Method of transforming resistance gene to carbendazim intoTrichoderma sp.

The method of transforming resistance gene to carbendazim into Trichoderma sp. was studied by using genetic engineering technique. The results show that the time of fungicide selection on the transformed Trichoderma sp. may have very important effect on the resistance gene transformation. By this method, the resistance gene to carbendazim was transformed into Trichoderma harzianum, a strain of T. harzianum with resistance to carbendazim was achieved. The transformant could grow on the medium containing 150 μg/mL carbendazim. The resistance is stable after 10 times transfer on non-selective medium.     

木霉菌的形态学和可溶性蛋白质电泳鉴定与分类

对61株来自不同植物根际的木霉菌（Trichoderma spp.)进行了形态学鉴定，其中哈茨木霉菌（Trichoderma harzianum)有47株，绿色木霉菌（Tricoderma viride)10株，康宁木菌（Trichoderma koningii)和绿色木霉菌（Trichoderma virens)分别为两株，对这些菌株进行了可溶性蛋白质电泳分析，并采用UPGMA选取和类分析，结果表明，将距离系数D＝13.8作为聚类分析阈值，61个菌株可分为A，B，C三个组，距离系数D＝9．1时，A组可分为A1，A2，A3，A4，A5五个亚组，A组包括47株哈茨木霉菌，是主要成员。此外A组还有8株绿色木霉菌，两株绿木霉菌和一株康宁木霉菌，B组只有一株绿色木霉菌，C组由一株绿色木霉菌和一株康宁木霉组成，表明木霉菌具有明显的形态学多样性，而哈茨木霉是存在种下分类群，还发现蛋白质电泳分类结果与菌株的地缘有关。     

Fungal genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma: from barcodes to biodiversity

Hypocrea/Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne or wood-decaying fungi containing members important to mankind as producers of industrial enzymes and biocontrol agents against plant pathogens, but also as opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised humans and animals, while others can cause damage to cultivated mushroom. With the recent advent of a reliable, BarCode-aided identification system for all known taxa of Trichoderma and Hypocrea, it became now possible to study some of the biological fundamentals of the diversity in this fungal genus in more detail. In this article, we will therefore review recent progress in （1） the understanding of the geographic distribution of individual taxa; （2） mechanisms of speciation leading to development of mushroom diseases and facultative human mycoses; and （3） the possible correlation of specific traits of secondary metabolism and molecular phylogeny.     

哈茨木霉复合种内3个中国新记录种的分离和鉴定

采用THSM选择性培养基,从西藏、山东和云南等地的土壤中分离获得木霉菌株Z19、CX58-4 和CY358-5。通过形态学特征、ITS rDNA和TEF-1α序列对菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,3个菌株属于哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)复合种,分别是非洲哈茨木霉(T. afroharzianum)、深褐木霉(T. atrobrunneum)和西蒙斯木霉(T. simmonsii),均为木霉属中国新记录种。     

南澳大利亚麦田茄丝核菌抑病土中木霉菌的特性和鉴定

从抑制Rhizoctonia solani的麦田土中分离到木霉菌,依据形态特征,鉴定为Trichoderma pseudokoningii,T.parceramosum,T longibrachianum和T.harzianum。取样土壤为灰质砂壤土,pH8．4(H2O),位于南澳大利亚的埃文。研究了与生物防治作用机制相关的生理学特性包括几丁质酶活性、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性、内切葡聚糖酶活性、抗菌活性以及重复寄生能力。T。pseudokoningii生长速度快但是产分生孢子少,但是T.parceramosum产分生孢子多。与其他种类相比,Trichoderma pseudokoningii的分离频率高,在盆载条件下对小麦Rhizoctonia solani根腐病以及全蚀病防治效果高,对R．solani的重复寄生能力强。Trichoderma pseudokoningii菌株问的重复寄生能力差异不明显,但在几丁质酶活性和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性上有明显差别。依据平板抑菌能力,可将木霉菌株分为3个组。菌株在不同pH培养基上的生长速度不同,但没有发现特别能适应碱性条件而快速生长的菌株,虽然这些菌株都分离自碱性土壤。     

Construction of Streptomyces lydicus A01 transformant with the chit33 gene from Trichoderma harzianum CECT2413 and its biocontrol effect on Fusaria

Streptomyces lydicus A01 resists many plant pathogens (including Fusarium spp.) by producing the antifungal agent natamycin, which binds to the ergosterol of fungal cell membranes and inhibits the growth of pathogens. Trichoderma harzianum CECT2413 is a widely-distributed soil fungus that antagonizes several plant fungal pathogens (including Fusarium spp.) by producing chi-tinase and degrading chitin, a major component of the fungal cell wall. This study attempted to enhance the biocontrol effect of S. lydicus A01 on Fusarium spp. by transforming the chitinase gene of Trichoderma. Chitinase and natamycin could act synergisti-cally on both the cell walls and cell membranes of pathogens. The 33-kD chitinase-encoding gene (chit33) was cloned and conju-gal-transformed from T. harzianum CECT2413 to S. lydicus A01, and then confirmed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Subsequent analyses using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method and ultraviolet spectrophotometry showed that compared with its wild type strain (WT), the S. lydicus A01 conjugal transformant (CT) with chit33 gene exhibited substantially higher chi-tinase activity and natamycin production. The resistance of S. lydicus A01-chit33 CT and WT to four Fusaria in crops and vegetables was tested via the cup-plate method. Compared with the WT, the conjugal transformant of S. lydicus A01 with chit33 gene from T. harzianum CECT2413 showed greatly increased biocontrol effect on fusarium disease. This study would be beneficial to the development of high-quality antifungal bio-agents for agricultural applications via the synergy between the previously non-existent and pre-existing functions achieved through heterogeneous gene transformation.     

食用菌木霉种类鉴定

从不同食用菌上分离到57株木霉,按Rifai和Bissett的分类系统共鉴定出6种木霉：康氏木霉（Trichoderma koningii）、拟康木霉（Trichoderma pseudokoningii）、哈茨木霉（Trichodema harzianum）、桔绿木霉（Trichoderma citrinviride）、长枝木霉（Trichoderma longibrachiatum）和非钩木霉（Trichodema inhamatum）。首次从白灵菇的培养基质上分离到了非钩木霉、康氏木霉和拟康木霉,后两种是食用菌上木霉的优势种,分别占总菌株数的50．87％和26．32％。     

Cloning, prokaryotic expression,purification and sequence analysis of 20S proteasome subunit gene from T.harzianum

The gene encoding the 20S proteasome subunit（PR29） was cloned from cDNA library of Trichoderma harzianum and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 （D3） using a pET-28a expression system. The molecular weight of the protein was found to be approximately 29 kDa, as estimated by SDS-PAGE on gels. The target protein was insoluble when induced at 22℃ with 0.4 mmol/L IPTG, while dissoluble if induced at 37℃ with 0.8mmoL/L IPTG. The expressed product was purified through Ni-magnetic beads His Bind. The purity of the fusion protein reached above 80%. The entire eDNA sequence consisted of 1094 bp with 173 and 135 bp in 5＇ and 3＇ untranslated regions respectively. The gene encoding 261 amino acids has no signal peptide sequence. These results could provide a basis for validating the func-tions of PR29. It also provided a preliminary indication for further study of the mechanism and function of proteasome, and more information of proteasome mechanism in T.harzianum could be obtained.     

Expression of the SOD gene from Trichoderma harzianum in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Superoxide dismutases are metalloproteins which play a major role in defense against oxygen radicalmediated toxicity in aerobic organisms. Such proteins are important endogeneity cytoprotection factor involving defence. A 751-bp full-length cDNA sequence of an SOD gene was isolated from the Trichoderma harzianum. The full-length cDNA of the SOD gene consists of one 465-bp open reading frame nucleotide, which encodes a 15.7-kDa polypeptide consisting of 154 amino acid residues. Sequence analysis revealed that SOD gene has more than 72%-86% amino acid sequence homology with those of other fungi. The SOD gene was integrated into the genomic DNA of pYES2 by insertion into a single site for recombination, yielding the recombinant pYES2-SOD. SOD expressed by pYES2-SOD was induced by galactose. We test whether SOD could offer abiotic stress resistance when it was introduced into yeast ceils. A transgenic yeast harboring T. harzianum SOD was generated under the control of a constitutively expressed GAL promoter. The results indicated that SOD yeast transformants had significantly higher resistance to salt and drought stress.     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated Transformation of CryⅠA(b) gene to Trichoderma harzianum

In this study, Cry ⅠA(b) gene was successfully transferred into the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum with an efficiency of 60-180 transformants per 10^6 spores by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Putative transformants were analyzed to test the presence of Cry ⅠA(b) gene by Southern blot. Most transformants contained a single T-DNA copy. RT-PCR analysis showed that the Cry ⅠA(b) gene was transcribed. Antifungal activities and insecticidal activities of the transformants were examined. There was no obvious difference in antifungal activities between the transformants and their wild strains. The modified mortalities of the transformants T1 and T2 were 69.57% and 91.30%, respectively. The tranformation system mediated by A. tumefaciens proved to be a powerful tool for the filamentous fungi transformation and functional genomic study with its high transformation frequency, simplicity of T-DNA integration, and genetic stability of transformants.