摇蚊幼虫生物扰动对富营养化湖泊内源磷释放的影响

利用高分辨率的薄膜扩散梯度技术(Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films,DGT)和微电极技术,从微界面的角度研究了摇蚊扰动对沉积物中溶解氧(DO)、活性磷(Labile P)、活性铁(Labile Fe)及Labile P扩散通量的影响。研究发现摇蚊幼虫扰动增加了沉积物中溶解氧的渗透深度,降低了Labile P和Labile Fe的浓度,同时抑制了Labile P向上覆水中的释放。由于Labile P与Labile Fe显著相关(对照组R=0.672,P0.001;摇蚊组R=0.810,P0.001),可知Labile P的变化受DO和Labile Fe控制,即Labile Fe被氧化生成三价Fe(OOH),同时吸附Labile P,使得Labile P和Labile Fe同时降低。     

摇蚊幼虫扰动对沉积物-水微界面氧化还原特征的影响

生物扰动是影响沉积物-水微界面反应的重要因素,为了明确生物扰动作用对沉积物-水微界面氧化还原特征的影响机制,从环境微界面角度出发,以摇蚊幼虫为例,借助高分辨率的微电极系统解析沉积物-水微界面O_2、p H、氧化还原电位(Eh)的垂向分布特征。结果表明,摇蚊幼虫的生物扰动作用显著增加了沉积物-水微界面处的溶解氧浓度;降低了上覆水的p H值,提高了沉积物的p H值,且上覆水p H时空变化较大,沉积物p H值变化较小;廊道里O_2增加,使Eh值也相应地提高,而没有生物扰动到的地方Eh值偏低。摇蚊幼虫通过呼吸和摄食作用将富含氧气的上覆水引进廊道,充入的氧气改变了微界面的氧化还原条件。     

水丝蚓对水田沉积物颗粒垂直分布的生物扰动作用

以化学性质稳定的玻璃珠作为示踪颗粒,研究水丝蚓扰动对水田沉积物颗粒垂直分布的影响.探讨底栖动物在水层一底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动作用.水丝蚓扰动10d后,沉积物表层示踪颗粒有31.6%向下迁移,最大迁移深度为6.3cm,垂直迁移率为1.048×10-3g-1·cm-2·d-1.6cm深处的示踪颗粒分别有32.0%和21.1%在扰动后向上和向下迁移,向上和向下最大迁移距离分别为4.1cm和3.4cm,垂直向上和向下迁移率分别为1.061×10-3g-1·cm-2·d-1和6.998×10-4g-1·cm-2·d-1.水丝蚓对水田沉积物颗粒的垂直分布具有重要影响.     

水丝蚓对水田沉积物颗粒垂直分布的生物扰动作用

以化学性质稳定的玻璃珠作为示踪颗粒,研究水丝蚓扰动对水田沉积物颗粒垂直分布的影响,探讨底栖动物在水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动作用。水丝蚓扰动10d后,沉积物表层示踪颗粒有31.6%向下迁移,最大迁移深度为6.3cm,垂直迁移率为1.048×10-3g-1.cm-2.d-1。6cm深处的示踪颗粒分别有32.0%和21.1%在扰动后向上和向下迁移,向上和向下最大迁移距离分别为4.1cm和3.4cm,垂直向上和向下迁移率分别为1.061×10-3g-1.cm-2.d-1和6.998×10-4g-1.cm-2.d-1。水丝蚓对水田沉积物颗粒的垂直分布具有重要影响。     

潜流带胶体特征及对生源要素迁移的影响机制

为深入了解潜流带中胶体物质特征及对生源要素循环的影响,综合阐述近年来国内外在含水介质胶体物质特征及对生源要素吸附、迁移、转化和交换等方面的研究进展,包括:(a)地表水-地下水交互下潜流带中胶体物质来源、组分、时空分布和释放迁移特性;(b)潜流带物理、化学和生物条件等变化对胶体物质特性的影响;(c)潜流带生源要素分布和迁移与胶体物质特征的关系;(d)含水介质中胶体物质及其携带生源要素迁移转化方程模式的合理性。结合当前研究动态提出潜流带胶体物质对生源要素迁移影响研究中存在的问题并对研究进行展望。     

生物扰动对沉积物中污染物迁移转化影响的研究进展

生物扰动可以改变沉积物的理化性质和生物地球化学作用,从而促进或减弱污染物从沉积物向水中的释放,而沉积物中污染物的迁移转化规律对于指导环境修复以及评价污染物的潜在风险均大有裨益.本文介绍了生物扰动的定义,并综述了近年来关于生物扰动对沉积物中污染物迁移转化影响方面的研究.     

污泥吸附剂对Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学研究

以剩余污泥为原料,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为活化剂制取改性吸附剂,通过恒温水浴振荡静态吸附实验研究了改性吸附剂对含Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(VI)废水的吸附性能.借助比表面积测定仪、红外光谱仪和扫描电镜仪对改性前后的污泥进行了表征.比较了污泥改性前后的吸附效果、考察了溶液初始pH、溶液初始浓度、吸附平衡时间、温度等因素对吸附效率的影响,同时,研究了改性污泥吸附剂对Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(VI)的吸附动力学行为.结果表明,改性污泥吸附剂表面及孔洞均变得疏松和粗糙,且孔洞明显增大,BET比表面积为14.97 m~2·g~(-1).改性后污泥对Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(VI)的吸附性能明显增加,在Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(VI)初始浓度均为50 mg·L~(-1)时,吸附剂投加量4 g·L~(-1),反应体系温度25℃,pH为3.0,吸附平衡时间为30 min时,去除率比改性前分别增大了56.79%和47.60%;Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(VI)离子最大理论吸附量分别达到21.06和14.85 mg·g~(-1).吸附机制分析表明,吸附等温线数据符合Langmuir模型,模型R~2分别为0.998和0.999,存在单分子层吸附;在实验温度下(15、25、35、45℃)的吸附动力学实验数据符合准二级动力学模型,R~2均达到了0.99以上,且随着温度的升高,吸附越容易进行,说明Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(VI)的吸附以化学吸附为主,物理吸附为辅.改性吸附剂能够应用于含有重金属的废水处理,实现废物资源化利用.     

颤蚓生物扰动对Cu和Cd从上覆水向沉积物迁移的影响

通过实验室模拟沉积物/水体系中颤蚓的生物扰动过程, 研究颤蚓密度和上覆水pH对颤蚓生物扰动效应及其对Cu和Cd向沉积物迁移速率的影响. 实验结果表明： 颤蚓扰动作用可显著提高Cu和Cd向沉积物迁移的速率, 且Cu受影响的作用大于Cd; 随着颤蚓密度的增加, Cu和Cd的迁移速率均增大; 酸碱胁迫均可促进生物扰动, 碱性条件下生物扰动作用更显著; 生物扰动促进的物质交换作用可显著增强实验体系对酸碱的缓冲能力, 使体系pH趋于中性、 均一; Cu和Cd的迁移速率同时受体系pH和扰动强度的影响, 总体随上覆水pH值的增大而增加; 生物扰动对Cd迁移的促进作用更大.     

海水中氨基酸对Cu(Ⅱ)-粘土粒子相互作用的影响

对天然海水中氨基酸－ 金属铜离子Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）－ 粘土三元体系中三元表面配合物形成及影响因素进行了研究⒀采用交换吸附百分率ＥＣｕ（Ⅱ）～ｐＨ关系曲线法研究表明,一定浓度范围内氨基酸对铜离子Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）在高岭石上的交换吸附百分率ＥＣｕ（Ⅱ）～ｐＨ关系曲线（Ｓ型曲线） 的影响有“左右摆动”规律, 认为体系中形成了三元表面配合物 ＳＯＨＬＭ （新型（Ⅱ）类）; 实验比较了三种氨基酸的影响⒀三元表面配合物的形成主要受固体粒子表面结构、氨基酸存在形式以及它们的络合能力等的影响     

ApoCopC与Cu(Ⅱ)相互作用的电化学研究

ApoCopC自组装修饰到金电极上,利用循环伏安法研究了apoCopC与Cu(Ⅱ)的相互作用.发现Cu(Ⅱ)在apoCopC/Au电极上出现氧化还原峰,氧化和还原峰电位分别位于0.29 V和0.09 V,形式电位E0′为0.19 V,与裸Au电极相比,峰位发生明显位移.这表明apoCopC吸附在电极表面并且Cu(Ⅱ)与apoCopC结合生成配合物.研究了扫描速率、不同浓度下,Cu(Ⅱ)在apoCopC修饰的金电极上的循环伏安行为.计算出Cu(Ⅱ)在apoCopC修饰的金电极上的表面电子传递系数α=0.5,电子转移速率常数k=0.75 s-1.     

Nitrogen cycle in the hyporheic zone of natural wetlands

Nitrogen （N） is one of the most important components and ecological factors for natural wetland ecosystems. It is mainly derived from runoff input, atmospheric deposition, and biological N fixation. The transport and transformation of N in natural wetlands primarily occur in the hyporheic zone （HZ）, a buffer area of intensifted biogeochemical activity that is often regarded as the sink, source, and converter of N in wetlands. The main ways of N attenuation in the HZ are denitrification, anaerobic ammonia oxidation （anammox）, and wetland plant adsorption. The effects of internal and human factors on the N cycle are illustrated in this article. The results indicate that N sources are influenced by human factors such as agricultural activities and fossil combustion, while N attenuation is affected by internal factors, including oxygen concentration, carbon and phosphorus availability, pH and Eh changes, and microorganism actions. Finally, some research trends are provided to get a better understanding of the N cycle in the HZ of natural wetlands. This study may provide a clear perspective of N cycle in the HZ and their interactions between various factors.     

阿特拉津农药在包气带内运移模拟

对植物根区(土壤层)及渗流区(作物根区以下潜水面以上包气带部分)农药的行为进行了数学描述．应用植物根区数学模型模拟了旱田除草剂阿特拉津农药在研究区包气带中的行为．模拟结果表明,吸附系数较小、降解半衰期较长和在水中的溶解度较大的阿特拉津农药可长期残留在包气带内,并且能够随降雨入渗进入潜水含水层而污染地下水．     

中国人P型铜转运ATP酶基因突变的初步研究

应用聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）及测序等方法分析了１４１便ＷＤ患者ＡＴＰ７Ｂ基因第７、９及１４外显子的部分ＤＮＡ序列改变，通过对患者ＤＮＡＴ下沉人ＤＮＡＲＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ电泳带迁移作对比分析，发现在１４１例患者中第７、９及１４外显子ＰＣＲ扩增产物迁移异常才分别为４例、６例和４０例，依据ＤＮＡ物单链构聚与分子电泳迁移的关系，提示该组病人中ＡＴＰ７Ｂ基因第７、９和１４外显子的突变率     

太湖潜流带有机质含量对硝酸盐还原途径的影响

通过太湖原状沉积物柱室内模拟试验,研究了有机质（腐殖酸）和硝态氮随下行水流进入潜流带对氮素转化和硝态氮还原途径的影响。结果表明,仅输入硝态氮时,潜流带中硝态氮出现持续累积现象,硝态氮还原速率为0.087～0.186μg/（cm³·d）(平均0.162μg/（cm³·d）);而同时输入腐殖酸和硝态氮时,潜流带还原性环境逐渐增强,在21 d内Eh值降至-200 mV以下,硝态氮还原速率为0.092～0.251μg/（cm³·d）(平均0.220μg/（cm³·d）),腐殖酸有效促进了硝酸盐的还原。反硝化作用是潜流带中硝酸盐还原的主要途径,特别是潜流带上部（0～22.5 cm）,其贡献达到90%以上;而潜流带的深部（22.5～45.0 cm）硝酸盐还原量总体较小,反硝化作用贡献也仅占39.5%。随着腐殖酸的消耗（6.92 mg/L降为3.32 mg/L）,硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程对硝酸盐还原的贡献由14.0%降为2.7%。综合来看,补充有机质有利于潜流带特别是浅层潜流带的硝酸盐还原,且以反硝化过程为主,对湖...     

Effect of copper excess on peripheral blood T-lymphocytes in the chicken

Experimental study was conducted to examine the effect of copper excess on the peripheral blood T-lymphocyte by the methods of flow cytometry （FCM） and experimental pathology. 420 one-day-old Avian chickens were randomly divided into seven groups, and fed on diets as follows： 1. controls （Cu 11mg/kg） and 2. copper excess （ Cu 100mg/kg, copper excess group Ⅰ; Cu 200mg/kg, copper excess group Ⅱ; Cu 30（hng/kg, copper excess group Ⅲ; Cu 400mg/kg, copper excess group Ⅳ; Cu 500mg/kg, copper excess group Ⅴ; Cu 600mg/kg, copper excess group VI） for six weeks. The results were as follows- 1 ） In thymus, lymphocytes in the medulla were decreased in number in copper excess groups Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ, and Ⅵ, and the increased and enlarged thymic corpuscles and the proliferated reticular cells were also observed in both copper excess group V and copper excess group VI in comparison with those of control group. 2） The percentage of CD4＋ T cells was markedly decreased from 2 to 6 weeks of age in copper excess groups Ⅳ, Ⅴ and Ⅵ （P 〈0.05 or P 〈0.01）. 3） The percentage of CD8＋ T cell was not varied in six copper excess groups during the experiment when compared with that of control group （ P 〉 0.05 ）. 4） The CD4 ＋ / CD8＋ ratio was lower from 2 to 6 weeks of age in copper excess groups Ⅳ, Ⅴ and VI than in control group （ P 〈0.05 or P 〈0.01）. 5） It was concluded that dietary copper in excess of 300mg / kg suppressed the development of T-lymphocytes and reduced the percentage of CD4＋ T cells and the CD4＋/CD8＋ ratio, and resulted in pathological injury of the thymus. Cellular immune function was finally impaired.     

关节型搬运机械手设计

对一类搬运机械手的机构及控制系统进行了分析和设计。在机构设计中,采用了平面关节型机械手,能够实现对工件的夹紧、提升和转动;在控制系统的设计中,采用可编程控制器（PLC）对机构进行控制,完成了软件的编程,并对控制系统的硬件原理做了分析。     

Effect of the lenticles on moisture migration in capillary zone of tailings dam

Small-particle interlayers(lenticles) show some characteristic hydraulic properties and can affect the movement of unsaturated water. In this study, we developed a novel online capillary-water-absorption monitoring device and conducted three groups of comparison tests to simulate lenticle positions and thicknesses with respect to the capillary rise. The results show that the characteristic wetting front exhibits a fast rise in the early stage, a slow rise in the middle stage, and stability in the later stage. The motion of the capillary water in the lenticle is mainly transversal, with the upward curve being "flat," and the longer is "flat," the longer is the time needed for the water to move. The interlayer can form a capillary stagnation zone with moisture content close to saturation. The high interlayer may form a discontinuous corrugated capillary zone. Thus, when the wetting front reaches the "coarse-grain(lower)-fine-grain(upper)" interface, the "anti-capillary barrier effect" results in more moisture in the upper layer. Thus, when the wetting front of the capillary water reaches the "fine-grain(upper)-coarse-grain(lower)" interface, the "capillary barrier effect" causes the moisture content of the upper tailings to decreases sharply because of the horizontal movement of the water in the fine medium. It is clear that the presence of lenticles can retard the rise of capillary water by storing water.