Energetic Coefficient of Restitution for a Planar Two-Body Oblique Collision with Friction

Although the coefficient of restitution was originally thought to be only a material property, the coefficient of restitution also depends upon initial conditions as well as on the frictional effect for oblique collisions. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate a method for obtaining the coefficient of restitution for oblique collisions and thereby to provide a theoretical guide for collision experiments. In this paper, we derive expressions for the energetic coefficient of restitution ( e* ) based on general normal contact deformation law, by which the value of e* can be obtained according to the initial conditions. An example shows that the results calculated by the derived expressions are reasonable.     

Side-Channel Attacks in a Real Scenario

Existing Side-Channel Attacks(SCAs) have several limitations and, rather than to be real attack methods,can only be considered to be security evaluation methods. Their limitations are mainly related to the sampling conditions, such as the trigger signal embedded in the source code of the encryption device, and the acquisition device that serves as the encryption-device controller. Apart from it being very difficult for an attacker to add a trigger into the original design before making an attack or to control the encryption device, there is a big gap in the capacity of existing SCAs to pose real threats to cipher devices. In this paper, we propose a new method, the sliding window SCA(SW-SCA), which can be applied in scenarios in which the acquisition device is independent of the encryption device and for which the encryption source code requires no trigger signal or modification. First,we describe the main issues in existing SCAs, then we theoretically analyze the effectiveness and complexity of our proposed SW-SCA —a method that can incorporate a sliding-window mechanism into almost all of the existing non-profiled SCAs. The experimental results for both simulated and physical traces verify the effectiveness of the SW-SCA and the appropriateness of its theoretical complexity.     

Rethinking atomic packing and cluster formation in metallic liquids and glasses

In traditional view,atomic packing is random in glasses made of metallic elements with non-directional interactions as the glass-forming liquid needs to be excited to remain in liquid state before being cooled sufficiently fast to a glass. Locally ordered packing however is possible if certain conditions are favorable,such as a strong bonding between elements,or low configuration energy of a cluster of atoms as suggested by Frank. In alloy systems made of different metallic elements,we show that Frank’s criterion alone does not necessarily lead to certain specific local ordered packing or cluster formation such as icosahedral packing. In this context,we revisit the issue of atomic packing and cluster formation,and show that an alloy system with fairly random liquid configuration could be sufficient to produce a variety of noticeable locally ordered packing with low energy,albeit largely statistical in nature. Therefore,we emphasize the importance of the system parameters such as the atomic size,alloy concentration,and interaction potential in their collective contribution to local atomic packing.     

The Impact of China''''s WTO Entry on the Industrial Structure of the Yangtze River Delta

In the areas of China access into WTO Agreements, Chinese government has made lots of promises in reducing tariffs of some industrial products. While industrial products make up a very large share of import and export, so nearly all kinds of them will be influenced, especially those which are protected by means of national tariffs and taxes and non- tariffs barriers on import-sand, to a lesser extent, on exports. Meanwhile we have noticed that most of these industries are the pillar ones of Yangtze Delta. As it is well known that Yangtze Delta has become the most developed area in Yangtze valley or even in China and had an important effect on China economy. Thus entry to the WTO requires reform to be accelerated in this district so as to put the industry of this region in a position to be able to cope with the greater foreign competition that will follow accession to the trade body.     

Multifractal analysis of resting state fMRI series in default mode network: age and gender effects

Age-related changes of resting state in default mode network （DMN） may provide new clues to the developing mechanism of normal brain as well as early diagnosis and therapy of some neuropsychiatric disorders. The application of multifractal theory to functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI） signals has recently raised increasing attention. We aim to explore the multifractal characteristics underlying the resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging （rs-fMRI） series extracted from DMN, and two issues are mainly discussed： （1） whether there exist multifractals in rs-fMRI series; （2） whether it is possible to distinguish between the different ages or genders by means of multifractal characteristics. Results demon- strated the existence of multifractals in rs-fMRI series in DMN. In addition, slight differences between young subjects and middle-aged or elderly subjects can be successfully detected by △asα, a modified measure we proposed. Furthermore, it is revealed that the rs-fMRI series from young subjects possess smaller averaged scale index and weaker long range correlation, while those from middle-aged or elderly people present increasing averaged scale index andstronger long range correlation. Whereas no significant statistical differences has been found between male and female group. Our results, therefore, highlight the potential useful- ness of multifractal analysis in fMRI series of a certain brain region, and provide important insights into healthy aging in DMN.     

Can the occurrence of rare insertion／deletion polymor—phisms in human mtDNA be verfied from phylogeny？

Due to its specific characteristics,such as ma-ternal inheritance and absence of recombination,each mtDNA belongs to certain monophyletic clade in the rooted mtDNA tree(haplogroup) according to the mutations it har-bors,Rare mutation(excluding parallel mutation) occurring at multiple times in different haplogroups could thus be a potential reading error according to the mtDNA phylogent.This experience has been widely used im double-checking the credibility of the rare mutations in human mtDNA sequences.However,no test has been performed so far for the feasibility of applying this strategy to the rare insertion/deletion(indel) events in mtDNA sequences.In this study,we attempted to relate the rare indels in mtDNAs to their haplogroup status in a total of 2352 individuals from 50 populations in China.Our results show that the insertion of A at position 16259 is restricted to a subclade of haplogroup Cand can be verified.The other indel polymorphisms,Which occur in the repeat of the deleted or inserted nucleotide(s),may not be distin-guished from phantom mutations from a phylogenetic point of view.Independently and multiply sequencing the frag-ment with the indel is the best and the most reliable way for confirmation.     

A bioinformatic evaluation of potential allergenicity of 85 candidate genes in transgenic organisms

The potential of genetically modified organisms(GMOs) to increase allergenicity or predispositions to allergies has attracted much attention.An approach that will properly and holistically evaluate the allergenicity of GMOs is yet to be found.Here,85 transgenes that have been reported in both international and domestic studies during recent years are summarized case by case;49 of the transformed genes were from plant sources and 36 were from animal sources.EVALLERTM,a web server for the in silico assessment of potential protein allergenicity,was used to evaluate the potential of the transgenic proteins as allergens.The biomedical journals listed in Highwire(http://highwire.stanford.edu/) were searched and reviewed to decipher whether any of the transformed genes were linked to allergenicity or human health.The EVALLER analysis identified 5 allergenic genes,whilst our literature review found 11 genes that were either related to allergic cases or to clinical adverse events;all 16 of these genes have been used in GMOs.The analysis pathway that we have developed can help guide the selection of genes to be used in genetic modification.The pathway also provides a paradigm for allergenicity analysis of transgene candidates.     

Assessment of wind energy potential in China

China wind atlas was made by numerical simulation and the wind energy potential in China was calculated. The model system for wind energy resource assessment was set up based on Canadian Wind Energy Simulating Toolkit （WEST） and the simulating method was as follows. First, the weather classes were obtained depend on meteorological data of 30 years. Then, driven by the initial meteorological field produced by each weather class, the meso-scale model ran for the distribution of wind energy resources according each weather class condition one by one. Finally, averaging all the modeling output weighted by the occurrence frequency of each weather class, the annual mean distribution of wind energy resources was worked out. Compared the simulated wind energy potential with other results from several activities and studies for wind energy resource assessment, it is found that the simulated wind energy potential in mainland of China is 3 times that from the second and the third investigations for wind energy resources by CMA, and is similar to the wind energy potential obtained by NREL in Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment （SWERA） project. The simulated offshore wind energy potential of China seems smaller than the true value. According to the simulated results of CMA and considering lots of limited factors to wind energy development, the final conclusion can be obtained that the wind energy availability in China is 700 - 1 200 GW, in which 600 - 1 000 GW is in mainland and 100 - 200 GW is on offshore, and wind power will become the important part of energy composition in future.     

CH4 emission and recovery from municipal solid waste in China

Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas and a major environmental pollutant, second only to carbon dioxide (CO2) in its contribution to potential global wanning. In many cases, methane emission from landfills otherwise emitted to the atmosphere can be removed and utilized, or significantly reduced in quantity by using cost-effective management methods. The gas can also be used as a residential, commercial,or industrial fuel. Therefore, emission reduction strategies have the potential to become low cost, or even profitable. The annual growth rate of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) output in China is 6.24% , with the highest levels found in South China, Southwest China and East China. Cities and towns axe developing quickly in these regions. MSW output was only 76.36 Mt in 1991 and increased to 109.82 Mt in 1997, registering an average increase of 43.8% . In China, methane emission from landfills also increased from 5.88 Mt in 1991 to 8.46 Mt in 1997; so the recovery of methane from landfills is a profitable project.     

Application of New Type BP Neural Networks for Magnetic Measurement

Magnetic Measurement is a typical inverse problem in biomedical field.In this kind of problem we always need to locate the positions and moments of one or more magnetic dipoles.Although using the traditional methods to solve this kind of inverse problem has all kinds of shortcomings,BPNN(Back Propagation Neural Networks)method can be used to solve this typical inverse problem fast enough for real time measurement.In the traditional BPNN method,gradient descent search method is performed for error propagation.In this paper the authors propose a new algorithm that Newton method is performed for error propagation.For the cost function is highly nonconvex in the magnetic measurement problem,the new kind of BPNN can get convergent results quickly and precisely,A simulation result for this method is also presented.     

A glimmer of light for neuropsychiatric disorders

Understanding the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders is a substantial challenge for neurobiologists. It has long been hoped that identifying alleles that confer increased risk of such disorders would provide clues for neurobiological investigation. But this quest has been stymied by a lack of validated biological markers for characterizing and distinguishing the different disorders and by the genetic complexity underpinning these diseases. Now, modern genomic technologies have begun to facilitate the discovery of relevant genes.     

Endophenotype strategies for the study of neuropsychiatric disorders: A quest

The identification of genes that contribute to the susceptibilities to complex neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorders has not been as successful using conventional genetic approaches as had been hoped. There are several problems associated with the conventional approaches, including the validity of psychiatric diagnosis itself, excluding carriers of relevant genes who cannot be identified in the absence of manifest symptoms, and the heterogeneity of     

Distinct functions of the two isoforms of dopamine D2 receptors

Signalling through dopamine D2 receptors governs physiological functions related to locomotion, hormone production and drug abuse. D2 receptors are also known targets of antipsychotic drugs that are used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. By a mechanism of alternative splicing, the D2 receptor gene encodes two molecularly distinct isoforms, D2S and D2L, previously thought to have the same function. Here we show that these receptors have distinct functions in vivo; D2L acts mainly at postsynaptic sites and D2S serves presynaptic autoreceptor functions. The cataleptic effects of the widely used antipsychotic haloperidol are absent in D2L-deficient mice. This suggests that D2L is targeted by haloperidol, with implications for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The absence of D2L reveals that D2S inhibits D1 receptor-mediated functions, uncovering a circuit of signalling interference between dopamine receptors.     

Keeping time with the human genome

The cloning and characterization of 'clock gene' families has advanced our understanding of the molecular control of the mammalian circadian clock. We have analysed the human genome for additional relatives, and identified new candidate genes that may expand our knowledge of the molecular workings of the circadian clock. This knowledge could lead to the development of therapies for treating jet lag and sleep disorders, and add to our understanding of the genetic contribution of clock gene alterations to sleep and neuropsychiatric disorders. The human genome will also aid in the identification of output genes that ultimately control circadian behaviours.     

Myelination and support of axonal integrity by glia

The myelination of axons by glial cells was the last major step in the evolution of cells in the vertebrate nervous system, and white-matter tracts are key to the architecture of the mammalian brain. Cell biology and mouse genetics have provided insight into axon-glia signalling and the molecular architecture of the myelin sheath. Glial cells that myelinate axons were found to have a dual role by also supporting the long-term integrity of those axons. This function may be independent of myelin itself. Myelin abnormalities cause a number of neurological diseases, and may also contribute to complex neuropsychiatric disorders.     

Analytical Expression for the MIMO Channel Capacity

Introduction Information theory has demonstrated the enormous po-tential capacity of wireless communication systems with antenna arrays at both the transmitter and the re-ceiver[1,2],when the channel exhibits rich scattering and complete channel state inf…     

公平的神经基础

 公平问题是人类长久以来的话题, 研究已经证实人们存在着公平偏好。关于公平的神经基础, 研究者采用脑功能成像技术进行了深入探索, 并提示了其在精神疾病研究中的应用价值。本文介绍研究公平行为的博弈实验范式--最后通牒博弈, 概述基于最后通牒博弈的神经影像学研究发现。从分配额度、得失情境、框架效应、群体意见、社会地位及情绪几个方面, 综述影响公平行为的因素及其神经基础。在临床研究方面, 列举了有关抑郁症、精神病态患者及反社会青少年的公平行为及其神经基础的相关研究。分析表明, 未来研究应注意从脑网络的角度对公平行为的神经基础进行探讨, 考虑到具体的社会情境对公平行为的影响, 加强博弈实验范式在神经精神疾病中的应用, 并深入探索公平感知的神经计算模型。