青藏高原盐类矿物研究进展

 青藏高原盐湖众多,盐类矿物种类丰富。从20世纪50年代国家组织各部门对青藏高原进行勘察和科考以来,在盐类矿物研究方面取得众多进展。目前青藏高原已发现盐类矿物53种,按照化学类型分为氯化物、硫酸盐、碳酸盐和硼酸盐,其中新矿物为5种,包括在青海大柴旦发现的章氏硼镁石、三方硼镁石和水碳硼石,居红土的祁连山石和西藏扎布耶盐湖的扎布耶石。近年来,对于盐类矿物的古气候意义研究逐渐增多,按照其形成和保存温度环境,可以分为冷相类、暖相类和广温相类,被誉为有根据的古气候“温度-湿度计” ;芒硝作为典型冷相矿物的代表,其稳定和不稳定芒硝层的古温度范围已确定;扎布耶石作为典型暖相矿物的代表,其形成和保存温度也已明确。利用矿物间的共生关系,可以反映湖区的古温度范围,在古气候研究中应用前景广阔。     

青藏高原钙华沉积属性特征及其地质意义

 钙华分为大气成因钙华和热成因钙华两类,不仅具有景观价值,而且具有重要的的科研价值。青藏高原广泛发育热成因钙华,主要形成于泉水和湖泊环境中。青藏高原钙华的形成主要与高原内部的热水活动有关,而热水活动则受控于印度大陆碰撞俯冲所引起的伸展作用和区域大断裂的走滑拉分作用。钙华不仅记录高原的古气候学信息,同时也是区内大多数盐湖矿床成矿过程记录者,但是已有的研究尚不足以充分解读这些信息。形成热成因钙华的CO₂一般来自地热过程或地壳深部,其成因机制因时因地而异,远比大气成因钙华更加复杂,并不是所有热成因钙华都记录有古气候信息,因此,只有在充分明确热成因钙华成因机制的基础上,方可重建其古气候和盐湖矿床学信息。     

冻土退化过程中植被覆盖度的变化研究

在全球气候变暖的背景下,青藏高原的多年冻土出现了不断退化的现象.退化的多年冻土隔水作用减弱或消失,并导致依赖于冻结层上水的植被变化.在模拟高原多年冻土分布的基础上,分析了冻土的退化过程植被覆盖度的变化,结果表明,冻土的变化可分为3个阶段:冻土稳定段(80年代)、冻土快速退化段(90年代)和冻土缓慢退化段(最近十几年).同时,采用GIMMS(global inventory modeling and mapping studies)第3代NDVI数据(1982—2012年)分析青藏高原植被覆盖度的斜率变化特征,结果显示:在近31a来,青藏高原的植被覆盖度斜率整体上呈微弱增加趋势;植被覆盖在冻土退化的3个时段内的变化特征为:从20世纪80年代冻土相对稳定期到90年代的冻土退化期,比退化面积增大11%;近十几年来,冻土退化逐步减缓,植被退化的增幅减弱,面积比90年代增大了3%,但退化的区域更为集中.冻土退化与植被的变化机制复杂,本文的分析与发现对理解冻土对生态的影响有一定的意义.     

青藏高原全新世气候变化研究进展

青藏高原是世界上最高、最年轻的高原，它对北半球的气候变化有重大影响。全新世是与人类进化、人类文明形成最密切的时期。分析、总结了青藏高原全新世的气候环境变化的研究成果，并对这些成果进行讨论。高原的全新世大暖期来临于10kaBP，鼎盛期为7—6kaBP，大暖期时，高原植被、森林扩大，泥炭发育，湖面上升，夏季风增强。大约在5kaBP，高原气候由暖湿向冷干转变。     

1975-2008年青藏高原冬季气温变化

利用青藏高原及周边地区89个气象台站33年冬季月平均地表气温观测资料以及NECP/NCAR再分析资料,用统计学方法对该地区冬季气温变化作了分析研究,得到其整体变暖的变化趋势,该区域升温的线性趋势是0.6℃/10a。此外,由于高原台站分布不均匀,又分别从垂直方向和水平方向对高原冬季气温变化做了初步的分析。结果表明:青藏高原冬季气温整体变化趋势在增暖的同时个别区域也存在降温的趋势,600 hPa温度以及温度梯度随纬度增加而增加,而且随海拔高度的增高,增温趋势减小,到达一定海拔高度出现降温趋势,高原海拔高度较低的近地面层气温变化最明显。     

Changes in palaeoproductivity of Genggahai Lake over the past 16 ka in the Gonghe Basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Sequential samples of a 7.82-m sediment core from Genggahai Lake in the central Gonghe Basin,controlled with 12 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14 C dates,have been analysed for total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents,carbon isotope of bulk organic matter (δ 13 C org),and carbonate content.Plant macrofossils and stem encrustations,derived mainly from the species of P.pectinatus,M.spicatum and Chara spp.,were identified,and they dominated the aquatic plant community of the lake.Alternations of plant macrofossils of Chara spp.and the vascular species reflect the changing productivity of the lake over time.In such a shallow lake,the carbonate content is highly related to photosynthesis of aquatic macrophytes and thus indirectly indicates variations in productivity,consistent with a quantitative estimate of palaeoproductivity.Based on these results,the palaeoproductivity history was reconstructed over the past ca.16 ka.The lake was formed or recharged at 15.3 cal ka BP,as indicated by aeolian sand deposits at the core base.A marked increase in palaeoproductivity occurred from 15.3 to 11.6 cal ka BP.Between 11.6 and 9.2 cal ka BP,a sharply increased water-level,modulated probably by the enhanced Asian summer monsoon,might have exceeded the optimum water depth for macrophyte vegetation,causing a marked decline in coverage of aquatic macrophytes and low palaeoproductivity.The palaeoproductivity appeared to be high in the early stage of the period from 9.2 to 7.4 cal ka BP,and then decreased at approximately 8.6 cal ka BP.The palaeoproductivity sustained an overall high level between 7.4 and 2.1 cal ka BP,and decreased gradually since 2.1 cal ka BP.Our results suggest that the variability of Genggahai Lake palaeoproductivity may be associated with fluctuations of the lake level controlled by the strength of the Asian summer monsoon,probably indicating changes in the Asian summer monsoon.     

Discovery of C<Subscript>4</Subscript> species at high altitude in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Plant specimens are collected from the areas between latitude 27°?2′N and 40°57′N, and longitude 88°93°E and 103°24′E, with an altitudinal range from 2210 to 5050 m above the sea level in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The stable carbon isotope analysis indicates that two of Chenopodiaceae and six of Poaceae in the samples are C4 plants. Four of the C4 plants are found in 11 spots with altitudes above 3800 m, and Pennisetum centrasiaticum, Arundinella yunnanensis and Orinus thoroldii are present in six spots above 4000 m, even up to 4520 m. At low CO2 partial pressure, that sufficient energy of high light improving C4 plant's tolerance of low temperature and precipitations concentrating in growing season probably are favorable for C4 plants growing at high altitude in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

青藏高原盐湖微型和微微型真核浮游生物

 微型与微微型真核浮游生物通常是指粒径在0.2~20 μm之间的真核浮游生物。高原盐湖中微型与微微型真核生物具有丰富的遗传多样性,近年来对高原盐湖中微型与微微型真核生物的研究日渐增多。本文综述了国内外微型与微微型真核浮游生物主要类群的分类学和多样性研究进展,论述了青藏高原柴达木盆地盐湖微型与微微型真核浮游生物的群落结构、在不同盐湖中的分布差异及分子生物学研究方法自身的局限。最后对中国未来加强盐湖中微型与微微型真核浮游生物研究提出了4个建议：加强盐湖微型与微微型真核浮游生物遗传多样性研究,开展盐湖微型与微微型真核浮游生物的纯培养技术研究,充分挖掘盐湖微型与微微型真核浮游生物在生物进化研究中的潜力,以及推动盐湖微型与微微型真核浮游生物功能研究。     

青藏高原中部色林错矿物组合特征对晚全新世气候的响应

 对气候敏感区青藏高原中部色林错SL-1 孔岩心样品进行X射线衍射分析表明,SL-1 孔岩心的矿物主要包括文石、方解石、水菱镁矿、白云石和石膏以及细碎屑物石英、白云母、绿泥石、长石等.根据岩心中矿物及其组合的意义,以1135 a BP 和2900 a BP 为界,可将色林错湖区5090 a BP 以来的气候环境演变划分成明显不同的3 个阶段,反映了色林错湖区气候总体上凉干-冷干的变化.同时,在中后期多次出现典型的冷相矿物水菱镁矿的富集沉积,揭示了色林错湖区在晚全新世期间存在多次百年尺度的冷事件.     

Amplitude of climatic changes in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

On the basis of ice core and meteorological data from the Qinghai-Tibetan (Q-T) Plateau, this article focuses on the discussion of the problems related to the sensitivity of temporal and spatial changes of the climate in high-altitude regions, particularly in the Q-T Plateau. The features of abrupt climatic changes of the past 100 ka, 2 000 a and recent years indicate that the amplitude of these changes in the Q-T Plateau was obviously larger than that in low-altitude regions. The scope of temperature change above 6 000 m in the Q-T Plateau between glacial and interglacial stages could reach over 10°C, but only about 4°C in low-elevation regions close to sea level. During the last 2 000 a, the amplitude of temperature changes at Guliya (over 6 000 m a.s.l.) in the Q-T Plateau reached 7°C, in comparison with 2°C in eastern China at low altitude. In the present age, apparent differences of climatic warming have been observed in the Q-T Plateau, indicating that the warming in high-elevation regions is much higher than that in low-elevation regions. The temperature in over 3 500 m regions of the Q-T Plateau have been increasing at a rate of 0.25×10¹/a in recent 30 years, but almost no change has taken place in the regions below 500 m. Thus, we concluded that high-altitude regions are more sensitive to climatic changes than the low-altitude regions.     

Recent change of the ice core accumulation rates on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Three ice cores recovered from the Himalayas (i.e. the East Rongbuk Glacier and the Far East Rongbuk Glacier at Mt. Qomolangma (Everest), and the Dasuopu Glacier at Xixiabangma) show a sharp decline in the accumulation rates since the 1950s, which is consistent with the precipitation fluctuation over India and the low northern latitude zone (5°-35°N). Correspondingly, an increasing trend is observed for the ice core accumulations from the central and northern Qingh ai-Tibetan Plateau (i.e. the Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier in the central Tanggula Mountains, the Guliya Ice Cap in the western Kunlun Mountains, and the Dunde Ice Cap in the Qilian Mountains) since the 1950s, which is consistent with the precipi tation fluctuation over the middle-high northern latitude zone (35°-70°N). However, the variation magnitude of the high-elevation ice core accumulations is more significant than that of precipitation at the low-eleva- tion places, suggesti ng its extra sensitivity of high-elevation areas to climatic change. The inter-d ecadal abrupt change of the African-Asian summer monsoon in the1960s may attribute to the recent ice core accumulation change during the recent decades.     

伊犁盆地晚更新世黄土—古土壤磁化率特征

新疆伊犁河谷海拔高度不同的两个晚更新世黄土剖面磁化率特征存在显著差异:位于海拔1400 m处的库尔德能布拉黄土剖面,其磁化率特征与黄土高原黄土相同,而海拔850 m处塔勒德黄土剖面的磁化率特征则与黄土高原相反.对两个剖面黄土-古土壤磁化率特征等分析研究认为,造成两个剖面S1古土壤磁化率差异的主要原因是末次间冰期土壤发育时期前者降水量大于后者.     

基于年代数据的青藏高原东北部全新世风沙活动研究

本文对青藏高原东北部全新世风成沉积剖面的年代数据应用概率密度方法结合年代数据分布情况重建了该区全新世风沙活动历史.结果表明:青藏高原东北部早全新世风沙活动强烈,但也存在不同尺度的空间差异,表现在共和盆地、柴达木盆地及青海湖盆地风成砂都广泛发育,但青海湖盆地同期还有古土壤发育,冬给措纳湖流域在这一时期也有少量的风成砂层出现;中全新世古土壤广泛发育,风沙活动较弱,整个东北部具有较好的一致性;晚全新世以来,柴达木盆地和冬给措纳湖流域风成砂发育较好,而共和盆地古土壤广泛发育,同时青海湖盆地风成砂和古土壤均有出现,说明风沙活动强度的区域差异较大,这可能是由于局部地区受到了人为活动强烈干扰的影响.风沙活动强度与区域有效湿度密切相关,区域有效湿度较高时,风沙活动较弱;反之,风沙活动较强.另外,大面积湖泊的存在使得青海湖盆地和冬给措纳湖流域全新世风沙活动的特点与柴达木盆地和共和盆地不尽相同,湖泊水位与湖泊增湿降温效应的相互关系以及物源供给特点可能是造成这一现象的原因.年代数据的概率密度方法相对于频率统计直方图具有一定的优势,充分利用了单个年代数据符合正态分布的特点,能够反映年代数据的范围和精度.     

青藏高原多年冻土区典型小流域径流水化学特征

基于2008年6月风火山小流域五个径流控制断面水样分析结果,综合运用描述性统计、相关性分析、Gibbs图和主成分分析方法,对主要可溶无机离子的质量浓度特征及其成因进行分析。结果表明:阳离子以Na~+,Ca~(2+)为主,阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,且各断面大部分离子质量浓度日变化特征为单峰型;浅层土壤中水分运移携带的离子质量浓度高,对河水总溶解性固体(TDS)含量贡献最大;岩石风化作用和蒸发浓缩作用对风火山小流域水化学变化起主要作用;研究流域蒸发盐岩风化作用最强烈,其次为碳酸盐岩的溶解;初步分析认为河水离子质量浓度较高的原因是受蒸发浓缩作用、土壤冻结融化作用和径流活跃期时间短等共同影响的结果。     

Pollen records and time scale for the RM core of the Zoige Basin, northeastern QinghaiTibetan Plateau

A continuous pollen record from the Zoige Basin in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau not only provides information on the vegetation and climate changes during the last two glacial/interglacial cycles, hut also gives proof to establish the time scale of the upper 60 m of the RM core. Subalpine spruce-fir forests colonized the Zoige Basin during the interglacials and interstadials, implying warm and wet climate conditions. Alpine periglacial desert or dry desert may have existed during the penultimate glacial and the last glacial maxima, respectively. Alpine sedge meadow dominated the landscape during MIS 4. The MIS 3 is punctuated by a number of stadials similar to those documented in the Guliya and GISP2 ice cores, as indicated by repeated rise and fall of subalpine spruce-fir forests. Our pollen record reveals a regional climate history similar to those from the neighboring sites, including the Arabian Sea and the Guliya ice core, and thus supports the notion that the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau acts as an important link between climatic events in the North Atlantic realm and the Asian monsoon domain.     

Using repeated precise gps campaigns for research of present-day crustal movement and strain in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The problem of crustal movement in the Qing-hai-Tibetan Plateau is a hotstopic of the present-day international geodetic world. GPS observations in 1993, 1995 and 1997 are used to survey the three-dimensional displacement of GPS monitoring station in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and to calculate and analyze the present-day crustal movement and strain in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The result of repeated campaign shows that the crustal movement in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is still compressing in the north and south directions, extending in the west and east directions, and uplifting in the vertical direction. The relative convergence velocity of the Himalayan block is approximately (19.5±1.7)mm/a, the strain velocity is about (5.5±6.0) mm/a, and the uplifting velocity is some (7.6±5.2) mm/a. The compression velocity of the Tibet block relative to Golmud in the north and south directions is (9.3±4.6) mm/a, the strain velocity of the middle part in the west and east directions is (15.6±6.3) mm/a, reflecting the plateau lateral extruding movement. The Himalayan block is mainly compressing strain, and the middle part of the Tibet block is mainly extending strain. The highest extending and the compressing strain are 0.131×10-6/a and -0.189×10-6/a, respectively.     

论青藏高原大气折射对地面精密测量的影响

首次提出了青藏高原大气折射对地面精密测量影响的特殊性问题，论述了开展高原大气折射研究的重要意义，分析了国内外研究现状，阐明了研究的目标和主要内容。     

三种风毛菊属植物挥发油成分及系统学意义

通过水蒸气蒸馏、GC-MS分析对采自青藏高原东缘菊科风毛菊属的3个常见种6个居群植物的挥发油成分进行研究.结果分离鉴定出77种成分,其中沙生风毛菊主要成分2种,特有成分1种;长毛风毛菊主要成分3种,特有成分5种;禾叶风毛菊主要成分5种,特有成分5种;3种6个居群共有成分4种.聚类分析:发现沙生风毛菊与长毛风毛菊亲缘关系较近,与禾叶风毛菊亲缘关系较远,表明挥发油成分可以作为划分该亚属、组以及种的依据.     

Preliminary results of the study on wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using 137Cs technique

The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (137Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note, the 137Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two 137Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq·m-2 were established preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied area respectively. By analyzing the patterns of 137Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolian processes of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppice dunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition, while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using 137Cs model, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice dune (S1), semi-fixed dune fields (S3), dry farmlands (S5) and grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) were estimated to be 84.14, 69.43, 30.68 and 21.84 t·ha-1·a-1 respectively, averaging 47.59 t·ha-1·a-1 for the whole plateau, which can be regarded as of the medium erosion standard. These results derived from 137Cs for the first time have significant implications for the further research of wind erosion and desertification control in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.