意识“难问题”的本质及其深层次问题研究

意识"难问题"充分说明了现象意识,即我们心理生活主观的、定性的维度。它要求我们解释带有主观性和定性的状态为什么以及如何存在。一般来说,尽管认知神经科学在意识问题的解释中起着重要作用,但其却不能充当意识"难问题"的充分条件或必要条件。查尔莫斯正是立足于这一认识论困境,提出了以信息为基础的意识的非还原解释方案,以此为迎合"难问题"的解释性挑战提供了适当理由;同时着眼于此,我们可以揭示出意识"难问题"的深层次问题。然而,要想阐释这样一个更大的难题,其间必然会面临现象概念策略与表征主义的质疑。     

On The Impossibility Of Empirical Controls Of Scientific Theories – From The Point Of View Of A Psychologist

Standard considerations of philosophy of science are reformulated in psychological terms and arguments, suggesting a fundamental change in life perspective: subjective experiences or introspective data are subject to motivational biases and therefore not admitted as objective empirical facts in science, However, we never experience objects or events of the external world, i.e., so called objective facts, but exclusively subjective percepts or mental events. They are merely assumed to, but may or may not be accurate or distorted mental representations of objects or events of an external world. Accordingly, the latter are theoretical constructs, i.e., constructs of the fictitious but most successful predictive (implicit) theory, called external world, which seems to be constructed from regularities observed in mental events and serves as a reference fiction for, erroneously called empirical, tests of predictions of scientific theories.Relevant Publication: Micko, H.C.: 2001, Psychologie: Von der Geistes – zur Naturwissenschaft – und weiter wohin? Erkenntnistheoretische Erwägungen vor und nach dem Aufkommen des philosophischen Konstruktivismus. Ztschr. f. Psychologie, 209: 54–68.     

高阶信念理论如何解决关于意识的难问题

如何解释现象意识是意识的难问题。高阶信念理论试图为现象意识提供还原性的说明,其中最有代表性的是罗森赛尔的实在主义高阶信念理论和卡拉特斯的倾向主义理论。本文批判性地分析了这两种理论对现象意识的说明,指出其困难,最后提供了原创性的改进版本。     

意识的"难问题"及其解释进路

自笛卡尔提出二元论以来,身心关系一直是一个未解的"世界之结"和"难问题".随着神经科学的快速发展,这个困难问题集中到了主观性和主观特性(qualia),即意识经验如何可能从脑的神经过程中产生出来.为了解释这个难问题是否是一元论还是二元论,一些相应的方案被提出来,诸如,斯佩里的突现相互作用论、塞尔的生物学自然主义和查默斯的自然主义二元论.     

高技术知识存在和演化方式

高技术知识是世界3中的新秀,存在于知识之树的上端或顶端,具有自身的存在方式和演化特点。高技术知识具有三种形式:意识形式(或隐性知识)、符号化形式(或编码知识)和物化形式(或科技黑箱)等。意识形式的高技术知识需转化为符号化形式或物化形式才能被纳入社会系统中发挥作用,而符号化形式的高技术知识是意识形式的高技术知识的显性化,物化形式的高技术知识是意识形式或符号化形式的高技术知识社会化的结果,三者相互作用,相互转化,共同发展,构成高技术知识演化形态。     

“Who” is a “Topical Measuring” Postphenomenologist and How Does One Get That Way?

Gert Goeminne’s paper is primarily concerned with “the politics of sustainable technology,” but for good reasons he does not start with this topic. He knows that technology studies as he conceives it must clear a space for itself in a philosophical atmosphere that discourages its pursuit. He therefore begins with a critique of this objectivistic and technocratically defined atmosphere, before moving on to embrace a postphenomenology of technological multistabilities, and then further to introduce what he calls (in an adaptation of Rudolf Boehm) the “topical measure” of technoscientific life. The problem I raise is not about Goeminne’s aims, with which I mostly agree, but with his presentation of how to achieve them. I argue that if one were actually to follow his advice—that is, start with critique, move on to postphenomenology, and end with “political” evaluation of technoscientific life, the project would be doomed to failure. For in our world, no one Understands this pluralizing vision. According to the understanding we actually live through and speak from, some of postphenomenology’s multiple disclosures already arrive in our experience with significantly greater ontological power than others, and sincerity about topical measure notwithstanding, the very identification of something as an interest or “value,” especially if it allegedly comes from a “layperson,” already condemns it to secondary status.     

Abductive Reasoning as a Way of Worldmaking

The author deals with the operational core oflogic, i.e. its diverse procedures ofinference, in order to show that logicallyfalse inferences may in fact be right because –in contrast to logical rationality – theyactually enlarge our knowledge of the world.This does not only mean that logically trueinferences say nothing about the world, butalso that all our inferences are inventedhypotheses the adequacy of which cannot beproved within logic but only pragmatically. Inconclusion the author demonstrates, through therelationship between rule-following andrationality, that it is most irrational to wantto exclude the irrational: it may, at times, bemost rational to think and infer irrationally.Focussing on the operational aspects of knowingas inferring does away with the hiatus betweenlogic and life, cognition and the world(reality) – or whatever other dualism one wantsto invoke –: knowing means inferring, inferringmeans rule-governed interpreting, interpretingis a constructive, synthetic act, and aconstruction that proves adequate (viable) inthe ``world of experience', in life, in thepraxis of living, is, to the constructivistmind, knowledge. It is the practice of livingwhich provides the orienting standards forconstructivist thinking and its judgments ofviability. The question of truth is replaced bythe question of viability, and viabilitydepends on the (right) kind of experiential fit.     

当代意识研究中的主要困难及其可能出路

一般认为,感受特质(quale)是当代意识研究中的核心难题。本文首先指出学界研究感受特质过程中普遍遭遇到三个困难:描述性困难、非还原性困难和私密性困难,并表明私密性是导致感受特质难题得不到妥善解决的真正原因;其次,尝试将特定的哲学概念考察法与认知神经科学的最新研究成果相结合,设计一种对付私密性困难的复合消解方案,这一方案被精简地表述为私密感受论证(private sensations argument,PSA)。在此基础之上,又具体展示了一条能有效处理感受特质的神经哲学进路(neurophilosophical approach)。     

知识文明和创新意识

本文探索知识文明和创新意识的本质关联.今天,随着高技术日渐在社会发展中占据支配地位,时代正从工业文明向知识文明过渡.同时,创新意识已然成为时代的主旋律.知识文明和创新意识同步形成和发展,并非偶然,两者本质关联的纽带是知识观念之更新.     

“反身性”难题消解与科学知识社会学的未来走向

反身性是科学知识社会学所标榜的原则之一,但反身性的自我拒斥特性却使得科学知识社会学陷于反身性困境。原因何在?其源盖出于科学知识社会学的反身性之痛实际上是社会科学的科学化之痒——它仍然是沿用了传统科学观的一些先验预设(如实在、基础、恒在等)。而一些SSK学者在反思反身性难题、打破这些先验预设时(如马尔凯的新文体形式),却反向性地陷入了反身性的单向解构路径,从而走向虚无主义。要想彻底破解科学知识社会学反身性困境,为当下知识的合法性提供认识论基础,乃至使整个社会科学走出反身性怪圈,关键在于对反身性概念进行元反思,充分发掘其所蕴含的建设性意蕴。     

试论自然辩证法是当代美学的方法论基础

以自然辩证法方法论为理论阐释模型，论述了自然辩证法是当代美学的方法论基础，并从如下三方面加以论证：第一，自然辩证法准确揭示审美意识的本质特征；第二，自然辩证法深度阐释审美意识的发展机制；第三，自然辩证法完整说明审美意识的多项功能。     

Gordon Pask's Conversation Theory: A Domain Independent Constructivist Model of Human Knowing

Although it is conceded (as argued by many)that distinct knowledge domains do presentparticular problems of coming to know, in thispaper it is argued that it is possible (anduseful) to construct a domain independent modelof the processes of coming to know, one inwhich observers share understandings and do soin agreed ways. The model in question is partof the conversation theory (CT) of Gordon Pask. CT, as a theory of theory construction andcommunication, has particular relevance forfoundational issues in science and scienceeducation. CT explicitly propounds a ``radicalconstructivist' (RC) epistemology. A briefaccount is given of the main tenets of RC andCT's place in that tradition and the traditionsof cybernetics. The paper presents a briefnon-technical account of the main concepts ofCT including elaborations by Laurillard andHarri-Augstein and Thomas. As part of CT, Pask also elaborated a methodology – knowledgeand task analysis – for analysing the structureof different knowledge domains; thismethodology is sketched in outline.     

Comparing resemblance measures

In the paper some types of equivalences over resemblance measures and some basic results about them are given. Based on induced partial orderings on the set of unordered pairs of units a dissimilarity between two resemblance measures over finite sets of units can be defined. As an example, using this dissimilarity standard association coefficients between binary vectors are compared both theoretically and computationally.Extended version of the paper presented at DISTANCIA'92, June 22–26, 1992, Rennes, France. This work was supported in part by the Ministry for Science and Technology of Slovenia, J2-6191-101-94. We would like to thank the editor and two anonymous referees for numerous remarks and suggestions that significantly improved the presentation of the material.     

The weighted sum of split and diameter clustering

In this paper, we propose a bicriterion objective function for clustering a given set ofN entities, which minimizes [d–(1–)s], where 01, andd ands are the diameter and the split of the clustering, respectively. When =1, the problem reduces to minimum diameter clustering, and when =0, maximum split clustering. We show that this objective provides an effective way to compromise between the two often conflicting criteria. While the problem is NP-hard in general, a polynomial algorithm with the worst-case time complexityO(N ²) is devised to solve the bipartition version. This algorithm actually gives all the Pareto optimal bipartitions with respect to diameter and split, and it can be extended to yield an efficient divisive hierarchical scheme. An extension of the approach to the objective [(d ₁+d ₂)–2(1–)s] is also proposed, whered ₁ andd ₂ are diameters of the two clusters of a bipartition.This research was supported in part by the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Grant OGP 0104900). The authors wish to thank two anonymous referees, whose detailed comments on earlier drafts improved the paper.     

发展伦理学视角的传统技术观批判

目前,技术哲学关于技术问题的广泛而深入的研究和探讨体现了不同层面上对技术观的反思.从根本上说,技术观的反思和批判应该遵循发展伦理学的解释原则,因为发展伦理学的尺度才是技术观批判的应有的尺度,也是解决技术如何发展问题的根本尺度.     

对开展术语教育的几点思考

阐述对开展术语教育所做的思考,其中包括:术语教育的定义;什么是术语意识;为什么要进行术语教育;怎样开展术语教育等。这些都是着手开展术语教育之前必须首先给予回答的问题。     

Cross-sectional approach for clustering time varying data

Cluster analysis is to be performed on a three-mode data matrix of type: units, variables, time. A general model for calculating the distance between two units varying in time is proposed. One particular model is developed and used in an example concerned with clustering of 23 European countries according to the similarity of energy consumption in the years 1976–1982.Supported in part by the Research Council of Slovenia, Yugoslavia.     

意向性概念的理论根据质疑

布伦塔诺和胡塞尔开创了近现代的意向性研究，但其理论根据则是某种心理二元结构现。本文试从心理一元结构观对它提出质疑，并指出意向性非心理现象的本质，心理的本质应是“知”（觉知）。     

Parsimonious trees

Dendrograms based onn objects can contain as many asn – 1 levels (internal nodes) and prove difficult to interpret. Two methods are described for transforming a dendrogram into a more readily interpretable parsimonious tree. These involve limiting either (i) the number of different values taken by the heights of the internal nodes, or (ii) the number of internal nodes. An illustrative example is presented.