不同温度热处理对大鼠骨骼肌Akt/mTOR信号通路的影响

热处理会诱导应急蛋白,从而促进细胞蛋白质合成并进一步导致肌肉肥大.但热处理对细胞内蛋白质合成中主要信号通路Akt/mTOR信号途径的影响鲜有报道.本研究分析了热处理对大鼠骨骼肌中Akt/mTOR信号途径的作用.利用Western blot技术检测了不同温度(37℃、38℃、39℃、40℃)的热处理对大鼠腓肠肌及比目鱼肌中Akt/mTOR信号途径蛋白Akt,mTOR,p70S6K及4E-BP1的磷酸化水平及热激蛋白HSP72的表达水平.结果表明39℃、40℃的热处理能够激活Akt及下游p70S6K的活性而对于热激蛋白HSP72的表达水平没有影响.     

不同时间的热处理对大鼠肌肉Akt/mTOR信号途径的影响

热处理会诱导骨骼肌中肌肉蛋白的合成及肌肉肥大,同时刺激细胞信号途径.另外,有报道表明38℃以上的热处理以温度依赖性方式激活细包内信号途径.然而,骨骼肌细胞中热刺激对信号途径的持续性影响方面鲜有报道.因此,分析了热处理对大鼠骨骼肌中信号途径的作用.利用Western blot技术检测热处理后不同时间点(30,60和90min)的腓肠肌及比目鱼肌中Akt/mTOR信号途径蛋白Akt,mTOR,p70S6K及4E-BP1的磷酸化水平及热激蛋白HSP72的表达水平.结果表明,Akt及mTOR的磷酸化水平没有变化,磷酸化的p70S6K及4E-BP1水平有所上调,而热激蛋白HSP72的水平有所下调.     

有氧间歇训练对心肌梗死大鼠心肌细胞的增殖作用及相关机制

目的:通过建立SD大鼠心肌梗死模型,观察间歇训练对心梗大鼠心肌细胞的增殖作用并探讨其内在作用机制.方法:成年雄性SD大鼠40只,造模后,随机分为3组:假心梗组(CON);心梗组(MI);心梗+间歇训练组(MI+AIT),每组12只.间歇训练共计8周.结果:免疫组化结果提示,正常心肌组织鲜见细胞增殖现象;心肌梗死可造成梗死边缘区细胞代偿性增加;间歇训练可显著性增加细胞增殖核抗原PCNA,BrdU和ki-67的表达水平.另外,心梗还可引起细胞增殖核抗原调节蛋白p70S6K及其上游调节蛋白mTOR显著性降低(P<0.05);而mTOR的上游调节蛋白PI3K,Akt也具有相似的变化趋势.相对地,间歇训练可增加心肌细胞膜IGF-R1水平(非IGF-R2),上调PI3K-AKt-mTOR信号通路活性,增加p70S6K磷酸化水平(P<0.05).结论:间歇训练介导的细胞增殖作用与其上调IGF-R1表达水平,激活细胞PI3K-Akt介导的增殖通路相关.     

碱蓬红斑病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究初报

从碱蓬（Suaeda glauce）红斑病感病植株单斑分离出2种真菌SK‐X1和SK‐X2,形态学和分子生物学鉴定结果表明,SK‐X1为石楠拟盘多毛孢（Pestalotiopsis pho‐tiniae）、SK‐X2为胶孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ）．2种菌均具有致病性,但生物学特性有别：二者菌丝生长及孢子萌发温度范围为15～35℃、最适温度为28℃,但菌丝致死温度S K‐X1为70℃、S K‐X2为73℃;孢子致死温度S K‐X1为55℃、S K‐X2为58℃．最适p H值为7,但孢子萌发p H值范围S K‐X1为5～10、S K‐X2为4～12．湿度为100％时菌丝生长最快、产孢量最大,但菌丝生长适宜湿度S K‐X1为86％～100％、S K‐X2为65％～100％,孢子萌发适宜湿度S K‐X1为90％～100％、S K‐X2为86％～100％．光照对菌丝生长无影响,但全光照利产孢．     

肿瘤抑制因子p53蛋白在毕赤酵母中的克隆表达

TP53基因在调控细胞信号通路和抑制肿瘤细胞中发挥着重要作用.本研究利用毕赤酵母表达系统以获得大量重组p53蛋白,为此,本文将人TP53基因克隆至表达载体p PIC3.5K,电转化进入毕赤酵母GS115,通过组氨酸筛选和G418筛选,获得高拷贝稳定转化子.SDS-PAGE和Western Blot检测结果表明p53蛋白可以在毕赤酵母中表达.本研究所获酵母菌株为今后大规模生产重组p53蛋白奠定了基础.     

微波对K562/MDR细胞凋亡及热休克蛋白70表达的影响

研究微波引起白血病耐药细胞株K562／MDR的凋亡以及对热休克蛋白70表达的影响。使用MTT方法检测细胞存活率，AnnexinV/PI双参数法检测K562／MDR细胞的凋亡率，流式细胞仪检测热休克蛋白70的表达。结果表明，微波可起K562／MDR细胞的凋亡，经0.20,0.60W/cm^2功率密度微波作用20min（保持43℃），37℃培养24h后，细胞凋亡率分别为10％、13．6％，而水浴加热引起的凋亡率仅为3．8％，微波照射影响细胞内热休克蛋白70的表达，在43℃时，0.20,0.60W/cm^2功率密度微波作用20min抑制HSP70的表达，实验说明微波能引起K562／MDR细胞的凋亡，该凋亡与微波引起的热休克蛋白表达的改变可能有联系。     

三类纽结连通和的几个重要性质

在S3中对于任何纽结K都有t(K)≤g1(K)≤h(K)≤t(K) 1成立.基于纽结K的隧道数、1-桥亏格和h-亏格三个几何不变量之间的这种关系,将S3中的纽结定义为p纽结、q纽结和r纽结三类.连同σ纽结,得到了这些纽结连通和的一些重要性质.     

与酵母Ure2p朊病毒结构域融合表达的谷胱苷肽—S—转移酶结构的改变

酵母朊蛋白Ure2蛋白（Ure2p）具有动物朊蛋白类似的构象转变特点,其N－端65个氨基酸是朊病毒结构域（PrD）,对酵母朊病毒的发生起关键性作用,将PrD基因与谷胱苷肽－S－转移酶（GST）基因重组,在大肠杆菌中表达了可溶性的GST－PrD融合蛋白（sGST-PrD）,sGST-PrD在体外自发地聚合成纤维,这种蛋白纤维的圆二色谱呈典型的β－折叠,对蛋白酶K的抵抗力增加,并具有淀粉样纤维的光学特性,聚合的GST－PrD（aGST-PrD）能促进sGST-PrD聚合成纤维,这些结果显示PrD能使与其融合的GST蛋白的构象发生变化,形成一种新的朊蛋白样嵌合蛋白,这是PrD改变其他蛋白构象的证据。     

水稻S5-ORF3蛋白质的进化分析

生殖隔离在形成新物种和物种同一性的保持中有重要作用,因而在水稻优化育种中有重要的意义。S5位点是一个已克隆的控制水稻生殖隔离的基因,它产生的S5-ORF3,ORF4和ORF5蛋白质共同调控着indica-japonica杂交后代的育性,特别是S5-ORF3蛋白质在打破水稻亚种indica-japonica之间的生殖隔离与促进物种间的基因交流中发挥重要作用。针对S5-ORF3的进化分析对于研究它的功能和起源很重要,但目前尚无报道。本文基于序列和进化分析,提出S5-ORF3为一种定位在内质网中的新的HSP70家族蛋白,但缺乏HSP70的C端的多肽结合结构域,推测S5-ORF3可能通过影响alpha-淀粉酶的合成来作用于内质网压力;找到了ORF3的19条同源蛋白,并用极大似然算法构建了可靠的进化树,发现水稻的S5-ORF3与节节麦的luminal-binding蛋白进化关系最为密切;作了置信度100%的S5-ORF3蛋白质的三维结构预测,预测了居中的配体绑定位点;发现了水稻的S5-ORF3与其他HSP70蛋白相比独特的基序,为进一步研究S5-ORF3的作用机理和演化历史提供了线索和数据支持。     

小拟南芥转运蛋白基因及NHX2基因的克隆与表达

转运蛋白(transport protein)是膜蛋白的一大类,介导生物膜内外的化学物质及信号的交换。植物体内存在多个与Na~+转运相关的蛋白,其中液泡膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白(Vacuolar Na~+/H~+antiporter,NHX)在离子稳态和提高植物耐盐性方面发挥着重要作用。为了深入了解转运蛋白基因在短命植物小拟南芥(Arabidopsis pumila)耐盐方面的作用,本研究首先基于小拟南芥响应高盐胁迫叶片转录组数据筛选出1157个转运蛋白基因,按功能分为Na~+转运蛋白,K~+转运蛋白,Ca~(2+)转运蛋白,ABC转运蛋白以及糖转运蛋白等,其中功能注释为Na~+转运蛋白的基因有24个。K均值(K-means)聚类分析结果显示,1157个转运蛋白基因分布于20个K subcluster,其中在K6、K9、K15子聚类中的基因数量分布较多,分别为172、193、190个。在分布于K6子聚类的Na~+转运蛋白基因中,有一个编码NHX2蛋白的基因经盐胁迫处理后明显上调表达。采用RT-PCR克隆了Ap NHX2基因,Ap NHX2开放阅读框1626 bp,编码541个氨基酸。Ap NHX2蛋白是一个典型的跨膜转运蛋白,具有12个跨膜结构区。系统进化分析表明Ap NHX2与拟南芥At NHX2亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,Ap NHX2基因在小拟南芥各组织中均有表达,但在花中表达量最高。为进一步研究该基因的功能,构建了过量表达载体35S∶Ap NHX2并转化农杆菌GV3101。本研究为进一步阐述转运蛋白基因在小拟南芥响应盐胁迫中的功能机制奠定了基础。     

Oncogenic kinase signalling

Protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are important regulators of intracellular signal-transduction pathways mediating development and multicellular communication in metazoans. Their activity is normally tightly controlled and regulated. Perturbation of PTK signalling by mutations and other genetic alterations results in deregulated kinase activity and malignant transformation. The lipid kinase phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) and some of its downstream targets, such as the protein-serine/threonine kinases Akt and p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K), are crucial effectors in oncogenic PTK signalling. This review emphasizes how oncogenic conversion of protein kinases results from perturbation of the normal autoinhibitory constraints on kinase activity and provides an update on our knowledge about the role of deregulated PI(3)K/Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin/p70S6K signalling in human malignancies.     

Rapamycin selectively inhibits interleukin-2 activation of p70 S6 kinase.

The macrolide rapamycin induces cell cycle G1 arrest in yeast and in mammalian cells, which suggests that an evolutionarily conserved, rapamycin-sensitive pathway may regulate entry into S phase. In mammals, rapamycin inhibits interleukin-2 receptor-induced S phase entry and subsequent T-cell proliferation, resulting in immunosuppression. Here we show that interleukin-2 selectively stimulates the phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase but not the erk-encoded MAP kinases and rsk-encoded S6 kinases. Rapamycin completely and rapidly inhibits interleukin-2-induced phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase at concentrations comparable to those blocking S phase entry of T cells (0.05-0.2 nM). The structurally related macrolide FK506 competitively antagonizes the actions of rapamycin, indicating that these effects are mediated by FKBP, which binds the transition-state mimic structure common to both rapamycin and FK506 (refs 4, 6, 9-11). The selective blockade of the p70 S6 kinase activation cascade by the rapamycin-FKBP complex implicates this signalling pathway in the regulation of T cell entry into S phase.     

MAP2 kinase and 70K S6 kinase lie on distinct signalling pathways.

Activation of protein synthesis is required for quiescent cells to transit the cell cycle, and seems to be mediated in part by phosphorylation of the 40S ribosomal protein, S6. A mitogen-activated S6 kinase of relative molecular mass 70,000 (70K) has been isolated from mouse fibroblasts as well as from avian, rat and rabbit tissues. Comparison of complementary DNA sequences shows that this enzyme is distinct from S6 kinase II (92K) found in Xenopus eggs and fibroblasts. Both kinases are activated by serine/threonine phosphorylation, suggesting that at least one serine/threonine kinase links receptor tyrosine kinases with S6 kinases. A candidate for this link is MAP2 kinase, which is rapidly activated by tyrosine/threonine phosphorylation following mitogenic stimulation. Incubation of MAP2 kinase from insulin-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with phosphatase-inactivated S6 kinase II from Xenopus leads to partial reactivation and phosphorylation of the enzyme. These and other findings have led to the suggestion that MAP2 kinase also activates the 70K S6 kinase. Here we refute this idea by showing that the two kinases lie on distinct signalling pathways.     

Insulin-stimulated MAP-2 kinase phosphorylates and activates ribosomal protein S6 kinase II

Ribosomal protein S6 is a component of the eukaryotic 40S ribosomal subunit that becomes phosphorylated on multiple serine residues in response to a variety of mitogens, including insulin, growth factors, and transforming proteins of many oncogenic viruses. Recently, an activated S6 kinase (S6 K II) has been purified to homogeneity from Xenopus eggs, and characterized immunologically and at the molecular level. Purified S6 K II can be deactivated in vitro by incubation with either protein phosphatase 1 or protein phosphatase 2A. Reactivation and phosphorylation of S6 K II occurs in vitro with an insulin-stimulated microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) protein kinase which is itself a phosphoprotein that can be deactivated by protein phosphatase 2A. These studies suggest that a step in insulin signalling involves sequential activation by phosphorylation of at least two serine/threonine protein kinases.     

雷帕霉素的免疫药理学（综述）

雷帕霉素是一种高效低毒的大环内酯类免疫抑制药,它在细胞外的受体为FK506结合蛋白FKBP－12,胞浆内的激酶mTOR是雷帕霉素已知的主要靶体,它是mRNA翻译的启动调控因子,Kipl是一种周期素依赖性激酶的抑制剂,能降低活化的T细胞内G1期的周期素与其依赖性激酶复合物的水平,mTOR对p70 s6k的活性,真核启努因子4E依赖性蛋白合成及Kip1的下调所需调节信号具有诱变作用,它与FKBP12与雷帕霉素复合物的相互作用干扰了它的功能,雷帕霉素因素阻断了Kipl的下调而将细胞阻滞于G1期。     

Sphingolipid signalling in Arabidopsis guard cells involves heterotrimeric G proteins

In animals, the sphingolipid metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) functions as both an intracellular messenger and an extracellular ligand for G-protein-coupled receptors of the S1P receptor family, regulating diverse biological processes ranging from cell proliferation to apoptosis. Recently, it was discovered in plants that S1P is a signalling molecule involved in abscisic acid (ABA) regulation of guard cell turgor. Here we report that the enzyme responsible for S1P production, sphingosine kinase (SphK), is activated by ABA in Arabidopsis thaliana, and is involved in both ABA inhibition of stomatal opening and promotion of stomatal closure. Consistent with this observation, inhibition of SphK attenuates ABA regulation of guard cell inward K(+) channels and slow anion channels, which are involved in the regulation of stomatal pore size. Surprisingly, S1P regulates stomatal apertures and guard cell ion channel activities in wild-type plants, but not in knockout lines of the sole prototypical heterotrimeric G-protein alpha-subunit gene, GPA1 (refs 5, 6, 7-8). Our results implicate heterotrimeric G proteins as downstream elements in the S1P signalling pathway that mediates ABA regulation of stomatal function, and suggest that the interplay between S1P and heterotrimeric G proteins represents an evolutionarily conserved signalling mechanism.     

Absence of S6K1 protects against age- and diet-induced obesity while enhancing insulin sensitivity

Elucidating the signalling mechanisms by which obesity leads to impaired insulin action is critical in the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diabetes. Recently, mice deficient for S6 Kinase 1 (S6K1), an effector of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) that acts to integrate nutrient and insulin signals, were shown to be hypoinsulinaemic, glucose intolerant and have reduced beta-cell mass. However, S6K1-deficient mice maintain normal glucose levels during fasting, suggesting hypersensitivity to insulin, raising the question of their metabolic fate as a function of age and diet. Here, we report that S6K1-deficient mice are protected against obesity owing to enhanced beta-oxidation. However on a high fat diet, levels of glucose and free fatty acids still rise in S6K1-deficient mice, resulting in insulin receptor desensitization. Nevertheless, S6K1-deficient mice remain sensitive to insulin owing to the apparent loss of a negative feedback loop from S6K1 to insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), which blunts S307 and S636/S639 phosphorylation; sites involved in insulin resistance. Moreover, wild-type mice on a high fat diet as well as K/K A(y) and ob/ob (also known as Lep/Lep) mice-two genetic models of obesity-have markedly elevated S6K1 activity and, unlike S6K1-deficient mice, increased phosphorylation of IRS1 S307 and S636/S639. Thus under conditions of nutrient satiation S6K1 negatively regulates insulin signalling.     

对溴偶氮氯胂离解作用的研究

用分光光度法和电位滴定法分别测定了对溴偶氮氯胂的六级离解常数 ,其值分别为 :pK1=1 10 ,pK2 =1 34,pK3 =3 4 4 ,pK4 =6 6 7,pK5=9 2 3,pK6=11 84 (分光光度法 ,572nm) ;pK3 =3 32 ,pK4 =6 72 ,pK5=9 89,pK6=11 6 1(电位滴定法 ) .     

Interleukins 4 and 5 control expression of IL-2 receptor on murine B cells through independent induction of its two chains

Resting B cells express few, if any, receptors for interleukin-2 (IL-2), whereas activated B cells can express receptors for and respond to IL-2. IL-2 receptors can exist on the cell surface in three different forms; the complete high-affinity receptor, a heterodimer consisting of a chain of relative molecular mass (Mr) 70-75,000 (70-75K) and a chain of Mr 55K; the 70-75K chain alone, with intermediate affinity for IL-2; or the 55K chain alone, with low affinity for IL-2. We have previously reported that IL-5-stimulated B cells are induced to express the 55K chain. We report here evidence for the differential regulation of the expression of the two chains, namely that IL-4 and IL-5 can independently induce expression of the 70-75K and 55K chains respectively on murine B cells. As expected, cells stimulated to express the 55K chain alone are unresponsive to IL-2, whereas cells stimulated to express either the 70-75K chain or the 70-75/55K heterodimer respond to IL-2, at a high and low ligand concentration respectively, with a marked increase in proliferation. This orchestration of receptor expression and factor responsiveness may represent a novel activation pathway for B cells, where the two chains of a compound receptor are shown to be independently regulated.