抗高温降滤失剂PAX的合成及性能

采用氧化还原体系以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS),丙烯酰胺(AM),等乙烯基单体为基本原料合成出了新型抗高温二元共聚物PAX系列处理剂。该降滤失剂在220℃的高温下及饱和盐水中具有良好的降滤失作用。     

FF-1型油井水泥降滤失剂的合成与性能评价

以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）与丙烯酰胺（AM）为单体，采用水溶液自由基共聚法进行二元共聚，合成出了油井水泥降滤失剂FF—1。性能评价结果表明：当单体质量分数为8％，单体质量比为1：7，引发剂质量分数为0．3％，引发剂摩尔比为1：1，反应温度50℃左右，反应时间6h左右时，FF—1降滤失性能优异，与净浆滤失量相比降低了98．5％；40—100℃都能将滤失量控制在30mL以下。且对饱和盐水水泥浆同样有效。     

AM/AMPS二元聚合物的合成及絮凝性能评价

以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,制备了一种水溶性的AM/AMPS共聚物,对合成条件进行了分析,探讨了单体比例、引发剂、温度等因素对聚合物絮凝特性的影响,确立其最佳合成条件。研究发现合成反应温度45℃,反应时间7h,AMPS与AM质量比3∶7,引发剂过硫酸铵质量分数0.02%,溶液pH值6～8,该共聚物对污水的絮凝效果理想,显示出良好的耐盐抗温能力。     

AM/AA/AMPS/DMAM的反相微乳液共聚合研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)和丙烯酸(AA)为主单体,以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(DMAM)作为功能性单体,以庚烷为分散介质,表面活性剂SF2810为乳化剂,采用反相微乳液聚合的方法合成了四元共聚物AM/AA/AMPS/DMAM.研究所得的最佳合成工艺条件为:水相中单体浓度为45%,引发剂过硫酸铵加量为单体质量的0.3%,乳化剂加量为油相质量的10%,反应温度为40℃,反应时间为5 h,单体的摩尔比为AM:AA:AMPS:DMAM=52:25:15:8.红外光谱分析证实了四元共聚物的结构.     

一种压裂液用抗温稠化剂的合成

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、阳离子单体二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为原料,以过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用水溶液聚合的方法,合成一种四元共聚物为抗高温压裂液稠化剂DF。用单因素实验法确定了最佳合成条件:单体摩尔比为AM∶AA∶AMPS∶DMDAAC=10:3:0.6:0.3,单体浓度为25%,p H=5,反应温度为45℃,引发剂过硫酸铵加量为单体总质量的0.1%,反应时间为24 h。     

星形阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺的合成及絮凝性能

以季戊四醇为核,并与硝酸铈铵组成氧化还原引发体系,过硫酸钾为助引发剂,引发丙烯酰胺(AM)与2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)自由基共聚合,合成星形阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂Star-P(AM/AMPS).采用FTIR和1H NMR对产物结构进行表征,并计算平均臂数.同时考察反应时间、单体浓度、引发剂用量、反应温度对聚合反应的影响.溶液性能评价结果表明,Star-P(AM/AMPS)的耐温性能及絮凝性能均优于线形PAM.     

基于压裂废水处理的三元两性聚合物絮凝剂的合成及性能

利用一种新的阳离子单体3-丙烯酰氧基-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(AHPTAC)与丙烯酰胺(AM)和2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)通过水溶液聚合得到一种三元两性共聚物絮凝剂P(AM-AHPTAC-AMPS)(PAAA),将PAAA与聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)复配用于处理两种压裂废水,并比较评价其与阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)的絮凝性能。结果表明:合成PAAA的最适宜条件为AM、AHPTAC和AMPS的物质的量之比为1∶3∶2、单体总用量占反应体系的质量比为20%、复合引发剂VA-044与(NH 4)2S 2O 8-NaHSO 3质量比为1∶1、复合引发剂用量占反应体系的质量比为0.2%、反应温度为55℃;PAAA/PAFC复合絮凝剂具有较好的絮凝性能,对胜利孤岛压裂废水及涪陵页岩气压裂废水的COD Cr去除率分别为55.5%和82.7%;对水溶性有机污染物质含量高的废水去除效果更优,COD Cr去除率比CPAM/PAFC提高26%。     

不同单体浓度范围反相微乳液聚合速率的比较

以油酸失水山梨醇酯Span80和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚OP-10为乳化剂、过氧化二碳酸(2-乙基己酯)EHP为引发剂、白油为连续介质,进行了丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸钠(AM/SA)和丙烯酰胺/(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基)三甲基氯化铵(AM/DMMC)反相微乳液聚合反应。研究了不同单体浓度范围内,3种单体(对)反相微乳液聚合速率。在较高单体质量分数范围内(w(M)为25%～50%),聚合速率对AM,AM/SA和AM/DMMC3种单体(对)浓度的反应级数分别为2.24,2.34和2.47;在较低单体质量分数范围内(w(M)为10%～26%)反应级数则分别为1.57,1.61和1.58。不同单体质量分数范围内聚合速率对单体浓度的反应级数相差较大,主要原因可能是聚合体系中单体水溶液的粘度对聚合速率有较大的影响。     

抗盐性AA-AMPS共聚分散剂的合成

以丙烯酸(AA)与2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为共聚单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,异丙醇为链转移剂,采用水溶液聚合法,合成了AA-AMPS共聚物.研究了引发剂用量、链转移剂用量及聚合反应温度等因素对聚合产物黏均分子质量的影响.实验结果表明,在n(AA)∶n(AMPS)=96∶4,引发剂质量分数(基于两种单体)为2%～5%,链转移剂质量比(基于两种单体)为0.30～0.95,单体质量分数(基于反应体系)为40%,反应温度在85～100℃,反应时间3 h的条件下,合成出了黏均分子质量在3900～10 000范围内的AA-AMPS共聚物.最后对产物进行了红外光谱分析.     

阴离子长链疏水缔合聚合物PAAO的合成及溶液性质

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠(AMPS)、丙烯酸正辛酯(OA)合成了阴离子长链疏水缔合聚合物PAAO,考察了PAAO的合成条件。采用傅里叶红外光谱法对分子结构进行表征并对其增黏、抗盐性进行了研究。结果表明:当n(AM)∶n(AMPS)=83∶17,引发剂质量分数为0.09%,反应温度为60℃,疏水单体摩尔分数为1.54%时聚合物PAAO的表观黏度最高。此外强阴离子(-SO2-3)和疏水单体的加入,使PAAO水溶液表现出良好的增黏性、抗盐性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that