冻融循环条件下粗粒料变形特性试验研究

为揭示粗粒料在冻融环境与复杂应力条件下的变形特性，采用大型三轴压缩试验与蠕变试验研究了粗粒料在不同冻融循环次数、围压与应力水平下的变形特性与蠕变特性。试验结果表明，未冻融粗粒料的应力-应变曲线为应变硬化型曲线，在试验围压100～600 kPa范围内粗粒料剪切过程中均表现为剪胀性；冻融循环后初始弹性模量与破坏应力均呈下降趋势，200 kPa围压时，初始弹性模量降低20%,破坏应力降低37%,600 kPa围压时，初始弹性模量降低5%,破坏应力降低25%;冻融循环后粗粒料轴向蠕变应变随时间的发展为衰减型蠕变规律，轴向蠕变应变随冻融循环次数和应力水平的增大而逐渐增大，8次冻融循环后轴向蠕变应变明显增大；应力水平影响下的粗粒料蠕变时间曲线可采用指数函数形式表达。     

粗粒土的动力行为特征及永久变形特性研究

通过对粗粒土填料开展动三轴试验,分析了不同围压、轴向动应力作用下粗粒土的轴向永久应变发展规律.依据安定理论和累积应变速率随累积塑性应变的变化趋势,对粗粒土试样的永久变形行为进行了划分,建立了考虑应力状态及动荷载次数的永久变形预测模型,并给出了不同动力行为类型的参数取值范围.结果表明:轴向应变速率随累积应变的变化规律可作为划分粗粒土动力行为类型的依据;粗粒土试样的受力状态(围压、动应力幅值)对永久应变速率的影响显著;可用幂函数来描述粗粒土永久变形随动荷载的累积特性,函数参数可反映围压和动应力幅值的影响.研究结果有助于加深对粗粒土填料变形响应特性的理解.     

原状黄土的剪应变速率效应及数值模拟

为探究不同剪应变速率下非饱和原状黄土的变形性状与强度特性,利用南京土壤仪器SLB-1型三轴剪切渗透试验仪器,通过不同围压、不同剪应变速率条件下的室内三轴UU试验,对非饱和原状黄土在不同初始应力状态的剪应变速率效应进行分析,并结合PLAXIS 3D数值模拟研究,以期为数值模拟室内试验提供参考从而节约时间和成本。研究结果表明:非饱和原状黄土偏应力随应变的增加前期迅速增加,随后增加缓慢,呈现出应变硬化型,硬化程度随着围压的增大而增大,模拟结果的硬化程度小于试验结果的硬化程度。在试验范围内,原状黄土偏应力-应变曲线随着剪应变速率的增加不断上移,破坏强度随剪应变速率的增加而增大,模拟结果中剪应变速率对破坏强度的影响范围小于试验结果。     

泾阳南塬阶地砂质粉土剪切特性试验研究

研究泾阳南塬阶地砂质粉土的剪切特性利用SLB-1A型应力应变控制式三轴蠕变剪切仪和SRS-150型环剪试验仪对饱和重塑砂质粉土分别进行不同围压下的三轴固结不排水剪切试验和控制法向应力、剪切速率的环剪试验。三轴固结不排水剪切试验研究表明:饱和砂质粉土在不同围压下均表现出严重的液化现象且随围压的增加液化势降低,并且得到了土体的孔隙水压力特征,稳定状态和强度参数特征。环剪试验研究表明:在控制剪切速率条件时,土体的峰值强度和残余强度随法向应力的增加而增加;在控制法向应力的条件下,在不同剪切速率条件下土体均表现出应变硬化的特征。砂质粉土饱和后力学强度急剧降低是该地区滑坡沿下垫层滑动的主要原因。     

饱和粉土变形特性三轴试验

对取自南京市某拟建高速公路路基的粉土,在室内按不同的干密度和含水率进行了试样重塑。按不同干密度和不同初始制样含水率进行饱和三轴固结排水剪切试验,测得不同围压条件下的固结排水剪应力-应变曲线以及有效应力比曲线形态等工程特性。分析了粉土干密度、初始制样含水率和围压对饱和粉土强度的影响。试验结果表明:粉土的强度随干密度的增加而变大,随围压增大而增加;初始制样含水率对粉土的强度有不同程度的影响;粉土的应力应变表现为弱应变软化型。     

西香高速泸沽湖特大型桥梁处碎石土力学特性研究

针对桥梁重力锚布设对碎石土堆积体稳定性的影响问题,文章以西香高速泸沽湖特大型桥梁为例,围绕该处碎石土的力学特征与变形参数,采用室内大型三轴试验与PFC-FLAC耦合的数值仿真技术,建立柔性边界条件下的三轴试验模型,分析该碎石土的变形破坏特征以及力学机制变化规律。研究结果表明：在三轴试验中围压与初始弹性模量Ei呈正相关性,随着碎石土试样中粗颗粒料含量增加,内聚力会减少而内摩擦角增加;拟合得到该处碎石土试样破坏强度与围压的线性关系式：σcre=2.95σ3+176.105;三轴试样在低围压下,上下锥形区域持续压密吸收能量,碎石土试样内部出现两条剪切带,整体呈“X”形,随着围压的增加,能量出现冗余并向剪切带外扩散,产生新的裂隙,掩盖了剪切带的区域化特征,导致剪切带逐渐减少并在围压达到400kPa时消失。该研究结果对碎石土堆积体稳定性问题具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

剪切速率对黄土力学性质及邓肯 张参数的影响

为探究加载速率对原状黄土强度和变形特性及其邓肯-张模型参数的影响,采用SLB-1型三轴剪切渗透试验仪,开展原状黄土在不同围压和剪切速率下的不固结不排水三轴剪切试验,并通过微观试验验证其宏观力学性质。结果表明：在试验参数设定范围内,剪切速率对原状黄土的力学性能有显著影响,不同剪切速率下原状黄土的偏应力－应变关系基本符合双曲线关系;初始变形模量随围压的增大而增大,随剪切速率的增大呈现先增大后减小的规律,原状黄土的黏聚力c、无因次基数K、应力破坏比Rf和破坏强度与剪切速率之间存在明显的临界剪切速率转折点1.7 mm?min-1,此时各参数均达到最大值,无因次指数n无明显规律可循;当剪切速率小于此临界值时,黏聚力c、无因次基数K、应力破坏比Rf和破坏强度随着剪切速率的增大而增大,当超过剪切速率临界值时又有一定程度的降低,总体上呈现先增大后减小的规律,而内摩擦角随着剪切速率的增大而逐渐增大且增大幅度甚微;试样的偏应力－应变曲线无明显的峰值点,呈应变硬化型;通过拟合曲线,得到了原状黄土试样的抗剪强度指标和破坏强度与不同剪切速率之间的拟合公式,以期更好地研究剪切速率的变化对西宁原状黄土力学性能的影响。     

剪切速率对黄土力学性质及邓肯-张模型参数的影响

为探究加载速率对原状黄土强度和变形特性及其邓肯-张模型参数的影响,采用SLB-1型三轴剪切渗透试验仪,开展原状黄土在不同围压和剪切速率下的不固结不排水三轴剪切试验,并通过微观试验验证其宏观力学性质。结果表明:在试验参数设定范围内,剪切速率对原状黄土的力学性能有显著影响,不同剪切速率下原状黄土的偏应力-应变关系基本符合双曲线关系;初始变形模量随围压的增大而增大,随剪切速率的增大呈现先增大后减小的规律,原状黄土的黏聚力c、无因次基数K、应力破坏比R_f和破坏强度与剪切速率之间存在明显的临界剪切速率转折点1.7 mm/min,此时各参数均达到最大值,无因次指数n无明显规律可循;当剪切速率小于此临界值时,黏聚力c、无因次基数K、应力破坏比R_f和破坏强度随着剪切速率的增大而增大,当超过剪切速率临界值时又有一定程度的降低,总体上呈现先增大后减小的规律,而内摩擦角随着剪切速率的增大而逐渐增大且增大幅度甚微;试样的偏应力-应变曲线无明显的峰值点,呈应变硬化型;通过拟合曲线,得到了原状黄土试样的抗剪强度指标和破坏强度与不同剪切速率之间的拟合公式,以期更好地研究剪切速率的变化对西宁原状黄土力学性能的影响。     

粗粒土路堤填料路用性能及其循环动应力试验

为了研究粗粒土路堤在动力荷载及雨水湿化作用下的路用性能,以粗粒土为研究对象,开展室内常规物理力学试验,分析压实度、干密度以及含水率对粗粒土填料回弹模量的影响;利用大型动三轴试验仪研究不同压实度和围压条件下轴载作用次数与动态回弹模量之间的关系,以压实度和含水率为条件变量对粗粒土试件进行永久变形试验,探讨循环动应力作用下粗粒土试件轴向累计轴向应变的发展规律。试验结果表明:压实度和含水率对粗粒土的物理力学特性影响较大,但对干密度影响较小;试件累计轴向应变随着压实度增大而减小,当压实度为90%时,试验前期累计轴向应变增加幅度较小,当累计轴载次数达到1 000时,累计轴向应变急剧增加;累计轴向应变随着含水率的增加而增大,并随着压实度的增大而减小;粗粒土随着轴载次数的增加经历了稳定、临界和破坏3种状态,其中压实度为90%的试件表现较为明显;粗粒土路堤填料的动弹性模量随着轴载次数的增加而减小,衰减速率逐渐减小,最终趋于平稳。     

椰壳纤维土的三轴试验研究

采用室内三轴试验的方法,研究了椰壳纤维土的应力-应变关系及强度特性。探讨了不同加筋情况下椰壳纤维土的加筋效果及变化规律。试验结果表明:在红黏土中掺入椰壳纤维,能够提高土体抵抗变形的能力;椰壳纤维的加筋作用只有当试样的应变足够大时才能发挥出来;且随着轴向应变的增加,椰壳纤维土的加筋作用越来越明显;椰壳纤维土的应力-应变曲线近似呈双曲线,其试样的主要破坏形式表现为鼓胀破坏;在红黏土中加入椰壳纤维后,纤维土的黏聚力c值和内摩擦角φ值均有一定的提高;其中黏聚力c值提高明显,而内摩擦角φ值变化不明显;相同条件下,随着椰壳纤维掺量的增加,椰壳纤维土的加筋效果逐渐提高;相同条件下,围压越低,纤维土的加筋效果越好。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-