基于GIS与GOCAD的天津双窑凸起构造区热储三维地质建模

因地制宜开发利用地热能已成为助力国家碳达峰、碳中和目标实现的有效途径。通过三维地质建模技术,实现热储空间结构透明化,有利于地热资源精细化管理,从而实现因地制宜开发。以天津双窑凸起构造区为例,通过地理信息系统(geographic information system, GIS)与地质对象计算机辅助设计软件(geology object computer aided design, GOCAD)相结合的方法,利用GIS对钻孔、平面地质图、地质剖面、地球物理资料、文献等多源数据资料综合分析,并对数据可信度进行优先级排序,利用GOCAD对构造、地层面和地质实体进行了构建,建立了热储三维地质模型。模型实现了对研究区新近系、奥陶系、寒武系、蓟县系等不同层位热储及其边界断裂的空间发育情况的三维刻画,研究结果可以为热储结构研究、地热资源评价和因地制宜开发提供技术支撑。     

Vapour undersaturation in primitive mid-ocean-ridge basalt and the volatile content of Earth's upper mantle

The analysis of volatiles in magmatic systems can be used to constrain the volatile content of the Earth's mantle and the influence that magmatic degassing has on the chemistry of the oceans and the atmosphere. But most volatile elements have very low solubilities in magmas at atmospheric pressure, and therefore virtually all erupted lavas are degassed and do not retain their primary volatile signatures. Here we report the undersaturated pre-eruptive volatile content for a suite of mid-ocean-ridge basalts from the Siqueiros intra-transform spreading centre. The undersaturation leads to correlations between volatiles and refractory trace elements that provide new constraints on volatile abundances and their behaviour in the upper mantle. Our data generate improved limits on the abundances of carbon dioxide, water, fluorine, sulphur and chlorine in the source of normal mid-ocean-ridge basalt. The incompatible behaviour of carbon dioxide, together with the CO(2)/Nb and CO(2)/Cl ratios, permit estimates of primitive carbon dioxide and chlorine to be made for degassed and chlorine-contaminated mid-ocean-ridge basalt magmas, and hence constrain degassing and contamination histories of mid-ocean ridges.     

Diffuse volcanic emissions of carbon dioxide from Vulcano Island, Italy

RECENT investigations on Mount Etna (Sicily)(1-3) have revealed that volcanoes may release abundant carbon dioxide not only from their active craters, but also from their flanks, as diffuse soil emanations. Here we present analyses of soil gases and air in water wells on Vulcano Island which provide further evidence of such lateral degassing. Nearly pure carbon dioxide, enriched in helium and radon, escapes from the slopes of the Fossa active cone, adding a total output of 30 tonnes per day to the fumarolic crater discharge ( 180 tonnes CO(2) per day). This emanation has similar He/CO(2) and (13)C/(12)C ratios to those of the crater fumaroles (300%ndash;500 degrees C) and therefore a similar volcanic origin. Gases rich in carbon dioxide also escape at sea level along the isthmus between the Fossa and Vulcanello volcanic cones, but their depletion in both He and (13)C suggests a distinct source. Diffuse volcanic gas emanations, once their genetic link with central fumarole degassing has been demonstrated, can be used for continuous volcano monitoring, at safe distances from active craters. Such monitoring has been initiated at Vulcano, where soil and well emanations of nearly pure CO(2) themselves represent a threat to the local population.     

唐山北部蓟县系雾迷山组白云岩热储资源潜力研究

地热资源具有清洁、可再生、储量大等特点,是实现我国“双碳”目标的重要资源。唐山市地热资源丰富,但现阶段开发利用的主要层系为南部平原区新近系馆陶组砂岩热储,北部基岩热储则少有开发利用。本文通过唐山市北部区域地质特征、地热地质条件的分析研究,开展地热资源综合评价,评价结果表明,唐山市北部发育蓟县系雾迷山组白云岩热储埋藏深、水温高、涌水量大,是该区最具有开发利用价值的地热资源。     

中深层地热能取热技术研究进展

 总结了国内外关键取热技术研究现状，包括对井循环取热技术、单井闭式循环取热技术、重力热管循环取热技术、单井开式循环取热技术、U型井闭式循环取热技术和多分支径向井循环取热技术，分析了关键取热技术的特点、适用条件和未来攻关方向，阐述了不同取热技术的发展阶段和应用场景，提出了面向中深层地热能高效开采的发展建议。     

Experimental study of n-heptane ignition delay with carbon dioxide addition in a rapid compression machine under low-temperature conditions

The ignition delay of n-heptane homogeneous charge compression ignition(HCCI) combustion under high levels of carbon dioxide addition was quantitatively measured at elevated pressure from low to intermediate temperatures in a rapid compression machine.The experiments were conducted in the compressed temperature range 613-750 K.Both the compression ratio and fuel/air equivalence ratio were varied to investigate their effects on the ignition delay of n-heptane.Carbon dioxide was subsequently added to study the influence of the carbon dioxide level on the ignition delay of n-heptane under low-temperature conditions.It was found that carbon dioxide had different effects on the two-stages of ignition delay of n-heptane under low-temperature conditions:the concentration of carbon dioxide had little effect on the first-stage ignition time;a certain concentration of carbon dioxide accelerated the first-stage ignition but had a significantly larger impact on the second-stage ignition delay,thus increasing the overall ignition delay time.The results also showed that the first-stage ignition delay of n-heptane is only a function of temperature under low-temperature conditions.The mass of n-heptane in the combustible mixture,the equivalence ratio,and the pressure at the top dead center had little effect on the first-stage ignition time of n-heptane.     

超临界二氧化碳在土体中脱水的效果研究

基于土体的固结排水和超临界二氧化碳脱水的性能,结合两者的特性,研究超临界二氧化碳在土体中脱水的规律。试验采用不同压力、温度条件下通过二氧化碳的处理,对比试验前后土体中自由水和结合水含量变化,研究超临界二氧化碳在土体中的脱水规律。试验结果显示:二氧化碳在超临界状态处理后的高岭土含水率由30.9%下降到14.17%,其中结合水由20.06%下降到8.46%。得出结论:二氧化碳在超临界状态下比非超临界下的脱水效果更好,特别是结合水的去除效果更好,也就是加速了土体的固结排水。由于超临界二氧化碳对于结合水的良好脱水效果,也可用于膨润土这样的高结合水含量的土体。     

高含CO2水合物生成条件模拟与预测研究

利用“油气藏地质及开发工程”国家重点实验室(西南石油大学)专用水合物测试装置,测定了不同二氧化碳含量的烃类气样在不同给定压力下生成水合物的温度,同时基于分子热力学理论建立了高含二氧化碳气体的水合物生成条件预测模型。将模型的预测结果与测试结果进行对比分析验证,结果表明:建立的模型对高含二氧化碳气体水合物预测结果较准确,最大相对误差仅为0.91%,能满足工程设计与计算的要求,为高含二氧化碳体系水合物研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

Reduction of soil carbon formation by tropospheric ozone under increased carbon dioxide levels

In the Northern Hemisphere, ozone levels in the troposphere have increased by 35 per cent over the past century, with detrimental impacts on forest and agricultural productivity, even when forest productivity has been stimulated by increased carbon dioxide levels. In addition to reducing productivity, increased tropospheric ozone levels could alter terrestrial carbon cycling by lowering the quantity and quality of carbon inputs to soils. However, the influence of elevated ozone levels on soil carbon formation and decomposition are unknown. Here we examine the effects of elevated ozone levels on the formation rates of total and decay-resistant acid-insoluble soil carbon under conditions of elevated carbon dioxide levels in experimental aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands and mixed aspen-birch (Betula papyrifera) stands. With ambient concentrations of ozone and carbon dioxide both raised by 50 per cent, we find that the formation rates of total and acid-insoluble soil carbon are reduced by 50 per cent relative to the amounts entering the soil when the forests were exposed to increased carbon dioxide alone. Our results suggest that, in a world with elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, global-scale reductions in plant productivity due to elevated ozone levels will also lower soil carbon formation rates significantly.     

CO2埋存井固井水泥环封存效果与其性能参数研究

CO2埋存井固井水泥环封存能力是决定CO2长期有效埋存的关键,影响水泥环封存能力的因素除了井筒周围外部条件外,还与水泥环自身的力学特性有关。首先分析了影响水泥环封存能力的外部因素,并对水泥环受力状态与其力学参数之间的关系进行研究,最后结合外部条件和水泥环自身力学特性,确定出能够满足CO2长期有效埋存的水泥环的力学参数。     

Palaeoclimatology: the record for marine isotopic stage 11

The marine isotopic stage 11 (MIS 11) is an extraordinarily long interglacial period in the Earth's history that occurred some 400,000 years ago and lasted for about 30,000 years. During this period there were weak, astronomically induced changes in the distribution of solar energy reaching the Earth. The conditions of this orbital climate forcing are similar to those of today's interglacial period, and they rendered the climate susceptible to other forcing--for example, to changes in the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Here we use ice-core data from the Antarctic Vostok core to reconstruct a complete atmospheric carbon dioxide record for MIS 11. The record indicates that values for carbon dioxide throughout the interglacial period were close to the Earth's pre-industrial levels and that both solar energy and carbon dioxide may have helped to make MIS 11 exceptionally long. Anomalies in the oceanic carbonate system recorded in marine sediments at the time, for example while coral reefs were forming, apparently left no signature on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.     

基于热电效应的地热资源发电技术

地热资源是一种低碳环保的可再生清洁能源,高效合理开发地热资源对于我国能源产业结构调整,推进实现"碳达峰"与"碳中和"目标具有重要意义.针对传统地热发电转化效率低、规模化开发难等问题,提出一种基于热电效应的地热资源发电技术,通过设计井下热电机装置,构建具有流体温度差的闭合回路,实现井下热电高效转化;建立井下热流温度场数学...     

电极活化二氧化碳诱导合成碳酸二甲酯

 针对近年来利用甲醇和CO₂直接反应制备碳酸二甲酯研究中反应条件苛刻、工艺设备复杂、甲醇转化率低等不足问题,本文研制一种固碳溶液,其CO₂饱和质量浓度达0.528 g/mL;在固碳溶液中用电解的方式对CO₂进行活化,并在电解过程中不断补充CO₂至饱和,得到电解活化液;用碘甲烷作诱导剂,使其与甲醇在60℃回流120 min,制得碳酸二甲酯,纯度为99.0%,转化率为99.6%（以甲醇质量计）,反应过程环保、条件温和。     

商都坳陷浅层CO_2气藏成因与典型气藏分析

商都地区CO2气藏的气体组分主要为CO2,体积分数为87.0%～99.9%,碳同位素δ13C值分布在-5.2‰～-6.5‰之间,氦同位素3He/4He体积比分布在(1.69～3.35)×10-6之间,为典型幔源CO2气.乌兰哈达-高勿素断裂是一条长期活动的超深断裂,不仅控制着盆地沉积和演化,而且输导了多期次岩浆活动,提供了幔源CO2运移通道.商都坳陷新生代沉积演化有利于储盖组合的发育,具有良好的CO2气藏形成条件.通过对典型CO2气藏解剖,其具有气藏浅、产量高的特点.SZ5井累计产气量是容积法计算储量的2.23倍,认为存在幔源CO2的不断补充.     

A lower limit for atmospheric carbon dioxide levels 3.2 billion years ago

The quantification of greenhouse gases present in the Archaean atmosphere is critical for understanding the evolution of atmospheric oxygen, surface temperatures and the conditions for life on early Earth. For instance, it has been argued that small changes in the balance between two potential greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane, may have dictated the feedback cycle involving organic haze production and global cooling. Climate models have focused on carbon dioxide as the greenhouse gas responsible for maintaining above-freezing surface temperatures during a time of low solar luminosity. However, the analysis of 2.75-billion-year (Gyr)-old palaeosols--soil samples preserved in the geologic record--have recently provided an upper constraint on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels well below that required in most climate models to prevent the Earth's surface from freezing. This finding prompted many to look towards methane as an additional greenhouse gas to satisfy climate models. Here we use model equilibrium reactions for weathering rinds on 3.2-Gyr-old river gravels to show that the presence of iron-rich carbonate relative to common clay minerals requires a minimum partial pressure of carbon dioxide several times higher than present-day values. Unless actual carbon dioxide levels were considerably greater than this, climate models predict that additional greenhouse gases would still need to have a role in maintaining above-freezing surface temperatures.     

延长油田特低渗透浅层油藏注CO_2提高采收率技术研究

针对延长油田特低渗透浅层油藏储层物性差、破裂压力低、注水开发效果差等开发难点,为探讨注二氧化碳提高采收率的可行性,利用复配原油通过室内实验研究了地层条件下溶解不同含量CO2对原油高压物性的影响,并通过数值模拟技术对注气量、注入速度、注入方式、段塞大小及气液比等注气参数进行了优化.结果表明:CO2能很好地改善原油性质,CO2溶解能力强,能有效增加地层弹性能量,降低原油黏度;但是注气参数对最终采收率影响较大,气水交替注入方式优于连续注气开发,最优注气量为0.3PV,最佳注气速度为8 103m3/d.采用变气液比的方式开采,可以缩短投资回收期.该研究结果对延长油田特低渗油藏及类似油田的注气高效开发具有一定的指导作用.     

Early geochemical environment of Mars as determined from thermodynamics of phyllosilicates

Images of geomorphological features that seem to have been produced by the action of liquid water have been considered evidence for wet surface conditions on early Mars. Moreover, the recent identification of large deposits of phyllosilicates, associated with the ancient Noachian terrains suggests long-timescale weathering of the primary basaltic crust by liquid water. It has been proposed that a greenhouse effect resulting from a carbon-dioxide-rich atmosphere sustained the temperate climate required to maintain liquid water on the martian surface during the Noachian. The apparent absence of carbonates and the low escape rates of carbon dioxide, however, are indicative of an early martian atmosphere with low levels of carbon dioxide. Here we investigate the geochemical conditions prevailing on the surface of Mars during the Noachian period using calculations of the aqueous equilibria of phyllosilicates. Our results show that Fe3+-rich phyllosilicates probably precipitated under weakly acidic to alkaline pH, an environment different from that of the following period, which was dominated by strongly acid weathering that led to the sulphate deposits identified on Mars. Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that the oxidation state of the martian surface was already high, supporting early escape of hydrogen. Finally, equilibrium with carbonates implies that phyllosilicate precipitation occurs preferentially at a very low partial pressure of carbon dioxide. We suggest that the possible absence of Noachian carbonates more probably resulted from low levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, rather than primary acidic conditions. Other greenhouse gases may therefore have played a part in sustaining a warm and wet climate on the early Mars.     

添加剂条件下氯化钙制备纳米碳酸钙

基于化工生产中大量副产氯化钙,以氯化钙、氨水和二氧化碳为原料,在添加剂条件下对制备纳米碳酸钙进行了研究。实验研究了添加剂种类和用量、反应温度和二氧化碳流量等工艺条件对产物粒径的影响,采用XRD和TEM对产物进行了分析。实验结果表明:在添加剂条件下,以氯化钙、氨水和二氧化碳为原料可以制备纳米碳酸钙,反应条件温和能耗低;实验条件下制备的产物为方解石型近球状纳米碳酸钙。     

超临界CO2萃取鱼油中EPA、DHA的研究进展

按照不同的萃取流程 ,即间歇式和连续式流程 ,综述了国内外超临界CO2 萃取鱼油中EPA和DHA的研究进展 ,内容包括各研究者所采用的萃取装置和方法 ,探讨的工艺参数 ,采用的萃取条件 ,以及得到的萃取规律、最佳的工艺参数和萃取效果 ,并分析了两种流程下萃取的异同点 ,为超临界CO2 连续式萃取鱼油中EPA和DHA的进一步深入研究提供参考 ,也为鱼油萃取的工业化奠定一定的基础