共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Emerging roles of the SUMO pathway in development 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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PIAS/SUMO: new partners in transcriptional regulation 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
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Malaguarnera L 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2006,63(24):3018-3029
The enzyme chitotriosidase (ChT), the human analogue of chitinases from non-vertebrate species, is one of the most abundant
and indicative proteins secreted by activated macrophages. Its enzymatic activity is elevated in serum of patients suffering
from Gaucher’s disease type 1 and in some other inherited lysosomal storage disorders, as well as in diseases in which macrophages
are activated. The last decade has witnessed the appearance of a substantial number of studies attempting to unravel its cellular
functions, which have yet not been fully defined. A great deal of progress has been made in the study of the physiological
roles of ChT. This review is looks at the key areas of investigations addressed to further illuminate whether ChT activation
might have different functional meanings in various diseases.
Received 7 June 2006; received after revision 24 July 2006; accepted 21 September 2006 相似文献
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Rosenstiel P Jacobs G Till A Schreiber S 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2008,65(9):1361-1377
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) comprise a family of cytosolic proteins that have been implicated as ancient cellular sentinels
mediating protective immune responses elicited by intracellular pathogens or endogenous danger signals. Genetic variants in
NLR genes have been associated with complex chronic inflammatory barrier diseases (e.g. Crohn disease, bronchial asthma). In
this review, we focus on the molecular pathophysiology of NLRs in the context of chronic inflammatory diseases and pinpoint
recent advances in the evolutionary understanding of NLR biology. We propose that the field of NLRs may serve as a prototype
for how a comprehensive understanding of an element of the immunological barrier will eventually lead to the development of
targeted diagnostic, therapeutic and/or preventive strategies.
Received 29 October 2007; received after revision 10 December 2007; accepted 19 December 2007 相似文献
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Kingsbury MA Yung YC Peterson SE Westra JW Chun J 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2006,63(22):2626-2641
The brain is remarkable for its complex organization and functions, which have been historically assumed to arise from cells
with identical genomes. However, recent studies have shown that the brain is in fact a complex genetic mosaic of aneuploid
and euploid cells. The precise function of neural aneuploidy and mosaicism are currently being examined on multiple fronts
that include contributions to cellular diversity, cellular signaling and diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Constitutive
aneuploidy in genetic diseases has proven roles in brain dysfunction, as observed in Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and mosaic
variegated aneuploidy. The existence of aneuploid cells within normal individuals raises the possibility that these cells
might have distinct functions in the normal and diseased brain, the latter contributing to sporadic CNS disorders including
cancer. Here we review what is known about neural aneuploidy, and offer speculations on its role in diseases of the brain.
Received 13 April 2006; received after revision 2 June 2006; accepted 13 July 2006 相似文献
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Multiple cellular functions of urokinase and its receptor are associated with the receptor’s capability to interact with a
number of ligands at the molecular level. The presence of urokinase is generally needed for the urokinase receptor to acquire
this capability. Recent X-ray studies of the structure of the urokinase receptor in complex with either its ligand or peptide
inhibitors demonstrate the flexibility of the domain organization of the receptor, suggesting that unliganded urokinase receptor
may exist in a latent form that has a conformation different from its ligand-binding form.
Received 22 November 2006; received after revision 8 January 2007; accepted 7 February 2007 相似文献
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Hyaluronan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Almond A 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2007,64(13):1591-1596
The polysaccharide hyaluronan is an essential component of the vertebrate extracellular matrix and also produced by viruses,
bacteria and fungi. Although the hyaluronan polymer is simply a disaccharide that repeats many thousands of times, it has
an amazing array of biological functions and medical uses. For example, it is an efficient space filler that maintains hydration,
serves as a substrate for assembly of proteoglycans and cellular locomotion, regulates cellular function and development,
and is involved in tumor progression, inflammation and wound healing. Its physical properties and biocompatibility also make
it of considerable importance in the development of engineered tissue, biomaterials and in clinical applications.
Received 23 January 2007; received after revision 25 February 2007; accepted 22 March 2007 相似文献
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Menkes disease is caused by mutations in the copper-transporting P1B-type ATPase ATP7A. ATP7A has a dual function: it serves to incorporate copper into copper-dependent enzymes, and it maintains
intracellular copper levels by removing excess copper from the cytosol. To accomplish both functions, the protein traffics
between different cellular locations depending on copper levels.The mechanism for sensing the concentration of copper, for
trafficking, as well as the details of the mechanism of copper translocation across the membrane are unknown.
Received 24 September 2007; received after revision 12 October 2007; accepted 17 October 2007 相似文献
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Williams AE 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2008,65(4):545-562
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a recently discovered family of small regulatory molecules that function by modulating protein production.
There are approximately 500 known mammalian miRNA genes, and each miRNA may regulate hundreds of different protein-coding
genes. Mature miRNAs bind to target mRNAs in a protein complex known as the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC), sometimes
referred to as the miRNP (miRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein particles), where mRNA translation is inhibited or mRNA is degraded.
These actions of miRNAs have been shown to regulate several developmental and physiological processes including stem cell
differentiation, haematopoiesis, cardiac and skeletal muscle development, neurogenesis, insulin secretion, cholesterol metabolism
and the immune response. Furthermore, aberrant expression has been implicated in a number of diseases including cancer and
heart disease. The role of miRNAs in these developmental, physiological and pathological processes will be reviewed.
Received 3 August 2007; received after revision 3 October 2007; accepted 5 October 2007 相似文献
14.
Complex diseases arise from a combination of heritable and environmental factors. The contribution made by environmental factors
may be mediated through epigenetics. Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression that occur without a change in
DNA sequence and are meiotically or mitotically heritable. Such changes in gene expression are achieved through the methylation
of DNA, the post-translational modifications of histone proteins, and RNA-based silencing. Epigenetics has been implicated
in complex diseases such as cancer, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism and systemic lupus erythematosus. The prevalence
and severity of these diseases may be influenced by factors that affect the epigenotype, such as ageing, folate status, in vitro fertilization and our ancestors’ lifestyles. Although our understanding of the role played by epigenetics in complex diseases
remains in its infancy, it has already led to the development of novel diagnostic methods and treatments, which augurs well
for its future health benefits.
Received 6 December 2006; received after revision 29 January 2007; accepted 15 March 2007 相似文献
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Venkatesan A Nath A Ming GL Song H 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2007,64(16):2120-2132
New dentate granule cells are continuously generated from neural progenitor cells and integrated into the existing hippocampal
circuitry in the adult mammalian brain through an orchestrated process termed adult neurogenesis. While the exact function
remains elusive, adult neurogenesis has been suggested to play important roles in specific cognitive functions. Adult hippocampal
neurogenesis is regulated by a variety of physiological and pathological stimulations. Here we review emerging evidence showing
that HIV infection and several drugs of abuse result in molecular changes that may affect different aspects of adult hippocampal
neurogenesis. These new findings raise the possibility that cognitive dysfunction in the setting of HIV infection or drug
abuse may, in part, be related to alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis. A better understanding of how HIV and drugs of
abuse affect both molecular and cellular aspects of adult neurogenesis may lead to development of more effective therapeutic
interventions for these interlinked epidemics.
Received 6 February 2007; received after revision 26 March 2007; accepted 25 April 2007 相似文献
17.
Cellular responses to mild heat stress 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Since its discovery in 1962 by Ritossa, the heat shock response has been extensively studied by a number of investigators to understand the molecular mechanism underlying the cellular response to heat stress. The most well characterized heat shock response is induction of the heat shock proteins that function as molecular chaperones and exert cell cycle regulatory and anti-apoptotic activities. While most investigators have focused their studies on the toxic effects of heat stress in organisms such as severe heat stress-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, the cellular response to fever-ranged mild heat stress has been rather underestimated. However, the cellular response to mild heat stress is likely to be more important in a physiological sense than that to severe heat stress because the body temperature of homeothermic animals increases by only 1–2°C during febrile diseases. Here we provide information that mild heat stress does have some beneficial role in organisms via positively regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, and immune response in mammalian cells.Received 14 May 2004; received after revision 2 August 2004; accepted 16 August 2004 相似文献
18.
Morrison BE Majdzadeh N D'Mello SR 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2007,64(17):2258-2269
Neurodegenerative disease strikes millions worldwide and there is mounting evidence suggesting that underlying the onset and
progression of these debilitating diseases is inappropriate neuronal apoptosis. Recent reports have implicated a family of
proteins known as histone deacetylases (HDACs) in various neuronal processes including the neuronal death program. Initial
headway in this field has been made largely through the use of broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitors. In fact, pharmacological inhibition
of HDAC activity has been shown to protect neurons in several models of neurodegeneration. The observation that HDAC inhibitors
can have opposing effects in different paradigms of neurodegeneration suggests that individual members of the HDAC protein
family may play distinct roles that could depend on the specific cell type under study. The purpose of this review is to detail
work involving the use of HDAC inhibitors within the context of neurodegeneration and examine the roles of individual HDAC
members in the nervous system with specific focus on neuronal cell death.
Received 25 January 2007; received after revision 3 April 2007; accepted 26 April 2007 相似文献
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The BAG (Bcl-2 associated athanogene) family is a multifunctional group of proteins that perform diverse functions ranging from apoptosis to tumorigenesis.
An evolutionarily conserved group, these proteins are distinguished by a common conserved region known as the BAG domain.
BAG genes have been found in yeasts, plants, and animals, and are believed to function as adapter proteins forming complexes
with signaling molecules and molecular chaperones. In humans, a role for BAG proteins has been suggested in carcinogenesis,
HIV infection, and Parkinson’s disease. These proteins are therefore potential therapeutic targets, and their expression in
cells may serve as a predictive tool for such diseases. In plants, the Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains seven homologs of the BAG family, including four with domain organization similar to animal BAGs. Three members
contain a calmodulin-binding domain possibly reflecting differences between plant and animal programmed cell death. This review
summarizes current understanding of BAG proteins in both animals and plants.
Received 21 November 2007; received after revision 17 December 2007; accepted 2 January 2008 相似文献
20.
Taiho Kambe Ayako Hashimoto Shigeyuki Fujimoto 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2014,71(17):3281-3295
Zinc transporters, the Zrt-, Irt-like protein (ZIP) family and the Zn transporter (ZnT) family transporters, are found in all aspects of life. Increasing evidence has clarified the molecular mechanism, in which both transporters play critical roles in cellular and physiological functions via mobilizing zinc across the cellular membrane. In the last decade, mutations in ZIP and ZnT transporter genes have been shown to be implicated in a number of inherited human diseases. Moreover, dysregulation of expression and activity of both transporters has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic diseases including cancer, immunological impairment, and neurodegenerative diseases, although comprehensive understanding is far from complete. The diverse phenotypes of diseases related to ZIP and ZnT transporters reflect the multifarious biological functions of both transporters. The present review summarizes the current understanding of ZIP and ZnT transporter functions from the standpoint of human health and diseases. The study of zinc transporters is currently of great clinical interest. 相似文献