聚合物驱腐蚀原因及机理研究

本文针对孤东油田注聚驱生产井采出液腐蚀原因、影响因素及其机理进行了探讨。采用失重法实验考察了不同聚合物浓度对腐蚀速率的影响。对不同阳离子,阴离子对腐蚀速率的影响进行了探讨;考察了PH值．温度特别是微生物对腐蚀速率的影响,用孤东油田注聚驱生产井采出液进行了试验评价。实验结果表明：注聚驱生产井采出液中含有的残余聚合物对油井管杆的腐蚀有一定的缓解作用,但是,随着时间的增加腐蚀加重。     

缆控式智能配注系统关键工具腐蚀特性分析

注水仍是剩余油驱替的重要措施之一,数字化注采控制更是我国油田的重要发展趋势。然而,智能配注工具在腐蚀环境下的适应性评价工作不足,大大制约了我国数字化油田的发展进程。为评价缆控式智能配注工具材质在新疆油田井下复杂环境中的适应性,通过实验方法评价了用于智能配注工具的两种典型材质在不同温度、不同Cl-浓度条件下的腐蚀特性。结果表明：随温度升高,A材料的腐蚀电位下降且腐蚀电流增加,而B材料则腐蚀电位升高且腐蚀电流减小;当Cl-浓度升高时,A材料表现出较强的腐蚀倾向;而在所研究井况范围内,B材料表面钝化层未被破坏。可见,在所研究井况下,B材料耐蚀性能显著优于A材料。     

火驱物质动态平衡分析及应用

火驱过程中空气的注入起到氧化燃烧和增压驱替的作用,运用注采物质平衡的原理,对火驱发开中油田合理注气量、合理产气、产液量和合理注采比进行系统研究,对注入气在火驱过程中的燃烧、增压作用进行了分解,进而建立了整个火驱区块规模的注采比表达式。在对某实验区典型地质开发参数分析的基础上,确定了该油田的合理的注采平衡参数,为该试验区块开发提供了参考依据。     

化学工业沉船牺牲阳极保护数值模拟——以经远舰为例

对经远舰牺牲阳极保护进行研究,获得不同数量铝合金牺牲阳极对沉船基体的保护效果,为经远舰沉船保护提供科学依据。测试沉船基体及铝合金牺牲阳极在模拟海水中的极化曲线,得到模拟计算所需参数。运用Comsol软件建立物理模型,设置边界条件,模拟计算沉船在海水中的阴极保护效果。根据不同数量牺牲阳极的沉船表面电位分布、局部电流密度及电极腐蚀速度,分析基体和牺牲阳极的腐蚀行为,得到牺牲阳极的使用寿命。随着牺牲阳极数量减少,基体表面电位分布最低和最高电位同时减小,局部电流密度增大,阳极的腐蚀速率增大。当布置24块牺牲阳极时,基体局部电流密度和电极腐蚀速度最小,但表面最低电位超出标准保护电位范围,基体发生过保护;牺牲阳极数量较少到14块和12时,基体表面电位分布在标准保护电位范围内;布置10块牺牲阳极时,表面最高电位不在标准范围内,基体处于欠保护。依据国家保护电位范围标准-0.75~-0.95V（vs.Ag/AgCl）及牺牲阳极最长使用寿命,选择14块铝合金牺牲阳极作为沉船保护的最佳方案。     

碳酰胺复合驱吞吐井缓蚀剂优选评价

某西部油田碳酰胺复合驱吞吐井井筒温度最高可达260℃，CO₂分压预计为0.4 MPa，井筒管柱面临较高的腐蚀风险。为了解决井筒腐蚀问题，根据碳酰胺复合驱吞吐井井筒服役工况的特点，提出了一套适用于碳酰胺复合驱吞吐井的缓蚀剂优选评价技术流程。首先，对预选的缓蚀剂进行配伍性评价，然后，进行热滚耐温测试和电化学测试，优选出耐温性能和缓蚀性能良好的缓蚀剂，再采用高温高压釜模拟现场腐蚀工况对缓蚀剂防护效果进行评价；最后，结合碳酰胺复合驱吞吐井注-焖-采的工艺特点和不同阶段的腐蚀环境，确定了焖井降温阶段为缓蚀剂的最佳注入时机。研究结果表明，在温度180℃、CO₂分压0.4 MPa条件下，优选出的缓蚀剂XCN2-21可将N80管材的腐蚀速率降低至0.044 1 mm/a，满足油田腐蚀控制要求。     

镧含量对铝合金牺牲阳极海水综合电化学性能的影响

【目的】分析Al-Zn-In-Si系牺牲阳极添加不同含量配比的稀土元素镧(La)时,其电化学性能的作用规律,获得在海水环境下最佳牺牲阳极电化学性能的La添加量。【方法】通过模拟海洋环境,采用XRD分析、极化曲线、交流阻抗(EIS)和恒电流加速试验等方法,研究含La铝合金牺牲阳极的开路电位、工作电位、溶解形貌、电流效率以及极化等行为及其发生机理。【结果】La的加入改变了铝合金牺牲阳极溶质元素的存在形式,并随着含量的变化对其产生不同程度的影响;EIS谱表明含La铝合金牺牲阳极活化溶解过程体现了点蚀诱导期和发展期,极化曲线表明加入过量La后铝合金牺牲阳极的腐蚀电位变正,活化性能变差;恒电流测试实验表明加入La后铝合金牺牲阳极的电流效率有所升高。【结论】适量添加稀土元素La可有效改善铝合金牺牲阳极在海水中的电化学性能,其中La含量为0.2%的铝合金牺牲阳极电流效率最高。     

微量元素对热海水环境下锌牺牲阳极性能的影响

论述了适合于热海水环境下工作的几种锌牺牲阳极的研究工作，研究中就Cd、Al和Mg等微量元素对牺牲阳极性能的影响进行了电化学性能测试，之后对其腐蚀表面进行了组织分析。试验结果表明：含Al、Mg的锌阳极都存在严重的晶间腐蚀问题，而晶间腐蚀是缩短热海水环境下锌阳极使用寿命的重要因素；Cd(0．05％)对锌阳极性能有改善作用。     

钢在弱碱三元复合驱采出液中的腐蚀行为研究

弱碱三元复合驱(ASP)技术在提高原油采收率的同时由于诸多优点,已逐渐取代以往强碱三元复合驱技术在大庆油田应用.但目前国内外对ASP的研究还仅限于驱油效果,而对其溶液的腐蚀行为的研究甚少.ASP采出液中弱碱三元成分的存在,会提高钢的腐蚀性且腐蚀情况复杂.本文采用腐蚀挂片试验法、电化学测试等测试技术系统研究油田管道用钢(10钢、20钢、45钢、1Cr18Ni9Ti、X70钢)和储罐用钢(Q235钢)在不同浓度、不同温度三元复合驱溶液中的腐蚀行为,测试钢在不同pH值的ASP溶液中的交流阻抗图(EIS),获得腐蚀动力学相关参数,用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等技术分析腐蚀产物形貌并确定腐蚀产物成份,为钢在弱碱三元复合驱采出液中的腐蚀机理进一步研究提供依据.     

牺牲阳极技术在钢制天然气管道工程中的应用

介绍了电化学腐蚀及牺牲阳极的原理。牺牲阳极保护技术的使用情况,牺牲阳权保护的设计、计算、施工及投资测算与经济分析。     

不同注采方式的流场计算模型及物模验证

针对不同注采方式（直井水平井一注一采、水平井一注一采、水平井两注一采）流场分布问题,开展了不同注采方式下流场数学计算模型和物理模拟研究。采用保角变换和镜像反映原理,建立了不同注采方式流场数学模型,推导出势函数和流函数数学表达式,得到不同注采方式内部等势线和流线分布图。通过开展不同注采方式下水驱油物理模拟实验研究,对不同注采方式流场计算模型计算结果进行对比验证。结果表明,不同注采方式流场计算模型计算结果与物模实验结果具有很好的一致性。直井水平井一注一采内部流场表现出一定的线性流,水驱波及面积较常规直井注采方式有所增大。水平井一注一采内部注采井间流线呈线性流,与直井水平井一注一采相比,流线控制的面积增大,驱替效果更好。水平井两注一采内部水平生产井跟端和趾端附近流线较为密集,水平生产井中部位置附近流线相对稀疏易形成滞油区。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the