冻土退化过程中植被覆盖度的变化研究

在全球气候变暖的背景下,青藏高原的多年冻土出现了不断退化的现象.退化的多年冻土隔水作用减弱或消失,并导致依赖于冻结层上水的植被变化.在模拟高原多年冻土分布的基础上,分析了冻土的退化过程植被覆盖度的变化,结果表明,冻土的变化可分为3个阶段:冻土稳定段(80年代)、冻土快速退化段(90年代)和冻土缓慢退化段(最近十几年).同时,采用GIMMS(global inventory modeling and mapping studies)第3代NDVI数据(1982—2012年)分析青藏高原植被覆盖度的斜率变化特征,结果显示:在近31a来,青藏高原的植被覆盖度斜率整体上呈微弱增加趋势;植被覆盖在冻土退化的3个时段内的变化特征为:从20世纪80年代冻土相对稳定期到90年代的冻土退化期,比退化面积增大11%;近十几年来,冻土退化逐步减缓,植被退化的增幅减弱,面积比90年代增大了3%,但退化的区域更为集中.冻土退化与植被的变化机制复杂,本文的分析与发现对理解冻土对生态的影响有一定的意义.     

1975-2008年青藏高原冬季气温变化

利用青藏高原及周边地区89个气象台站33年冬季月平均地表气温观测资料以及NECP/NCAR再分析资料,用统计学方法对该地区冬季气温变化作了分析研究,得到其整体变暖的变化趋势,该区域升温的线性趋势是0.6℃/10a。此外,由于高原台站分布不均匀,又分别从垂直方向和水平方向对高原冬季气温变化做了初步的分析。结果表明:青藏高原冬季气温整体变化趋势在增暖的同时个别区域也存在降温的趋势,600 hPa温度以及温度梯度随纬度增加而增加,而且随海拔高度的增高,增温趋势减小,到达一定海拔高度出现降温趋势,高原海拔高度较低的近地面层气温变化最明显。     

青藏高原全新世气候变化研究进展

青藏高原是世界上最高、最年轻的高原，它对北半球的气候变化有重大影响。全新世是与人类进化、人类文明形成最密切的时期。分析、总结了青藏高原全新世的气候环境变化的研究成果，并对这些成果进行讨论。高原的全新世大暖期来临于10kaBP，鼎盛期为7—6kaBP，大暖期时，高原植被、森林扩大，泥炭发育，湖面上升，夏季风增强。大约在5kaBP，高原气候由暖湿向冷干转变。     

Changes in palaeoproductivity of Genggahai Lake over the past 16 ka in the Gonghe Basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Sequential samples of a 7.82-m sediment core from Genggahai Lake in the central Gonghe Basin,controlled with 12 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14 C dates,have been analysed for total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents,carbon isotope of bulk organic matter (δ 13 C org),and carbonate content.Plant macrofossils and stem encrustations,derived mainly from the species of P.pectinatus,M.spicatum and Chara spp.,were identified,and they dominated the aquatic plant community of the lake.Alternations of plant macrofossils of Chara spp.and the vascular species reflect the changing productivity of the lake over time.In such a shallow lake,the carbonate content is highly related to photosynthesis of aquatic macrophytes and thus indirectly indicates variations in productivity,consistent with a quantitative estimate of palaeoproductivity.Based on these results,the palaeoproductivity history was reconstructed over the past ca.16 ka.The lake was formed or recharged at 15.3 cal ka BP,as indicated by aeolian sand deposits at the core base.A marked increase in palaeoproductivity occurred from 15.3 to 11.6 cal ka BP.Between 11.6 and 9.2 cal ka BP,a sharply increased water-level,modulated probably by the enhanced Asian summer monsoon,might have exceeded the optimum water depth for macrophyte vegetation,causing a marked decline in coverage of aquatic macrophytes and low palaeoproductivity.The palaeoproductivity appeared to be high in the early stage of the period from 9.2 to 7.4 cal ka BP,and then decreased at approximately 8.6 cal ka BP.The palaeoproductivity sustained an overall high level between 7.4 and 2.1 cal ka BP,and decreased gradually since 2.1 cal ka BP.Our results suggest that the variability of Genggahai Lake palaeoproductivity may be associated with fluctuations of the lake level controlled by the strength of the Asian summer monsoon,probably indicating changes in the Asian summer monsoon.     

青藏高原多年冻土区典型小流域径流水化学特征

基于2008年6月风火山小流域五个径流控制断面水样分析结果,综合运用描述性统计、相关性分析、Gibbs图和主成分分析方法,对主要可溶无机离子的质量浓度特征及其成因进行分析。结果表明:阳离子以Na~+,Ca~(2+)为主,阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,且各断面大部分离子质量浓度日变化特征为单峰型;浅层土壤中水分运移携带的离子质量浓度高,对河水总溶解性固体(TDS)含量贡献最大;岩石风化作用和蒸发浓缩作用对风火山小流域水化学变化起主要作用;研究流域蒸发盐岩风化作用最强烈,其次为碳酸盐岩的溶解;初步分析认为河水离子质量浓度较高的原因是受蒸发浓缩作用、土壤冻结融化作用和径流活跃期时间短等共同影响的结果。     

伊犁盆地晚更新世黄土—古土壤磁化率特征

新疆伊犁河谷海拔高度不同的两个晚更新世黄土剖面磁化率特征存在显著差异:位于海拔1400 m处的库尔德能布拉黄土剖面,其磁化率特征与黄土高原黄土相同,而海拔850 m处塔勒德黄土剖面的磁化率特征则与黄土高原相反.对两个剖面黄土-古土壤磁化率特征等分析研究认为,造成两个剖面S1古土壤磁化率差异的主要原因是末次间冰期土壤发育时期前者降水量大于后者.     

三种风毛菊属植物挥发油成分及系统学意义

通过水蒸气蒸馏、GC-MS分析对采自青藏高原东缘菊科风毛菊属的3个常见种6个居群植物的挥发油成分进行研究.结果分离鉴定出77种成分,其中沙生风毛菊主要成分2种,特有成分1种;长毛风毛菊主要成分3种,特有成分5种;禾叶风毛菊主要成分5种,特有成分5种;3种6个居群共有成分4种.聚类分析:发现沙生风毛菊与长毛风毛菊亲缘关系较近,与禾叶风毛菊亲缘关系较远,表明挥发油成分可以作为划分该亚属、组以及种的依据.     

论青藏高原大气折射对地面精密测量的影响

首次提出了青藏高原大气折射对地面精密测量影响的特殊性问题，论述了开展高原大气折射研究的重要意义，分析了国内外研究现状，阐明了研究的目标和主要内容。     

Preliminary results of the study on wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using 137Cs technique

The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (137Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note, the 137Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two 137Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq·m-2 were established preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied area respectively. By analyzing the patterns of 137Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolian processes of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppice dunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition, while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using 137Cs model, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice dune (S1), semi-fixed dune fields (S3), dry farmlands (S5) and grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) were estimated to be 84.14, 69.43, 30.68 and 21.84 t·ha-1·a-1 respectively, averaging 47.59 t·ha-1·a-1 for the whole plateau, which can be regarded as of the medium erosion standard. These results derived from 137Cs for the first time have significant implications for the further research of wind erosion and desertification control in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

青藏高原土壤产淀粉酶菌株的分离、鉴定及产酶特性研究

从青藏高原农田采集的13份土样中筛选到10株产淀粉酶活力较高菌株,其中菌株ZF-3产酶活性最高,该菌株采自定日县海拔4400 m左右处.通过菌落形态、生理生化特性和16S r RNA序列比对,鉴定该菌株为萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus).对其粗酶液酶学性质研究表明,酶反应最适温度为60℃,最适作用p H值6.0,Ca2+、Ba2+、Zn2+、Mn2+、Fe2+等多种金属离子对酶活有明显的激活作用,Mg2+对酶活有抑制作用.     

Environmental magnetism and paleoclimatic interpretation of the Sanmenxia loess-paleosol sequence in the southeastern extremity of the Chinese Loess Plateau

This is a report of multi-parameter mineral magnetic results of the Sanmenxia loess-pa-leosol couplets in the SE extremity of the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) over the interval of L1- L13 spanning the last 1 Ma. These results show that mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (X), XARM and SIRM and their ratios exhibit parallel stratigraphic variations. Since superparamagnetic (SP) particles have significant contribution to X but no contribution to remanence, e.g., ARM and SIRM, the strong linear correlations between X and remanence (e.g., ARM and SIRM) suggest that the pedogenesis-produced magnetic grains are predominantly in small single domain range. Consequently, the significant contribution of SP particles to the bulk X as supposed in previous studies has been obviously overestimated. XARM/X data in Sanmenxia and median grain size records of typical loess sections from the hinterland of the CLP display a strong resemblance, implying that XARM/X may be regarded as a reliable indicator for monitoring the variations of ferrimagnetic grain sizes. The results of S-ratio and HIRM ((SIRM IRM-0.3T)/2) measurements indicate that there is significant enhancement of both soft magnetite/maghemite and hard hematite/goethite in paleosols associated with pedogenesis.     

辽南滨海地区黄土磁化率特征及其古气候分析

通过对辽南滨海地区第四纪黄土沉积物的磁化率测量和分析,发现该区马兰黄土的磁化率值不高,反映了该区晚更新世受末次冰期影响,气候条件干冷,黄土粉尘沉积速率快,成壤作用微弱;时间更早的离石黄土磁化率值偏高,反映其成土环境较为温暖潮湿,黄土粉尘堆积速率慢,成壤作用好。磁化率曲线的波动变化反映了古气候发生多次旋回变化;黄土-古土壤序列很好的指示了干冷、暖湿气候的交替,也对应了冬季风、夏季风的交替变化。根据磁化率值对古气温和古降水量的回归计算得到古气温应介于5.85℃～13.0℃（＋1.5℃）,古降水量介于403.22mm～735mm,其标准都低于当今水平。反演辽南滨海地区中、晚更新世时期的黄土沉积环境是比较干冷的,并且经历了多次的小规模的干冷、暖湿交替变化。     

青藏高原区人口与经济空间格局演变及耦合性研究：2000-2010

文章基于藏、青、川、甘、滇的第五、六次人口普查数据与GDP数据,利用区域重心、地理集中度、空间探索性分析技术,分析了2000年、2005年、2010年青藏高原地区人口与经济的空间关联性及动态变化,探讨人口格局与经济格局的空间一致性,对各地市州经济与人口耦合性进行等级划分并进行空间相关性检验。结果显示：研究区域在2000—2010年间整体上经济重心与人口重心的偏离程度在缩小,人口、经济地理集中度呈现显著的空间自相关,人口、经济地理集中度相对等级变动不大,青藏高原区2000—2010年间人口、经济区域协调发展程度有所提高,但人口与经济耦合性未呈现明显的空间相关性。     

弱磁性材料磁化率测量技术的研究

弱磁性材料磁化率的数值很小,精确测量非常困难。在磁极头设计、励磁电路及计算机在测量中的应用等各方面进行研究,对传统的法拉第磁天平法加以改进,大大提高测量精度。     

Susceptibility variations of multiple origins of loess from the Ily Basin (NW China)

The magnetic susceptibility of loess from the Ily Basin,northwestern China shows maximum values in S0 paleosols but minimum values in other paleosols,the mechanism of which has been well debated.In this work,systematic magnetic measurements were made on a representative section from Neleke county.The results show that the loess horizons(L1,L2 and L3) have multi-domain magnetite grains of aeolian origin,S0 is characterized by production of pedogenetic ultrafine-grained ferrimagnetic minerals,and the other paleosols(S1,S2,and S3) are characterized by the formation of nonferrimagnetic minerals associated with waterlogging.The correlation between the low concentration of ferrimagnets,high paramagnetic content,high magnetic coercivity remanence,fine ferrimagnetic grain size and intensified pedogenesis suggest two competing processes of pedogenetic enhancement and pedogenetic depletion in the lower paleosols.Pedogenetic depletion dominates and is responsible for the low susceptibility.Changes in magnetic grain size distribution occur during pedogenetic depletion.The susceptibility variations are of multiple origins in the loess of the Ily Basin.Pedogenetic enhancement,pedogenetic depletion,and allochthonous input of magnetic minerals should all be taken into account to explain the variations of magnetic parameters.     

A 1.5 Ma sporopollen record of paleoecologic environment evolution in the central Chinese Loess Plateau

A 1.5 Ma sporopollen record was obtained from a continuous loess-paleosol sequence at Chaona in the central Chinese Loess Plateau. It shows that (1) arid herbs of largely Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae and arbors of mainly Pinus, Betula and Quercus dominate loess and paleosol, respectively, reflecting cycles of cold-dry and warm-humid conditions of glaciation and interglaciation; (2) that similar vegetation pattern and cold-dry condition were found in times of unusual thick and coarse loesses L9 and L15, which have been regarded as two extremely cold and dry times as indicated by inorganic climatic proxies; and (3) that shifts of vegetations from earlier forest-steppe to open-forest and steppe and then to steppe were found at 0.95 and 0.5 Ma,implying a stepwise of drying of the Loess Plateau in the Quaternary.     

Monitoring lake changes of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau over the past30 years using satellite remote sensing data

During the years 2006–2009,lakes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)were investigated using satellite remote sensing strategies.We report the results of this investigation as well as follow-up research and expanded work.For the investigation,we mainly focused on lakes whose areas are more than 1 km2.The remote sensing data that we used included 408 scenes of CBERS CCD images and 5 scenes of Landsat ETM?images in Qinghai Province and Tibet Autonomous Region.All these data were acquired around years 2005–2006.Besides remote sensing images,we also collected 1,259 topographic maps.Numbers and areas of lakes were analyzed statistically,which were then compared with those coming from the first lake investigation(implemented between the1960s and 1980s).According to our investigation,up to and around year 2005–2006,the total number of lakes in the QTP was 1,055(222 in Qinghai and 833 in Tibet),accounting for more than 30%of that of China.Thirty newborn lakes with area[1 km2were found,and 5 dead lakes with initial area[1 km2were also found.Among those 13 big lakes([500 km2),Yamzhog Yumco had seriously shrunk,and it has continued to shrink in recent years;Qinghai Lake had shrunk during the period,but some new researches indicated that it has been expanding since the year 2004;Siling Co,Nam Co,and Chibuzhang Co had expanded in the period.We divided the newborn lakes into six categories according to their forming reasons,including river expansion,wetland conversion,etc.The changes of natural conditions led to the death of four lakes,and human exploitation was the main reason for the death of Dalianhai Lake in Qinghai.We picked out three regions which were sensitive to the change of climate and ecological environment:Nagqu Region,Kekexili Region,and the source area of the Yellow River(SAYR).Lakes in both Nagqu and Kekexili have been expanded;meanwhile,most lakes in the SAYR have obviously been shrunk.These regional patterns of lake changes were highly related to variations of temperature,glacier,precipitation,and evaporation.Our investigation and analysis will provide references for researches related to lake changes in the QTP and the response to climate fluctuations.     

青藏高原沼泽草甸生态系统环境因子及其近地表CO2体积分数对气温升高的响应

采用自然升温方式,利用OTCs系统对青藏高原沼泽草甸生态系统分别进行3～5℃(OTC-80)和1～2℃(OTC-40)升温处理,研究环境因子对气温升高的响应及其与近地表CO2体积分数的关系.结果表明:在日平均气温分别增高4.05,2.13℃的条件下,5 cm土壤温度平均上升3.67,1.65℃,而0～5 cm土壤含水量则分别下降7.9%,2.1%;系统内近地表CO2体积分数比对照点的分别提高29.3,9.8μL/L.气温升高将促使青藏高原气候进一步向暖干化发展,碳库流失加剧,对全球气候变暖起正反馈作用.敏感性分析表明:5 cm土壤温度是影响OTC-80系统内和对照点近地表CO2体积分数变化的最敏感因子,0～5 am土壤水分是影响OTG-40系统内近地表CO2体积分数变化的最敏感因子.     

Pollen records and time scale for the RM core of the Zoige Basin, northeastern QinghaiTibetan Plateau

A continuous pollen record from the Zoige Basin in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau not only provides information on the vegetation and climate changes during the last two glacial/interglacial cycles, hut also gives proof to establish the time scale of the upper 60 m of the RM core. Subalpine spruce-fir forests colonized the Zoige Basin during the interglacials and interstadials, implying warm and wet climate conditions. Alpine periglacial desert or dry desert may have existed during the penultimate glacial and the last glacial maxima, respectively. Alpine sedge meadow dominated the landscape during MIS 4. The MIS 3 is punctuated by a number of stadials similar to those documented in the Guliya and GISP2 ice cores, as indicated by repeated rise and fall of subalpine spruce-fir forests. Our pollen record reveals a regional climate history similar to those from the neighboring sites, including the Arabian Sea and the Guliya ice core, and thus supports the notion that the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau acts as an important link between climatic events in the North Atlantic realm and the Asian monsoon domain.     

Rock magnetic studies on the hominoid-bearing sediments at Zhupeng, Yuanmou Basin, southwestern China and its paleoclimatic significance

It has been proposed that paleoclimatic changes and tectonic events strongly affect hominoid evolution. The Zhupeng section at Yuanmou Basin, southwestern China, with the hominoid-bearing fluvial-lacustrine sediments, is an ideal natural laboratory to test this hypothesis. This study provided an integrated magnetic study, including low-frequency susceptibility, the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, temperature-dependent susceptibility, hysteresis loops, isothermal remanent magnetization, and anhysteretic remanent magnetization, on samples from the Baozidongqing section at Zhupeng. Results show that the dominant mag- netic carrier is hematite, with minor amount of magnetite. Both the composition and concentration of magnetic miner- als strongly correlate with the lithostratigraphy. At least eight short-term events defined by higher concentrations of magnetite were identified. These short events reflect that the subtropical dry-hot climate is similar to today＇s climate. Basing on the lithostratigraphic and rock magnetic results, we suggest that Yuanmou Basin was in a steady deposition environment from about 11 to 7 Ma, which is characterized by alternating of long-term torrid-humid climate and short-term dry-hot climate. Our study provides invaluable environment information for understanding the climate shift and the relationship between paleoenvironment and hominoid evolution in southwestern China during late Miocene.