枸杞不育系与可育系花药发育的细胞学研究

采用半薄和超薄切片技术,对枸杞不育系与可育系花药发育特征进行了系统的比较和观察.结果表明,不育系枸杞小孢子和药壁组织在四分体刚形成及之前的各个时期发育正常;四分体形成之后,四分孢子的胞质首先变稀薄,出现液泡化,随后液泡化加剧,四分孢子的细胞质、细胞核、细胞壁和残余的胼胝质壁依次先后收缩、解体,四分体严重变形,最后完全消失;在四分体败育过程中,绒毡层细胞也剧烈液泡化,并且细胞质、细胞核和细胞壁先后于原位解体;四分体败育及解体过程均发生在胼胝质壁中.据此推断,不育系绒毡层细胞的提前解体是导致其四分体解体的原因.     

Exceptional sperm cooperation in the wood mouse

Spermatozoa from a single male will compete for fertilization of ova with spermatozoa from another male when present in the female reproductive tract at the same time. Close genetic relatedness predisposes individuals towards altruism, and as haploid germ cells of an ejaculate will have genotypic similarity of 50%, it is predicted that spermatozoa may display cooperation and altruism to gain an advantage when inter-male sperm competition is intense. We report here the probable altruistic behaviour of spermatozoa in an eutherian mammal. Spermatozoa of the common wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, displayed a unique morphological transformation resulting in cooperation in distinctive aggregations or 'trains' of hundreds or thousands of cells, which significantly increased sperm progressive motility. Eventual dispersal of sperm trains was associated with most of the spermatozoa undergoing a premature acrosome reaction. Cells undergoing an acrosome reaction in aggregations remote from the egg are altruistic in that they help sperm transport to the egg but compromise their own fertilizing ability.     

Clonal reproduction by males and females in the little fire ant

Sexual reproduction can lead to major conflicts between sexes and within genomes. Here we report an extreme case of such conflicts in the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata. We found that sterile workers are produced by normal sexual reproduction, whereas daughter queens are invariably clonally produced. Because males usually develop from unfertilized maternal eggs in ants and other haplodiploid species, they normally achieve direct fitness only through diploid female offspring. Hence, although the clonal production of queens increases the queen's relatedness to reproductive daughters, it potentially reduces male reproductive success to zero. In an apparent response to this conflict between sexes, genetic analyses reveal that males reproduce clonally, most likely by eliminating the maternal half of the genome in diploid eggs. As a result, all sons have nuclear genomes identical to those of their father. The obligate clonal production of males and queens from individuals of the same sex effectively results in a complete separation of the male and female gene pools. These findings show that the haplodiploid sex-determination system provides grounds for the evolution of extraordinary genetic systems and new types of sexual conflict.     

《万象》历史小说中的"女性抗战"

上海沦陷时期市民杂志<万象>上有不少历史题材的抗战小说."兵马大事"向来是不与女人闻的,但这些小说,基本上是以女性为主角寄托抗战精神的.考察这些女性救国故事中女性的角色功能,发现她们主要是女性中的边缘或另类,"妾"、"无知无识的乡下妇人",或是佳人,良家妇女是缺位的,表明这类故事背后的男性历史叙述传统.     

《万象》历史小说中的“女性抗战”

上海沦陷时期市民杂志《万象》上有不少历史题材的抗战小说。“兵马大事”向来是不与女人闻的，但这些小说，基本上是以女性为主角寄托抗战精神的。考察这些女性救国故事中女性的角色功能，发现她们主要是女性中的边缘或另类，“妾”、“无知无识的乡下妇人”，或是佳人，良家妇女是缺位的，表明这类故事背后的男性历史叙述传统。     

杂交鹅掌楸应力木解剖特征及光谱分析

通过显微观察及傅里叶红外光谱和X-射线衍射光谱分析,对杂交鹅掌楸弯曲树干和倾斜树干的应力木特征进行了研究。结果表明:在弯曲树干中,应拉区的胶质木纤维含量极少,导管数、导管平均直径及组织比量与对应区和过渡区有明显差异;应拉区木材红外光谱特征与对应区和过渡区相似;应拉区中吸收强度比值(I1 505/I1 739)大于对应区和过渡区,说明其木质素含量较高;应拉区和过渡区纤维素结晶度显著低于对应区。倾斜树干中表现出相反规律,应拉区富含胶质木纤维(26.1%),应拉区导管数、导管平均直径均小于过渡区木材;应拉区木材在波数1 739 cm-1和1 505 cm-1的吸收峰强度均低于对应区和过渡区木材;应拉区和过渡区纤维素结晶度明显高于对应区。据此认为杂交鹅掌楸应力木特征产生于倾斜生长的树干。     

中国松材线虫的生物地理学与经济地理学

继1982年在江苏省发现松材线虫后,中国大陆、台湾及香港12个省的113个城市中相继发现松材线虫,松材线虫对于林业的危害已迫在眉睫。从松材线虫侵入中国以来的历史分析,它主要发生在中国海拔1 000 m以下的地区,而且在低海拔地区危害严重。危害最为严重的是长江中下游地区、珠江三角洲,并且在前一地区较后者更为严重;危害中等严重的地区包括长江中游、珠江中游及中国中部高海拔及丘陵地区;在海拔大约1 000 m的地方,如云贵高原,松材线虫仅为局部发生,且危害较轻。松材线虫在中国主要发生在沿江河流域特别是长江流域,说明了其在中国扩散的另一生物地理学特征是从东到西及从沿海到内陆的扩散。与其他强势入侵物种相似,松材线虫的扩散是与人类活动密切相关的。20世纪80年代开始中国经济对外开放,松材线虫开始入侵,而且入侵地点发生在中国经济对外开放的前沿。松材线虫沿着长江流域扩散也与长江流域是中国经济大动脉,同时中国经济也是从沿海到内地的发展相关。因此,中国的地理地形特征、中国经济发展的地域情况及二者的互动决定了松材线虫在中国的发生、发展及扩散情况     

木材干燥室内部风速场的数值模拟与优化

为了改善木材干燥室内部风速场的均匀性以提高干燥质量,对材堆到侧墙距离为0.30 m,风机风速分别为2.0、3.0、4.0 m/s的工况下木材干燥室内部风速场,采用Fluent进行数值模拟与分析,得到风速分布最佳时的工况。此外,在最优风速场工况下,通过改变材堆到侧墙距离(0.25、0.30、0.35 m),对试验结论进行验证。结果表明:对于顶风式木材干燥室,选择风机风速为3.0 m/s、材堆到侧墙距离0.30 m时,木材内部风速场最均匀,采用Fluent得到的模拟值与实际值相差不大。通过Fluent方法对木材干燥室内部风速场进行数值模拟,可有效优化风速场的均匀性。     

茄子雄性不育株和可育株的胞质DNA和核DNA差异分析

以茄子(Solanum melongenaL)雄性不育株“正兴1号”(S)和可育株(F)的总DNA为模板,对60个随机引物进行了筛选,找到5个其RAPD(Random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)扩增产物在茄子雄性不育系和对照材料间存在稳定差异的引物．将该5个引物同时扩增总DNA、核DNA和线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)．以总DNA为模板时得到多态性片段9个,以核DNA为模板时得到5个,以mtDNA为模板时得到9个．以总DNA为模板时得到的9个扩增片段中,有5个在总DNA和mtDNA中同时出现,而在核中没有出现,即认为来自mtDNA,这5个片段中,有4个来自可育株,1个来自不育株,说明不育株和可育株在mtDNA上存在差异;有4个片段同时出现在以总DNA和核DNA为模板的扩增中,但在以mtDNA为模板的扩增中却没有出现,认为是来自核DNA,这4个片段中,有3个来自不育株,一个来自可育株,说明可育株和不育株在核DNA上也存在差异．结果初步表明：新发现的茄子雄性不育可能是核质相互作用所引起．     

木粉在离子液体中的溶解和降解

为探索木粉在1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([AMIM][Cl])中的溶解和降解问题,研究了预处理方式、溶解温度和时间以及液固比等对扶桑枝条木粉在[AMIM][Cl]中的溶解率和析出率的影响; 分析了影响木粉溶解的关键因素; 探讨了阻碍木粉完全溶解的机制。结果表明:预处理方式和溶解温度是影响溶解的最重要因素,用5% NaOH预处理木粉,溶解温度为80 ℃时,木粉在[AMIM][Cl]中的溶解率达60.20%,析出率为46.57%,球磨、高浓度碱以及高温会加剧原料降解; 木粉溶解率很高时,析出率较低,更多的是木粉中天然高聚物的降解,而非真正的溶解; 较为温和的条件下,木粉难以全部溶解; 木粉在[AMIM][Cl]中的溶解度以及溶液黏度并非阻碍木粉完全溶解的因素,可能是因未溶纤维表面形成了胶体阻止了溶解的继续进行。     

增强-染色复合改性杨木的强度和耐光色牢度

【目的】通过木材增强-染色联合改性,提高人工林杨木的物理力学和装饰性能,为人工林速生软质木材的高效增值利用提供技术支持。【方法】将水溶性低分子质量三聚氰胺脲醛树脂(MUF)与酸性大红G复配得到复合染色剂,通过真空加压浸渍处理,对杨木进行增强-染色一体化改性,测试改性材颜色、强度、氙光老化等性能,并利用SEM分析其微观性状。【结果】增强-染色复合改性材的Δa^*、Δb^*、ΔC^*、ΔL^*与ΔE^*等色差指标与水染材基本一致; 复合染色材表面与内部颜色差异小于水染材。与未处理材相比,增强-染色复合改性材的密度、抗弯弹性模量(MOE)、抗弯强度(MOR)和抗压强度分别提高了38.2%、6.28%、20.67%和48.87%,与树脂增强改性材相当。SEM分析结果表明,MUF改性材和复合改性材细胞腔和细胞间隙被改性剂填充; 与水染材相比,复合改性材中的染料颗粒分布更均匀。耐光色率度测试结果表明水染材颜色在10 h内变化最快,50 h开始趋于平缓; 增强-染色复合改性材在光照50～75 h颜色变化加快,75 h后趋于稳定,其耐光色牢度比水染材提高了28.3%。【结论】染料的添加对树脂MUF的增强改性作用无明显影响,染料的加入也不影响水溶性低分子质量MUF树脂的高渗透性,树脂填充细胞腔和细胞间隙使得两种改性材的密度和力学强度均大大提高,树脂对染料的包覆和固结使得复合染色材的耐水色牢度明显提高,增强-染色复合改性材比水染材具有更好的耐光色牢度。将木材功能性改良与染色相结合的杨木增强-染色一体化改性技术,能显著改善速生杨木材料的物理力学和装饰性能。     

Post-mating sexual selection increases lifetime fitness of polyandrous females in the wild

Females often mate with several males before producing offspring. Field studies of vertebrates suggest, and laboratory experiments on invertebrates confirm, that even when males provide no material benefits, polyandry can enhance offspring survival. This enhancement is widely attributed to genetic benefits that arise whenever paternity is biased towards males that sire more viable offspring. Field studies suggest that post-mating sexual selection biases fertilization towards genetically more compatible males and one controlled experiment has shown that, when females mate with close kin, polyandry reduces the relative number of inbred offspring. Another potential genetic benefit of polyandry is that it increases offspring survival because males with more competitive ejaculates sire more viable offspring. Surprisingly, however, there is no unequivocal evidence for this process. Here, by experimentally assigning mates to females, we show that polyandry greatly increases offspring survival in the Australian marsupial Antechinus stuartii. DNA profiling shows that males that gain high paternity under sperm competition sire offspring that are more viable. This beneficial effect occurs in both the laboratory and the wild. Crucially, there are no confounding non-genetic maternal effects that could arise if polyandry increases female investment in a particular reproductive event because A. stuartii is effectively semelparous. Our results therefore show that polyandry improves female lifetime fitness in nature. The threefold increase in offspring survival is not negated by a decline in maternal lifespan and is too large to be offset by an equivalent decline in the reproductive performance of surviving offspring.     

Recent advances in the study of Mesozoic-Cenozoic petrified wood from Thailand

Mesozoic to Cenozoic petrified woods are very rich and well preserved in the Khorat Plateau, Northeast Thailand, serving as remarkable material for investigations of tropical vegetation history, paleoclimatic evolution, and paleoenvironmental changes. Our recent field survey and investigations have defined about 50 species of fossil wood assigned to 19 genera and 11 families from Mesozoic to Cenozoic deposits in this region. These woods are ascribed to two groups, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Among them, about 20 species assigned to 7 genera and 5 families are the first reports of the taxa in Thailand. The fossil wood floras indicate that during the late Mesozoic period, the tropical conifer vegetation in Northeast Thailand was dominated by the family Araucariaceae. From the Miocene to Pleistocene, a tropical climate prevailed in this region with perhaps both deciduous and evergreen broadleaf forests comprising the vegetation.     

木材厂干燥窑暖通改造设计

针对大连市某木材厂木材干燥后出现水分分布不均、干燥周期过长等现象 ,对干燥室的供热设备散热量、散热面积、风机风量、风压等进行校核计算 ,并对散热器、风机、进排气道、导流板等进行改造 ,使其运行效果得以改善。     

全球森林及林产品碳科学研究进展与前瞻

森林和木质林产品是全球碳循环系统中的一个重要组成部分,能够对大气层温室气体的浓度造成重大影响。研究发现全球森林在最近几十年平均每年从大气中吸收二、三十亿吨碳,而毁林和森林退化又造成每年10多亿吨的碳排放。全球森林碳汇并不平衡,由于森林面积的增加,美国、加拿大、中国、欧盟等国家和地区的森林碳汇在近几十年里有了巨大的增长,而在南美洲、中美洲、非洲、南亚和东南亚,毁林却造成了森林碳汇大量减少。相对于森林碳汇来说,木质林产品碳储量较小,但在全球尺度上木质林产品碳储的持续增加对减排的贡献却非常重要。近10年的研究发现,使用木质林产品替代高能耗非林产品可以对林业整体的减排效益做出重要贡献,而生命周期分析法的引入使得这种替代减排效应的核算更为准确。主流研究强调使用集成评估,将经营森林和源于这些森林的木质林产品看作一个整体,从而把两者的碳储及碳排放系统结合,集成评估能够更全面准确地核算整体林业的净温室气体效应。林业碳科学的研究前沿在以下重要领域仍需着力拓展:充分考虑气候变化对森林生长及森林碳汇的影响; 积极推进并完善各国的森林资源清单; 可持续管理和优化使用森林资源以使林业在减缓气候变化方面的贡献最大化; 构建和完善林产品生命周期数据库; 加强全球林业减排效应的集成评估和系统研究。     

樟子松木材横纹压缩时黏弹性与能量吸收特性研究

以樟子松为研究对象,利用横纹压缩蠕变试验研究其木材吸能特性与黏弹性的关系。结果表明:樟子松木材在静态横纹压缩径向加载时,存在明显三段式曲线,第2阶段平台区体现了良好的能量吸收特性; 樟子松木材横纹压缩时的短期蠕变行为可用四元件流变模型进行描述; 随着应力水平的上升,樟子松木材的瞬间弹性模量和Kelvin模型中的延时弹性模量及黏性系数均呈上升趋势,而Maxwell模型中的黏性系数和松弛时间呈明显下降趋势; 在蠕变时,随着应力水平的上升,樟子松木材的能量吸收能力增加且缓冲系数呈下降趋势。     

抗性黑松接种松材线虫后的组织病理学变化

用松材线虫接种l年生抗病和感病黑松苗,比较线虫侵染后引起寄主细胞和组织的变化.结果表明:接种后相同时间的茎段上抗病黑松细胞的病交及破坏程度要比感病松苗轻.感病黑松苗皮层树脂道及其周围薄壁细胞较早出现可见的病理变化,木质部最外层病变也明显.抗病黑松首先在皮层薄壁细胞出现可见的病理变化,然后发生变性和死亡的是树脂道及其周围薄壁细胞,而木质部最外层完好.可见,松材线虫诱导寄主组织病理学变化与松苗抗性相关.