乙基纤维素溶致液晶条带织构生长和松弛的动态过程

用偏光显微镜和透射光强分析技术，观察乙基纤维素－间甲酚和乙基纤维素－苯酚两个溶致液晶体系条带织构的生长和松弛的动态过程。结果表明条带织构生成的临界浓度高于液晶态形成的临界浓度，但低于两相并存向安全各向异性转变的浓度。     

Multiple liquid crystal phases of DNA at high concentrations

DNA packaging in vivo is very tight, with volume concentrations approaching 70% w/v in sperm heads, virus capsids and bacterial nucleoids. The packaging mechanisms adopted may be related to the natural tendency of semi-rigid polymers to form liquid crystalline phases in concentrated solutions. We find that DNA forms at least three distinct liquid crystalline phases at concentrations comparable to those in vivo, with phase transitions occurring over relatively narrow ranges of DNA concentration. A weakly birefringent, dynamic, 'precholesteric' mesophase with microscopic textures intermediate between those of a nematic and a true cholesteric phase forms at the lowest concentrations required for phase separation. At slightly higher DNA concentrations, a second mesophase forms which is a strongly birefringent, well-ordered cholesteric phase with a concentration-dependent pitch varying from 2 to 10 micron. At the highest DNA concentrations, a phase forms which is two-dimensionally ordered and resembles smectic phases of thermotropic liquid crystals observed with small molecules.     

含氟及手性交联剂的液晶弹性体的合成与性能

合成向列液晶单体:4-((4-烯丙氧基)苯甲酰氧基)苯基-4-氟苯甲酸)酯(M1)和非液晶手性交联剂:双(4-((4-烯丙氧基)苯甲酰氧基)异山梨醇酯)(MC).按不同比例将M1和MC接枝共聚到聚甲基含氢硅氧烷上,得到含氟手性液晶弹性体PI~PVIII.用红外光谱、核磁共振表征单体和聚合物结构,用差示扫描量热仪、热失重仪、偏光显微镜及X射线衍射等手段研究其液晶性能.结果表明,含氟类短而硬的液晶基元更易被手性诱导,出现性能优异的胆甾相.其中,PI为向列型液晶,PII~PVII为出现油丝和Grandjean织构的胆甾型液晶,PVIII没有液晶性.弹性体玻璃化转变温度随着手性交联剂含量的增加先增大后减小,熔点和清亮点均呈下降趋势.所合成的液晶弹性体热稳定性好,质量损失5%时的热失重温度均在300℃以上.     

Biomimetic self-templating supramolecular structures

In nature, helical macromolecules such as collagen, chitin and cellulose are critical to the morphogenesis and functionality of various hierarchically structured materials. During tissue formation, these chiral macromolecules are secreted and undergo self-templating assembly, a process whereby multiple kinetic factors influence the assembly of the incoming building blocks to produce non-equilibrium structures. A single macromolecule can form diverse functional structures when self-templated under different conditions. Collagen type I, for instance, forms transparent corneal tissues from orthogonally aligned nematic fibres, distinctively coloured skin tissues from cholesteric phase fibre bundles, and mineralized tissues from hierarchically organized fibres. Nature's self-templated materials surpass the functional and structural complexity achievable by current top-down and bottom-up fabrication methods. However, self-templating has not been thoroughly explored for engineering synthetic materials. Here we demonstrate the biomimetic, self-templating assembly of chiral colloidal particles (M13 phage) into functional materials. A single-step process produces long-range-ordered, supramolecular films showing multiple levels of hierarchical organization and helical twist. Three distinct supramolecular structures are created by this approach: nematic orthogonal twists, cholesteric helical ribbons and smectic helicolidal nanofilaments. Both chiral liquid crystalline phase transitions and competing interfacial forces at the interface are found to be critical factors in determining the morphology of the templated structures during assembly. The resulting materials show distinctive optical and photonic properties, functioning as chiral reflector/filters and structural colour matrices. In addition, M13 phages with genetically incorporated bioactive peptide ligands direct both soft and hard tissue growth in a hierarchically organized manner. Our assembly approach provides insight into the complexities of hierarchical assembly in nature and could be expanded to other chiral molecules to engineer sophisticated functional helical-twisted structures.     

Light-induced liquid crystallinity

Liquid crystals are traditionally classified as thermotropic, lyotropic or polymeric, based on the stimulus that governs the organization and order of the molecular system. The most widely known and applied class of liquid crystals are a subset of thermotropic liquid crystals known as calamitic, in which adding heat can result in phase transitions from or into the nematic, cholesteric and smectic mesophases. Photoresponsive liquid-crystal materials and mixtures can undergo isothermal phase transitions if light affects the order parameter of the system within a mesophase sufficiently. In nearly all previous examinations, light exposure of photoresponsive liquid-crystal materials and mixtures resulted in order-decreasing photo-induced isothermal phase transitions. Under specialized conditions, an increase in order with light exposure has been reported, despite the tendency of the photoresponsive liquid-crystal system to reduce order in the exposed state. A direct, photo-induced transition from the isotropic to the nematic phase has been observed in a mixture of spiropyran molecules and a nematic liquid crystal. Here we report a class of naphthopyran-based materials that exhibit photo-induced conformational changes in molecular structure capable of yielding order-increasing phase transitions. Appropriate functionalization of the naphthopyran molecules leads to an exceedingly large order parameter in the open form, which results in a clear to strongly absorbing dichroic state. The increase in order with light exposure has profound implications in optics, photonics, lasing and displays and will merit further consideration for applications in solar energy harvesting. The large, photo-induced dichroism exhibited by the material system has been long sought in ophthalmic applications such as photochromic and polarized variable transmission sunglasses.     

新型甲基丙烯酸酯类手性液晶单体及其聚合物的表征

制备了含薄荷基的三种甲基丙烯酯类单体(M1~M3)及聚合物(P1~P3),其化学结构通过了FT-IR和1H-NMR的表征;采用DSC,POM,XRD等研究了这些单体及聚合物的液晶性能,并利用紫外/可见/近红外光谱仪测试了手性单体的选择反射性质.研究表明:M1与P1均无液晶性,而M2与M3在升降温过程中都出现了液晶性和选择反射现象,其中M2呈现手性近晶相C相及胆甾相,M3仅呈现胆甾相;此外,随着液晶核刚性的增加或柔性间隔基长度的缩短,对应单体的熔点和清亮点均升高.除了P1,P2与P3均为互变热致液晶聚合物,呈现胆甾相的彩色织构,且其液晶相温度范围远大于对应单体的液晶相范围.     

胆甾相液晶材料相变与分子构造相关性的机械旋转模型研究

首次报告利用液晶分子的机械旋转模型研究胆甾相液晶材料相变与分子构造相关性的研究结果.通过对不同质量的系列胆甾相液晶材料的研究,发现材料的相变温度随着分子的变长而降低.我们利用液晶分子的机械旋转模型给予了很好的解释.该研究拓宽了液晶分子机械旋转模型的应用范围.     

高分子液晶的二维构象和有序性质

将二维高分子液晶的统计问题转化为本征函数为马丢函数的扩散过程，进而讨论其构象以及有序性和相变．理论表明，二维向列相（Ｎ）高分子的构象通常是棒状模型，在各向同性相（Ｉ）时为无规行走模型．其Ｎ－Ｉ相变伴随着构象的棒状－无规线团转变。Ｎ－Ｉ相变是一级的，相变温度为８／９（ａ是色散力系数，ε是弯曲弹性系数），相应的序参数为１／３。     

液晶纤维素及其衍生物材料的结构与性能

基于国内外最新研究文献，系统论述了液晶纤维素及其衍生物薄膜、纤维、功能分离膜、交联凝胶等材料的成型、结构与性能。指出这类液晶聚合物具有胆甾相或向列相液晶态。与各向同性态的同种材料相比，各向异性态的液晶纤维素及其衍生物材料具有更优异性能。双轴取向液晶三乙酸纤维素薄膜的拉伸强度和弹性模量分别可310MPa和6．3GPa；由液晶态干湿法纺丝所获得的高分子量纤维素纤维的抗张强度和弹性模量分别可高达2．2GPa和65GPa。液晶纤维素及其衍生物分离膜也表现出高得多的气体选择透过性能。其液晶交联凝胶中，凝胶所占质量分数高达98％，以及具有显著不同于各向同性态凝胶的液胀行为。液晶纤维素及其衍生物可望作为生产高级包装膜、功能纤维、气体分离膜、各向异性功能凝胶等的重要材料。     

含氨酯基的壳聚糖衍生物的胆甾液晶螺旋性质

用圆偏振光二向色性谱法研究了3种含氨酯基的壳聚糖衍生物的胆甾液晶螺旋性质.结果表明，3种衍生物的质量分数为65%的氯仿溶液都呈现胆甾液晶相.此外，CD谱观察结果显示侧基结构对其胆甾螺旋方向有明显的影响.     

向列相液晶由分子相互作用引起的相变

考虑一双轴性液晶分子简单相互作用模型，利用平均场理论，得到了从各向同性相至单轴向列相以及从单轴向列相至双轴向列相的相变．     

联苯类液晶单体及其聚合物的合成、结构与性能

合成了4种液晶单体M1~M4和对应的聚合物P1~P4.所合成的单体及聚合物的结构与液晶性能通过了FT-IR,DSC,TGA,POM和XRD的表征.研究表明,单体M1和M2呈现互变向列相,M3呈现向列相和近晶A(SA)相、近晶C(SC)相和近晶B(SB)相,M4呈现向列相和单变SA相、SC相和SB相;聚合物P1和P2呈现向列相,P3和P4呈现SA相和向列相.末端为乙氧基的单体和聚合物比末端为乙基的单体和聚合物具有较高的熔点(tm)、玻璃化温度(tg)和液晶清亮点(ti).此外,端基柔性较好的化合物倾向于形成近晶相.聚合物P1~P4具有宽的液晶相温度范围和高的热稳定性.     

向列相液晶由外场引起的相变

利用一刚性液晶分子简化模型,将分子问相互作用抽象为棒与棒间相互作用的叠加,并考虑到外场的作用,得到系统的相图．结果表明,由于外场的诱导作用,对于单轴性分子,系统可在较高温度下诱导出准单轴相．增加分子的双轴性,可使系统在较高温度下诱导出准双轴相,降低温度,系统连续地进入双轴相．     

静电场中多畴结构胆甾相液晶的物理变化过程

反射型胆甾相液晶显示具有许多传统液晶显示（LCD）不可比拟的优点，称为第3代LCD，本文分析了构成这类显示的多畴胆甾相液晶在静电场下各状态的物理变化过程。文中以单畴为研究对象，根据胆甾相液晶的Frank弹性连续体理论，建立了静电场中单畴从平面积构态（P态）到焦锥织构态（FC态）以及FC态到场致向列相态（H态）各状态间转化的物理方程。为进一步研究多畴胆甾相液晶相变的动力学变化规律打下了基础。     

手性液晶的研究 Ⅳ.光活性(+)-对-(对"-烷氧基苯甲酰氧基)-苯甲酸-对′-(2-甲基丁氧基)-苯酚酯液晶的合成和性能

合成了文题所述苯酚酯系列的十个化合物。代号(d)AmPABOB:分子式: R=CH_3、C_2H_5、n-C_3H_7—n-C_(10)H_(21)测定了它们的相变温度,确定了液晶相类型。其中R为C_1—C_3时,具有较宽的胆甾相;C_4—C_7有近晶A相;C_3—C_(10)存在手性近晶C相,且显示电滞回线,说明其具有铁电性。     

向列相液晶中热致相位光栅的研究

本文研究了向列相液晶中热致相位光栅产生的简并四波混频过程.理论上得到的半定量公式表明,混频信号上升过程由快分量和慢分量组成.向列相MBBA的实验结果与理论分析相符.     

Transparent nematic phase in a liquid-crystal-based microemulsion

Complex fluids are usually produced by mixing together several distinct components, the interactions between which can give rise to unusual optical and rheological properties of the system as a whole. For example, the properties of microemulsions (composed of water, oil and surfactants) are determined by the microscopic structural organization of the fluid that occurs owing to phase separation of the component elements. Here we investigate the effect of introducing an additional organizing factor into such a fluid system, by replacing the oil component of a conventional water-in-oil microemulsion with an intrinsically anisotropic fluid--a nematic liquid crystal. As with the conventional case, the fluid phase-separates into an emulsion of water microdroplets (stabilized by the surfactant as inverse micelles) dispersed in the 'oil' phase. But the properties are further influenced by a significant directional coupling between the liquid-crystal molecules and the surfactant tails that emerge (essentially radially) from the micelles. The result is a modified bulk-liquid crystal that is an ordered nematic at the mesoscopic level, but which does not exhibit the strong light scattering generally associated with bulk nematic order: the bulk material here is essentially isotropic and thus transparent.     

Silica Microcapsules Prepared by Interfacial Reaction Methods

1 Results Silica spherical particles with hollow structure are directly prepared by interfacial reaction methods using W/O/W emulsion (schematic diagram in Fig.1)[1].Fig.1 Silica microcapsule formationThe mixing of W/O emulsion consisting of sodium silicate solution (inner water phase) and n-hexane solution (oil phase) to outer water phase dissolving NH4HCO3 or other salts affords silica microcapsules.The critical feature of this method is the direct formation of hollow structure.Therefore,the core com...     

Degradation of the SCF component Skp2 in cell-cycle phase G1 by the anaphase-promoting complex

Cell-cycle transitions are driven by waves of ubiquitin-dependent degradation of key cell-cycle regulators. SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box protein) complexes and anaphase-promoting complexes (APC) represent two major classes of ubiquitin ligases whose activities are thought to regulate primarily the G1/S and metaphase/anaphase cell-cycle transitions, respectively. The major target of the Skp1/Cul1/Skp2 (SCF(SKP2)) complex is thought to be the Cdk inhibitor p27 during S phase, whereas the principal targets for the APC are thought to be involved in chromatid separation (securin) and exit from mitosis (cyclin B). Although the role of the APC in mitosis is relatively clear, there is mounting evidence that APCs containing Cdh1 (APC(CDH1)) also have a function in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Here, we show that the F-box protein Skp2 is polyubiquitinated, and hence earmarked for destruction, by APC(CDH1). As a result, accumulation of SCF(SKP2) requires prior inactivation of APC(CDH1). These findings provide an insight into the orchestration of SCF and APC activities during cell-cycle progression, and into the involvement of the APC in G1.     

几种胆甾醇酯的合成与表征

 从相应的羧酸衍生物出发,采用DCC,DMAP酯化的方法合成了4种胆甾醇酯:多取代苯甲酸胆甾醇酯5,6,7及联苯丁酮酸胆甾醇酯9.偏光显微镜(POM)及示差扫描量热法(DSC)研究表明,多取代苯甲酸胆甾醇酯5,6,7为具有胆甾相的液晶分子.9为1种新型的胆甾醇酯化合物,其结构均未见文献报道.