生物多样性与针叶林生态系统过程的关系

在过去10年中，生物多样性与生态系统过程的关系成为生态学中最具争议和挑战性的话题。生态学家们围绕植物组成和多样性与生态系统过程的关系、生物多样性与陆地生态系统的生物地球化学循环的关系、土壤生物多样性赇生态系统过程的影响、生态系统的功能多样性和组成对生态系统过程的影响、生物多样性与生态系统的稳定性以及生物多样性与生态系统过程对全球变化的响应等方面做了大量的开创性研究。川西亚高山针叶林是我国的生物多样性宝库和世界生物多样性的热点地区。迄今为止，有关川西亚高山针叶林生物多样性和生态过程的研究还相当有限，有关生物多样性与生态系统过程关系的研究尚未见报道。因此，建议在未来川西亚高山针叶林生态过程研究中加强生物多样性与针叶林生产力的关系，生物多样性和生物地球化学循环的关系、土壤生物多样性与生态系统过程的互动、地下／地上部分生物多样性的关系、生物多样性和生态过程对全球变化的响应等研究。     

四川藏区传统藏文化对生物多样性保护的意义

本文在大量实地调查和分析基础上,较为详细地总结了四川藏区传统藏文化、传统生活与生产方式在当地生态系统、生物多样性的保护和可持续利用中的作用.几千年来,传统藏文化中的禁忌、倡导、宗教、文化和游牧等对维持藏区生态系统正常的服务功能、保存与永续利用当地生物多样性起到了不可磨灭的贡献.当代市场经济扩张和外来文化的冲击使当地生态系统和生物多样性面临诸多问题,因此,在促进社会经济全面发展的同时,应该大力弘扬传统藏文化中积极有效的因素,保护和恢复生态系统,保护和永续利用生物资源,实现人与自然的和谐发展.     

我国海洋生物多样性保护与可持续利用

生物多样性是生命科学的核心 。本文结合海洋生物学与海洋渔业资源学,概述了我国海洋生物多样性的基本情况,分析了国内外海洋生物多样性保护面临的形势,对加强保护与可持续利用发展战略进行了探讨。     

生物多样性保育研究

生物多样性(Biodiversity)的概念,当今已经广泛使用于普通媒体和科学刊物,但还没有一个严格、统一的定义.一般地说,它指地球上生命的所有变异.生物多样性是生物进化的结果,是人类赖以持续生存的基础.我在本文中想谈谈三个问题,即生物多样性为什么成为当前的热门话题、生物多样性研究的现状与趋势,和我的几点粗浅看法.     

全球生物科技发展态势及对我国的启示

2019年,世界主要经济体加强生物科技领域战略布局,尤其是在生物经济方面提出国家级规划与路线图,在项目部署方面重视前沿颠覆性技术。本文首先梳理了美国、加拿大、欧盟、英国等国家和地区发布的生物经济战略、实施路线图和相关的项目部署。随后对全球生物科技领域的重要进展进行总结,重点关注研发现状和生物技术与其他技术之间交叉融合的大趋势。研究发现,全球生物科技发展呈现以下五点趋势:生物多样性保护形势严峻;生物资源挖掘利用更加深入;新兴技术与工具的快速发展推动生物科学与技术向纵深发展;人类修饰生命创造生命的能力不断提升促进工程生物学应用的不断扩展;全球科技交叉融合日益凸显。最后,基于政策和研发趋势,本文提出了制定国家生物经济发展战略、调整和优化学科布局、支持核心技术研发、制定和完善产业扶持政策等建议,以促进我国生物科技领域的创新发展。     

生物资源的合理开发利用和生物多样性的有效保护

目前应特别强调处理好生物资源的利用和生物多样性保护的关系。本文好生物资源的定义、范围及特点和历史发展程序，生物多样性的主要内容及意义。对云南生物资源利用正、负方面的条件进行了讨论，并提出了对合理开发利用生物资源的意义。     

生物多样性研究进展与入世后的对策

中国是一个生物多样性十分丰富的国家。生物多样性关系到人类所需要的最基本的生物资源,对维持全人类的生存环境也有十分重要的作用。世界范围的生物多样性正在急剧下降,近两个世纪以来,人类越来越多的活动导致这种情况的发生。本文对中国的生物多样性保护工作提出了一些建议和意见。     

生态系统服务功能、生态价值与可持续发展

生态系统服务功能是指生态系统与生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用。它不仅为人提供了食品、医药及其它生产生活原料,更重要的是维持了人类赖以生存的生命支持系统,维持生命物质的生物地化循环与水文循环,维持生物种与遗传多样性,净化环境,维持大气化学的平衡与稳定。人们逐步认识到,生态服务功能是人类生存与现代文明的基础。近年来生态系统服务功能的研究已了人们的广泛重视,生态学家、经济学家纷纷探讨生态系统服务功能的内涵与定量评价方法,并已成为当前生态与生态经济学研究的前沿课题。本文拟系统地分析生态系统服务功能的研究进展与趋势,生态系统服务功能价值的评佑方法,并探讨生态系统服务功能及其与可持续发展的关系。     

生态恢复重建的基本观点

环境退化不仅是一个生态问题,也是一个经济问题,更是与区域持续发展紧密结合的社会问题。生态恢复重建不能仅仅就环境退化问题而开展生态功能的恢复重建,而不去考虑经济恢复重建和区域脱贫与持续发展问题。本文在生态学理论发展回顾的基础上,阐明了当前生态恢复重建面临的紧迫任务,提出了生态恢复重建的新思路,即以生物多样性为基础,以食物链结构为网络,构建不同层次、不同区域（环境）的生态链。在生态链的基础上构建产业链,使生态链与产业链有机整合,形成持续健康的区域经济发展能力。随后介绍了采用这一思路进行实践的成功案例。     

农业易相发展理论与中国农业现代化

在21世纪即将来临的生物经济时代，生命科学与生物技术将对农业产生广泛而深远的影响。本文在对现代农业进行反思的基础上，通过比较研究与实证分析，研究提出了农业易相发展理论和基于生物经济时代的新型农业体系的概念框架。     

The algorithmic turn in conservation biology: Characterizing progress in ethically-driven sciences

As a discipline distinct from ecology, conservation biology emerged in the 1980s as a rigorous science focused on protecting biodiversity. Two algorithmic breakthroughs in information processing made this possible: place-prioritization algorithms and geographical information systems. They provided defensible, data-driven methods for designing reserves to conserve biodiversity that obviated the need for largely intuitive and highly problematic appeals to ecological theory at the time. But the scientific basis of these achievements and whether they constitute genuine scientific progress has been criticized. We counter by pointing out important inaccuracies about the science and rejecting the apparent theory-first focus. More broadly, the case study reveals significant limitations of the predominant epistemic-semantic conceptions of scientific progress and the considerable merits of pragmatic, practically-oriented accounts.     

川西亚高山针叶林土壤生态过程的研究

土壤生态过程是川西亚高山针叶林生态系统过程研究中最具挑战性的研究领域，也是森林生态系统功能和过程研究中不可或缺的研究重点。土壤生态过程研究将有助于深入了解森林生态系统功能。目前。有关土壤生态过程的研究主要集中在土壤生物对土壤物理、化学和生物过程的影响以及人类活动干扰对土壤生态过程的影响等方面。但迄今为止，有关川西亚高山针叶林土壤生态过程的研究还处于空白。因此，建议在开展川西针叶林生态过程研究时，应加强以下研究领域的工作：土壤生物多样性的功能重要性及其对土壤过程的影响、土壤与植被的互动、土壤生态过程对气候变化的响应、土壤生态过程中土壤酶系统分异以及土壤过程与针叶林生态系统地上过程的关系等。     

森林生态系统健康诊断研究进展及亚高山针叶林健康诊断的思考

本文主要从目标途径、生态系统途径和综合途径三个方面介绍了森林生态系统健康概念及其内涵，并分析了森林生态系统健康的评价指标体系及其标准。一般认为，不同的森林生态系统健康评估要根据具体的社会经济因素、生物物理环境、森林生态系统的自然属性选择合适的指标体系和标准。考虑到亚高山地区面临的主要任务是生物多样性保护和以水土保持为重点的生态功能恢复，因此采用生态系统学派(强调生态功能)为主进行健康诊断更具有实际意义，据此提出了亚高山针叶林健康状况诊断指标及其方案。     

Genetic ecology: A new interdisciplinary science,fundamental for evolution,biodiversity and biosafety evaluations

Genetic ecology is the extension of our modern knowledge in molecular genetics to studies of viability, gene expression and gene movements in natural environments like soils, aquifers and digestive tracts. In such milieux, the horizontal transfer of plasmid-borne genes between phylogenetically distant species has already been found to be much more frequent than had been expected from laboratory experience. For the study of exchanges involving chromosomally-located genes, more has to be learned about the behaviour of transposons in such environments. The results expected from studies in genetic ecology are relevant for considerations of evolution, biodiversity and biosafety. The role of this new field of research in restoring popular confidence in science and in its biotechnological applications is stressed.     

Philosophy,history and sociology of science: Interdisciplinary relations and complex social identities

Sociology and philosophy of science have an uneasy relationship, while the marriage of history and philosophy of science has—on the surface at least—been more successful. I will take a sociological look at the history of the relationships between philosophy and history as well as philosophy and sociology of science. Interdisciplinary relations between these disciplines will be analysed through social identity complexity theory in order to draw out some conclusions on how the disciplines interact and how they might develop. I will use the relationships between the disciplines as a pointer for a more general social theory of interdisciplinarity which will then be used to sound a caution on how interdisciplinary relations between the three disciplines might be managed.     

The theory theory thrice over: the child as scientist, Superscientist or social institution?

Alison Gopnik and Andrew Meltzoff have argued for a view they call the ‘theory theory’: theory change in science and children are similar. While their version of the theory theory has been criticized for depending on a number of disputed claims, we argue that there is a fundamental problem which is much more basic: the theory theory is multiply ambiguous. We show that it might be claiming that a similarity holds between theory change in children and (i) individual scientists, (ii) a rational reconstruction of a Superscientist, or (iii) the scientific community. We argue that (i) is false, (ii) is non-empirical (which is problematic since the theory theory is supposed to be a bold empirical hypothesis), and (iii) is either false or doesn't make enough sense to have a truth-value. We conclude that the theory theory is an interesting failure. Its failure points the way to a full, empirical picture of scientific development, one that marries a concern with the social dynamics of science to a psychological theory of scientific cognition.     

Putting pragmatism to work in the Cold War: Science, technology, and politics in the writings of James B. Conant

This paper examines James Conant’s pragmatic theory of science—a theory that has been neglected by most commentators on the history of 20^th-century philosophy of science—and it argues that this theory occupied an important place in Conant’s strategic thinking about the Cold War. Conant drew upon his wartime science policy work, the history of science, and Quine’s epistemological holism to argue that there is no strict distinction between science and technology, that there is no such thing as “the scientific method,” and that theories are better interpreted as policies rather than creeds. An important consequence that he drew from these arguments is that science is both a thoroughly value-laden, and an intrinsically social, enterprise. These results led him to develop novel proposals for reorganizing scientific and technological research—proposals that he believed could help to win the Cold War. Interestingly, the Cold War had a different impact upon Conant’s thinking than it did upon many other theorists of science in postwar America. Instead of leading him to “the icy slopes of logic,” it led him to develop a socially- and politically-engaged theory that was explicitly in the service of the American Cold War effort.     

Neozoans in european waters — Exemplifying the worldwide process of invasion and species mixing

The loss of biodiversity — the tendency of the world's fauna to become more and more homogeneous —is widely acknowledged as a problem. Biodiversity is threatened by neozoism and acculturation as much as the extinction of species, but these dangers are less well known. Neozoism and acculturation have an effect on two levels; they lead 1) to an equalisation of the faunal regions and their originally different, specially adapted biocenoses, and 2) to a reduction of genetic diversity below the species level. These processes develop very rapidly in the European waters, particularly in the lowland river systems. The present contribution gives a brief review on neozoans in European inland waters.