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1.
FENGMingy D.E.Walling ZHANGXinbao WENAnbang 《科学通报(英文版)》2003,48(19):2093-2100
By comparison of volumes and ^137Cs Contents of the deposited sediments before and after 1993,changes of specific sediment yields and relative sediment contributions from the gully area and from the inter gully area after closing cultivation on the later area on a small catchment of Zhaojia Gully,in the Rolling Loess Plateau,are analyzed in this paper.Closing cultivation in a large scale has not resulted in decrease but increase of specific sediment yield and the relative sediment contribution of the inter-gully area,and in increase of the sediment yield and the contribution of the gully area,for a short term.The mean specific sediment yield of 29650 t km^-2a^-1 of 1994-1996 in the catchment was 2.2 times the average value of 13413 t km^-2 a^-1 for a long term.The specific sediment yield of the inter-gully area decreased from the 14335t km^-2a^-1 in 1994 to 7034 t km^-2 a^-1 in 1995 and 3517 t km^-1a^-1 in 1996 which was much greater than the value of 21118 t km^-2 a^-1 before 1993.The relative sediment contribution from the inter-gully area decreased form 23% in 1994 to 15% in 1995 and 6% in 1996,while the contribution from the gully area increased form 77% in 1994 to 85% in 1995 and 94% in 1996.It is suggested that compacting of ploughed soils resulted in increasing of the erosion resistance but in decreasing of the precipitation infiltration,therefore,the soil erosion reduced but the runoff amount increased on the inter-gully area.Increase of delivering runoff from the inter-gully area to the gully area should result in activeness of gully erosion and mass movements,consequently,in increase of the total sediment yield from the catchment. 相似文献
2.
There are many sediment trapping reservoirs in the Hill Loess Plateau. The Huangtuwa small catchment is selected as a research field where samples were collected in a sediment deposit profile with a vertical length of 12.73 m. By the variation of fine particle content and pollen concentration, 54 flood couples were identified. Taking the freeze-thawing disturbed texture as the sign of the latest flood couple in a year, it is ascertained that those 54 floods should happen in 31 years. Using pyramid volume calculation formula, the sediment yields of flood ranged between 716-30376 t· km^-2, The average sediment yield was 7106 t· km^-2, The annual sediment yields varied between 968-55579 t· (km^2· a)^-1, and the average value is 12629 t· (km^2· a)^-1. Compared with the modern annual sediment discharge of the Huaining River, the erosion rate in the Huangtuwa region 450 years ago was similar to the modern erosion rate. In the period from the 27th year to the 31st year, the average annual sediment yield increased sharply to 31309 t· (km^2· a)^-1. It implied that re-reclamation of the abandoned land in the catchment since the landslide disaster, where vegetation had rehabilitated already, caused very severe soil erosion in the catchment. 相似文献
3.
Preliminary results of the study on wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using137Cs technique
The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (137Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies
of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note,
the137Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two137Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq · m−2 were established preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied area respectively. By analyzing
the patterns of137Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolian processes of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed,
i.e. the shrub coppice dunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition, while
the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using137Cs model, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice dune (S1), semi-fixed dune fields (S3), dry farmlands (S5) and
grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) were estimated to be 84.14, 69.43, 30.68 and 21.84 t · ha1 · a−1 respectively, averaging 47.59 t · ha−1 · a−1 for the whole plateau, which can be regarded as of the medium erosion standard. These results derived from Cs for the first
time have significant implications for the further research of wind erosion and desertification control in the Qinghai-Tibetan
Plateau. 相似文献
4.
Using 137Cs tracing technique to estimate wind erosion rates in the typical steppe region,northern Mongolian Plateau 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wind erosion is one of the major factors of land degradation in the typical steppe region, northern Mongolian Plateau. Using ^137Cs tracing technique, we estimated the wind erosion rates of different pastures and abandoned farmland at Bayannur and Karakorum in Mongolia. The pastures and cutting grassland at Bayannur were slightly eroded by wind, with the rates of 64.58-169.07 t·km^-2.a^-1. The abandoned farmland in Karakorum, however, was strongly eroded by wind, with annual surface soil loss of 4.05 mm. a^-1, and wind erosion rates up to 6723.06 t· km^-2. a^-1. The total loss of surface soil due to wind erosion has been 17.4 cm since the cultivation of the steppe land in the 1960s. The wind ero- sion rate at the abandoned farmland was much higher than that at the typical steppe sites, showing that the cultivation led to serious wind erosion in the typical steppe region, northern Mongolian Plateau. By contrast, traditional livestock grazing resulted in less disturbance to the surface soil, and did not induce to devastating wind erosion, which plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the steppe ecosystem in the northern Mongolian Plateau. 相似文献
5.
Alpine meadow is the predominant ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The firm turf of alpine meadow formed by sub-surface anfractuous roots can be effective in conserving water and soil.Alpine meadow is a primary contributor to the Chinese Water Tower.For quantitative assess anti-erosion ability of alpine meadow,this paper selected three typical meadow slopes with>60% vegetation coverage to evaluate soil erosion rates using 137Cs.The results showed that(1)soil erosion intensity of typical alpine meadow was slight to light.Erosion rates were 464 t km–2 a–1 in Malong Village,415 t km–2 a–1 in Yeniugou Town and 875 t km–2 a–1 in Zhenqin Town respectively;(2)soil erosion rates were correlated negatively with vegetation coverage,and the relationship was clearer at the slope scale than plot scale;(3)the relationship between soil erosion and vegetation coverage showed that vegetation coverage was a predominant factor in retaining soil and water on slopes.With complete turf and high vegetation coverage, alpine meadow was of great significance for soil conservation and prevention of soil erosion. 相似文献
6.
The impacts of “05.6” extreme flood event on riverine carbon fluxes in Xijiang River 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
SUN HuiGuo HAN JingTai ZHANG ShuRong LU XiXi 《科学通报(英文版)》2007,52(6):805-812
An extreme flood event with a frequency of nearly 200 year occurred in June of 2005 in the Xijiang River, the main trunk stream of the Zhujlang River. Samples were systematically collected during the flood event, and water quality parameters, including total suspended sediment (TSS), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and particulate organic carbon (POC) were analyzed, and riverine carbon concentrations associated with its changing pattern through the flood process were discussed. These parameters reflect the changes in basin surface flow and subsurface flow during the flood. This flood event influenced annual flux estimations of POC, DOC, and DIC to great extents. Based on carbon flux estimations for the year 2005 and the flood event (June 21-28) in the Xijiang River, it was found that DIC, DOC, and POC fluxes during '05.6' flood event are 1.52×10^6g.km^-2.a^-1, 0.24×10^6 g.km^-2.a^-1, and 0.54×10^6 g.km^-2.a^-1, and account for 14.87%, 24.75% and 44.89% of the annual fluxes in 2005, respectively. The results suggested that carbon exports during extreme flood events had great contributions to the total carbon fluxes and composition of various carbon components, being important for accurate estimates of annual carbon fluxes in rivers with frequent floods. 相似文献
7.
Estimation of wind erosion rates by using 137Cs tracing technique: A case study in Tariat-Xilin Gol transect, Mongolian Plateau 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Wind erosion is one of the major environmental problems in semi-arid and arid regions. Here we established the Tariat-Xilin Gol transect from northwest to southeast across the Mongolian Plateau, and selected seven sampling sites along the transect. We then estimated the soil wind erosion rates by using the 137Cs tracing technique and examined their spatial dynamics. Our results showed that the 137Cs inventories of sampling sites ranged from 265.63=44.91 to 1279.54=166.53 Bq. m-2, and the wind erosion rates varied from 64.58 to 419.63 t. km-2. a-~ accordingly. In the Mongolia section of the transect (from Tariat to Sainshand), the wind erosion rate increased gradually with vegetation type and climatic regimes; the wind erosion process was controlled by physical factors such as annual precipitation and vegetation coverage, etc., and the impact of human activities was negligible. While in the China section of the transect (Inner Mongolia), the wind erosion rates of Xilin Hot and Zhengxiangbai Banner were thrice as much as those of Bayannur of Mongolia, although these three sites were all dominated by typical steppe. Besides the physical factors, higher population density and livestock carrying level should be responsible for the higher wind erosion rates in these two regions of Inner Mongolia. 相似文献
8.
Initial estimate of the contribution of cryospheric change in China to sea level rise 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Recent studies have shown that cryospheric melting is becoming the dominant factor responsible for sea level rise,and that the melt-water from mountain glaciers and ice caps has comprised the majority of the cryospheric contribution since 2003.Analysis of the estimations of cryospheric melt-water and precipitation in glacier regions indicated that the potential contribution of the cryosphere in China is 0.14 to 0.16 mm a–1,of which approximately 0.12 mm a–1 is from glaciers.The contribution of glaciers in the outflow river basins is about 0.07 mm a–1,accounting for 6.4%of the total from global glaciers and ice caps. 相似文献
9.
Yong Yi Dong Cai Zhonghong Gao Xiangliang Yang Anlian Qu Huibi Xu Xiaomin Wang Songping Han 《科学通报(英文版)》1998,43(20):1727-1727
The mechanism of peroxynitrite (ONOO−)-induced [ca2+]i increase in single MN9D cell (Dopaminergic neuroblastoma cell line) was studied by using Fura-2 microfluorometric technique.
The results show that ONOO− caused a rapid increase of [Ca2+]i when ONOO− was puffed to the cell. Removing Ca2+ from the bath or using calcium channel antagonist (CdCl2, Nifedipine) greatly inhibited the [Ca2+]i increase induced by ONOO−1, suggesting that the opening of L-Ca2+ channel makes a great contribution to the [Ca2+]i increase. The effect of sulfhydryl reductive agent (DTT) on ONOO−-induced [Ca2+]i increase suggests that ONOO−-activating L-Ca2+ channel is partly related to its oxidative speciality. 相似文献
10.
Zhongqin Li Mingjun Zhang Dahe Qin Cunde Xiao Lide Tian Jiancheng Kang Jun Li 《科学通报(英文版)》1999,44(24):2270-2270
Snow and firn samples recovered from two snow pits (2.5 and 4.5m deep) and one 50-m firn core along the route of the 1996/1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Traverse Expedition in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, have been measured for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. In the two snow pits, the variations of NO3- are partly in phase with that of δ18O, while the variations of Cl~ and Na+ are in inverse phase with that of δ18O. The variations of CI- , Na+ , NO3- and δ18O show obvious seasonal variations and annual stratag-raphy. However, with the depth increasing, the seasonal variations of δ18O are gradually smoothed below 3 m (corresponding to about 10-year mass accumulation) in depth while the seasonal variations of Cl- , Na+ and NO3- are kept fairly well in the whole profile of the 50-m firn core (corresponding to about 250-year mass accumulation). The results provide a useful tool for dating the snow stratum in this region. On the contrary, no obvious seasonal variations of Ca2 + are found in the profiles. 相似文献
11.
Traces of tephra and increased sulfate (SO
4
2−
) concentrations were identified in the 1992–1994 snow layers in 2 firn cores from South Pole. The deposition of the Pinatubo
SO
4
2−
aerosol was delayed due to the long transport to the high south latitudes and its initial existence at high altitudes in
the Antarctic atmosphere. Electron microscopic analyses show that the element composition of the tephra is identical to that
of volcanic ash found near the Pinatubo volcano in Philippines. Detailed stratigraphic snow sampling resolved the Pinatubo
signal from that of Cerro Hudson eruption during August 1991 in Chile. The South Pole sulfate flux from Pinatubo is calculated
to be (10.9±1.1) kg·km−2, while the Hudson sulfate flux is (3.2±1.1) kg·km−2. This information will be useful to estimating the magnitudes of the past volcanic eruptions recorded in Antarctic ice core. 相似文献
12.
Export and remineralization of POM in the Southern Ocean and the South China Sea estimated from 210Po/210Pb disequilibria 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Disequilibria between ^210Po and ^210Pb in the upper water and their potential applications as a proxy of particle export and remineralization were examined in the Southern Ocean (station IV3) and the South China Sea (NS44). ^210po was deficit in surface waters but excessive relative to ^210Pb in subsurface waters. Good positive correlation between ^210Po and particulate organic carbon (POC) indicated deficits and excess of ^210Po resulted from particulate organic matter (POM) export and remJneralization respectively, which was also supported by the decreased δ^13C and increased δ^15N downwards as a result of particle remineralization. On the basis of ^210Po/^210Pb box-model, POC export flux out of the surface waters were 1.2 mmol C. m^-2. d^-1 and 2.3 mmol C. m^-2. d^-1 for station NS44 and IV3, respectively. In the subsurface waters, remineralization fluxes of ^210Po were 0.062 Bq. m^-2.d^-1 and 0.566 Bq.m^-2.d^-1 for station NS44 and IV3 along with the recycle efficiency of 52±26% and 119±52%, respectively. Remineralized fluxes of POM derived from ^210Po and exported POC were 0.6 mmol C.m^-2.d^-1 and 2.7 mmol C. m^-2. d^-1 for NS44 and IV3. This study suggested that ^210Po was a powerful tracer of particle export and remineralization. 相似文献
13.
A murine CD4+ thymocyte subset with phenotype of TCRαβ+ 3G11− 6C10− CD4+ CD8− CD69+/- HSAmed/lo contains the cells in relatively functional matured status. The functional property of the cells in this subset is characterized
by the unique pattern of cytokine production at transitional stage from Th0 to Th2 type with the latter being the dominant
type. After being co-cultured with murine thymic medullary epithelial cell line (MTEC1) cells, a murine thymic medullary type
epithelial cell line, the TCRαβ+ 3G11− 6C10− CD4+ CD8− CD69+/- HSAmed/lo thymocytes, has exhibited significantly higher levels of proliferation capability and IL-6 production, whereas the production
of IL-4 and IL-10 is suppressed after co-culturing with MTECl. By contrast, MTECl could not induce thymocytes to secrete Thl
type of cytokines. The results suggest that MTECl can regulate functional status of this thymocyte subset and induce them
to develop into a specialized Th2 subset. 相似文献
14.
Highly precise 40Ar-39Ar dating results demonstrate that the ages of potash-rich volcanic rocks in western Shandong Province are 114.7–124.3 Ma,
and that of the lamprophyres is 119.6 Ma. The potash-rich volcanic rocks have relatively high (87Sr÷86Sr)i ratios (0.708715–0.711418) and distinctly negative εnd values (−11.47–−17.54), and are enriched in radiogenic lead (206Pb÷204Pb=17.341−17.622, 207Pb÷204Pb=15.525−15.538, 208Pb÷204Pb = 37.563−37.684). Similarly, the lamprophyres also have quite low εnd values (−11.57–−19.64). Based on the fact that the Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions of potash-rich volcanic rocks are
very consistent with that of the clinopyroxene separates, and by integrating comprehensive analyses of their tectonic settings,
and extensive comparisons of the Sr, Nd isotopic compositions with that of the related simultaneous rocks, it is concluded
that the potash-rich volcanic rocks and lamprophyres in western Shandong Province were most possibly derived from the partial
melting of enriched mantle which was caused by source contamination and metasomatism of subducted continental crustal materials. 相似文献
15.
Sediment source identification by using ^137Cs and ^210pb radionuclides in a small catchment of the Hilly Sichuan Basin, China 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
D. E. Walling 《科学通报(英文版)》2004,49(18):1953-1957
The Hilly Sichuan Basin is one of the most populous agricultural regions in the Upper Yangtze River Basin and has an area of about 105000 km2. Cropland ratios and population densities vary between 0.3 and 0.7 and be-tween 400 and 800 people/km2, respectively, in the Si-chuan basin. The basin is considered as one of the most severely eroded regions in the Upper Yangtze River Basin as well in China. Soil erosion rates were reported mostly to be greater than 5000 t·km-2·a-1 by the first st… 相似文献
16.
Methane emissions from wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The areal extent of cold freshwater wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is estimated at 0.133 × 106 km2, suggesting a significant methane potential. Methane fluxes from wet alpine meadows, peatlands,Hippuris vulgaris mires and secondary marshes were 43.18, 12.96, −0.28 and 45.90 mg · m−2 · d−1, respectively based on the transect flux studies at the Huashixia Permafrost Station (HPS) from July to August 1996. Average
CH4 fluxes in the thaw season were extrapolated at 5.68 g · m−2 according to the areal percentage of wetland areas in the Huashixia region. The CH4 fluxes at four fixed sites, representative of similar ecosystems, ranged from −19.384–347.15 mg · m−2 · d−1, and the average CH4 fluxes varied from 6.54 to 71.97 mg · m−2 · d−1 at each site during the observation period from April to September 1997. The CH4 emissions at each site during the entire thaw season was estimated from 1.21 to 10.65 g · m−2, displaying strong spatial variations. Seasonal variations of CH4 fluxes also were observed at four sites: CH4 outbursts occurred upon the spring thaw in May and June, CH4 fluxes increased afterwards with rising soil temperatures. Episodic fluxes were observed in summer, which influenced the
average CH4 fluxes considerably. Annual CH4 emissions from cold wetlands on the QTP were estimated at about 0.7–0.9 Tg based on the distribution of wetlands, representative
CH4 fluxes, and number of thaw days. The centers of CH4 releasing were located in the sources of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, and Zoigê Peatlands. 相似文献
17.
Pulsed laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence (LP-LIF) is utilized to measure rate constants for C2(a3Πu) reactions with NO, N2O, O2, H2 and NH3. Multiphoton dissociation of C2Cl4 at 266 nm is employed for the generation of C2(a3Πu) radicals. The C2(a3Πu) concentration is monitored by the fluorescence of the (0, 0) band of the (d3Πg8596;a3Πu) transition at 516.5 nm. C2(a3Πu) removal rate constants for the reactions are determined as kNO = (5.46 ± 0.10) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 , kN2O = (1.63 ± 0.20) × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 , kN2O = (1.58 ± 0.16) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, kO2 = (5.92 ± 1.00) × 10-14 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, kH2< 1.0× 10-14 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Based on the data analysis and theoretical calculation, we suggest that the C2(a3Πu) reactions with H2 and NH3 proceed via the hydrogen abstraction mechanism, barriers exist at the entrance channel of the reactions of C2(a3Πu) with H2 and NH3. 相似文献
18.
基于淤地坝淤积信息的小流域泥沙来源及产沙强度研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
根据黄土丘陵区王茂沟流域关地沟3号淤地坝29年泥沙沉积旋回变化,以及各旋回层泥沙中、坝控流域沟间地和沟谷地表层土壤中137Cs的测量,结合淤地坝修建、运行历史资料及次降雨资料,估算了坝控流域沟间地和沟谷地的相对产沙量和坝控流域不同时期的侵蚀产沙强度。研究表明,沟间地是该小流域泥沙主要来源,该流域泥沙的70%源自沟间地;坝控流域1959~1987年期间,年侵蚀产沙强度由强变弱,呈显著降低趋势。 相似文献
19.
Phenotypic analysis of the medullary-type CD4 CD8+ (CD8SP) thymocytes has revealed phenotypic heterogeneity within this cell population. The phenotype of mature peripheral
CDS+T cells is TCRαβ+CD3+Qa-2+HSA 3G11−6C10, whereas in the medullary-type CD8SP thymocytes, 20% are Qa-2+; 33%, HAS; 30%, 3G11; and 70% are 6C10. The disparate expression patterns of these four cell surface markers suggest that
medullary-type CD8SP thymocytes may undergo phenotypic maturation process. According to the distribution of these four cell
surface markers, six subgroups of CD8SP thymocytes have been identified. The precursor-progeny relationship along with developmental
pathway is postulated as follows: 6C10+HSA+3G11 Qa-2→ 6C10+HSA+ 3G11+Qa-2 → 6C10 HSA+3G11+Qa-2 → 6C10−HSA−3G11+Qa-2 → 6C10−HSA−3G11 Qa-2 → 6C10−HA S 3G11 Qa-2+, the cells in the last subgroup exit the thymus and home into periphery. 相似文献
20.
Adularia sample was collected from epithermal Au-, Ag-bearing quartz-adularia veins from Hishikari, Japan. This adularia is
rich in K, Or=94.63, clear, transparent, fine-grained and closely associated with quartz. In this study, it was determined
by XRD, IR and29Si,27Al MAS NMR methods. The adularia studied is of high sanidine with triclinic domains in it. The occupancy of Al 2t1=0.60, IR ordering θ=0.15.29Si NMR spectrum of this adularia shows a broad triplet peak, i.e. 3 poorly separated peaks at −94.9, −96.7, −99.9. This kind29Si NMR spectrum for natural high sanidine has never been reported before. And the27Al NMR spectrum gives an asymmetry peak with chemical shift at 58.7 extending slightly to the low frequency. Under a violent
boiling environment, Hishikari adularia rapidly crystallized from a supersaturated solution. 相似文献