诱导,检测不同菌间GSH表达产量差异,同时将同种菌部分进行非IPTG诱导对照,比较表达量差异,旨在寻找高表达GSH活性菌。结果显示,质粒pGEX4T-1-GSH重组转化JM109,DH5α,XBlue,BL21,经IPTG诱导后,GSH的产量在BL21中较高,表明BL21可以是GSH的高表达菌株。     

谷胱甘肽对Cd的解毒机理研究

用原子力显微镜研究还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）对重金属离子Cd的解毒过程,谷胱甘肽和Cd能迅速形成络合物,此络合物有多个活性点,在汞表面能够迅速生长,在开始的1 min的时间内,谷胱甘肽和Cd的络合物是以平均高度为0.574 nm的单分子层吸附在汞的表面,少量形成底面直径达160 nm,高度达46 nm的组装团。随后2 min,端基是活性组装点,整体以向空间垂直方向组装的模式生长。随后侧基的活性显现,侧基的组装和端基的组装同时进行,GSH-Cd不但向垂直方向长高,还向平面方向铺展,形成厚度达18 nm的铺展层和在铺展层上直径为527 nm,高度为80 nm的大分子组装峰。时间达8 min时,各种分子的作用趋于稳定。重金属离子与谷胱甘肽的多个活性基团作用,轻松实现解毒作用。     

固定化酵母细胞生物合成谷胱甘肽的研究

利用酵母细胞自身ＧＳＨ合成酶和糖酵解途径再生的ＡＴＰ能够合成ＧＳＨ,在含葡萄糖０．７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,硫酸镁１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,０．３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸钾缓冲液和谷氨酸、半胱氨酸、甘氨酸各２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的１０ｍＬ反应液中,加入１０ｇ（湿重）固定化酵母细胞,３０℃振荡反应８ｈ产生０．９１ｇ／Ｌ的ＧＳＨ。加入腺苷会降低ＧＳＨ的产量;当腺苷开始转化生成ＡＴＰ时加入前体,可明显提高ＧＳＨ的产量。实验结果初步表明：Ａ     

谷胱甘肽合成酶系基因协调表达体系的构建

通过 PCR获得 E.coli B谷胱甘肽合成酶系基因 ( gsh I,gsh II)片段 ,结合定点突变稀有起始密码子 ,设定 gsh I与 gsh II位置与距离 ,构建双顺反子重组表达载体 p Trc99A/gsh I- gsh II,建立GSHI、GSH- II蛋白表达体系。结果表明 :以 0 .0 8mmol/L IPTG于 2 8℃诱导工程菌 E.coli BL2 1( DE3) ( p Trc99A/gsh I- gsh II) ,GSH- I、GSH- II蛋白比为 4.5∶ 1 ( m∶ m)时谷胱甘肽合成能力最高 ,达到每克湿菌体 8.5 mg。通过构建单顺反子重组表达载体 p Trc99A/gsh I、p Trc99A/gsh II测定GSH- I与 GSH- II蛋白的最适配比 ,结果表明 :在 GSH- I、GSH- II蛋白总量恒定的情况下 ,要提高谷胱甘肽产率 ,两者比例以 3∶ 1～ 6∶ 1为宜     

Progress in phototaxis mechanism research and micromanipulatlon techniques of algae cells

Pholotaclic movement is a characteristic of some microorganisms' response to light environment. Most of the algae have dramatically phototactic responses, underlying the complicated biological, physical and photochemical mechanisms are involved. With the development of the micro/nano and sensor techniques, great progress has been made in the research of the algae phototaxis. This review article summarizes the progress made in the research on the functional phototactic structures, the mechanisms of photo-response process and photodynamics of phototaxis in algae, and describes the latest developed micro-tracking technique and micromanipulation technique. Moreover, based on our own research results, the potential correlation between the phototaxis and photosynthesis is discussed, and the directions for future research of the phototactic mechanism are proposed.     

Progress in phototaxis mechanism research and micromanipulation techniques of algae cells

Phototactic movement is a characteristic of some microorganisms' response to light environment. Most of the algae have dramatically phototactic responses, underlying the complicated biological, physical and photochemical mechanisms are involved. With the development of the micro/nano and sensor techniques, great progress has been made in the research of the algae phototaxis. This review article summarizes the progress made in the research on the functional phototactic structures, the mechanisms of photo-response process and photodynamics of phototaxis in algae, and describes the latest developed micro-tracking technique and micromanipulation technique. Moreover, based on our own research results, the potential correlation between the phototaxis and photosynthesis is discussed, and the directions for future research of the phototactic mechanism are proposed.     

Progress in phototaxis mechanism research and micromanipulation techniques of algae cells

Phototactic movement is a characteristic of some microorganisms' response to light environment. Most of the algae have dramatically phototactic responses, underlying the complicated biological, physical and photochemical mechanisms are involved. With the development of the micro/nano and sensor techniques, great progress has been made in the research of the algae phototaxis. This review article summarizes the progress made in the research on the functional phototactic structures, the mechanisms of photo-response process and photodynamics of phototaxis in algae, and describes the latest developed micro-tracking technique and micromanipulation technique. Moreover, based on our own research results, the potential correlation between the phototaxis and photosynthesis is discussed, and the directions for future research of the phototactic mechanism are proposed.     

蛋白质组学的研究进展

蛋白质组学是近几年出现的生物学者研究的热点和新领域.人类基因组"工作框架图"的完成,标志着后基 因组时代的来临,在后基因组时代,研究的中心将从揭示生命的所有遗传信息转移到在整体水平上对功能的研究,主 要以蛋白质组为中心阐述了一些与其相关的概念、研究内容、技术及其应用方面的研究进展;在这其中,蛋白质组学 的相关概念包括结构基因组学和功能蛋白质组学;而研究技术主要有2-DE技术、生物质谱技术、蛋白质芯片技术以及 生物信息学技术等.     

润湿反转机理的研究进展

介绍了近年来国外针对润湿反转作用提高采收率的研究进展.首先介绍了一种测定润湿角的方法——双滴双晶法(DDDC).对比了近几年国外常用的几种润湿反转剂.研究表明:阳离子、阴离子以及非离子表面活性剂在有效作用浓度以及作用机理上存在明显区别.综合各种试验结果,认为含有聚氧乙烯(丙烯)基的阴离子或是非离子活性剂具有较好的应用前景.最后通过分析固体表面润湿反转导致的油珠剥离过程,以及不同阶段的力学变化规律,发现润湿反转作用主要受到固液界面张力的影响,而油水界面张力并不是决定性的影响因素.因此,有必要进一步研究表面活性剂对固液界面张力的影响规律.     

血液相容性材料研究进展

就材料-血液间相容性的研究进展进行了综述，着重介绍了血液相容性材料、材料-血液间相互作用的生物学基础、血液相容性的评价方法等几方面的内容，并对将来生物材料血液相容性的研究方法和从分子水平上设计新型生物材料进行了展望。     

RNAi的研究进展

RNAi(RNA interference)是近年来发现的在生物体内普遍存在的一种古老的生物学现象，是由dsRNA介导的由特定酶参与的特异性基因沉默现象，它在转录水平、转录后水平和翻译水平上阻断基因的表达。RNAi是真核生物体抵抗外源基因(如病毒基因、转座子、人工转入基因等)入侵的一种保护性反应，它还是生物体在不同时期通过调控基因表达来调节细胞分化的机制。RNAi已成为一种极为有用的使基因失活的工具应用于多方面的研究中。介绍了RNAi的发现、RNAi的机理、参与RNAi的酶、及其RNAi的应用等有关RNAi的研究进展。     

区块链应用研究进展

 区块链是基于去中心化的分布式账本技术,可以实现业务活动数据的隐私保护、安全存储及不可抵赖证明。自2009年产生以来,区块链技术逐渐被人们认可并在各行业得到重视和研究。本文总结了区块链的特点、技术,对区块链进行了应用、发展阶段及创业团队分类,对区块链与云计算的关联关系进行了分析。对区块链在世界各国及不同产业的应用研究现状以及目前区块链的学术研究进展进行了综述分析。结果表明,区块链在不同应用领域得到了广泛的探索,然而尚未形成成熟的可以推广的产品,学术研究多数为特点及价值分析,一些学者开发了具体领域的处于测试状态的区块链产品。区块链将颠覆传统的数据库体系及业务交互体系,成为“互联网+”时代信用建设的技术体系保障。     

植物源杀菌剂的研究进展

综述了抗菌植物资源种类、植物中的主要抑菌成分、植物抗菌物质的检测以及植物源杀菌剂的应用开发研究，并提出了在抗菌物质筛选中应注意的一些问题．     

离子热合成研究进展

离子液体具有蒸气压低、稳定性好、离子电导率高、电化学窗口宽、溶解度大、可设计性强等优点。离子液体可用作无机合成中的溶剂、结构导向剂和模板。离子热合成是在离子液体中进行的一种新的合成方法。综述了近年来离子热合成在无机材料制备中的研究进展。