热解温度对淮南煤热解与CO_2气化特性的影响

采用STA409热综合分析仪研究了不同热解温度(950℃,1200℃和1400℃)下淮南煤的热解特性,同时采用傅里叶红外光谱仪、扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪等对不同热解温度下煤焦的物化特性进行了分析.发现随着热解终温的升高,煤焦表面孔隙增大,总孔体积和孔面积也明显增大;煤焦的碳微晶结构逐渐向有序化方向发展,并最终导致石墨化,化学稳定性增强;同时煤焦内C元素的含量快速增加而H含量逐渐减少,且煤焦内有机官能团的红外吸收也明显减少;煤焦的活化能随碳转化率的增大和热解终温的升高而增大,说明煤焦的CO2气化活性随温度升高而降低.     

不同热解气氛煤焦结构及燃烧反应性

在水平管式炉上制得徐州烟煤在Ar, N2和CO2气氛下热解的煤焦,比较了其在元素组成、挥发分收率、化学组分、微观结构特性和孔分布特性方面的差异,并在热重分析仪上进行了燃烧试验,确定3种煤焦在O2+Ar, O2+N2和O2+CO2气氛下的燃烧动力学特性.结果表明:由于CO2对煤焦的气化作用,CO2气氛下煤热解较Ar或N2气氛下具有更高的挥发分收率;CO2气氛热解焦芳香族和烷基官能团含量均高于其他气氛热解焦,但羟基官能团含量比它们低;CO2气氛热解焦具有更丰富的2～4 nm的小孔结构,比表面积是其他气氛热解焦的100倍左右,比孔容积约为其他气氛焦的1.5倍.燃烧的化学反应动力学分析表明,不同气氛下煤焦燃烧均为一级反应,CO2气氛热解焦具有最小的活化能和指前因子.     

加压热解煤焦的气化反应动力学研究

利用常压和加压热重的方法研究了我国典型煤种加压热解焦的CO_2气化反应特性和反应动力学,并引入分数维收缩核模型探讨反应级数与煤焦的表面结构特性的关系.实验结果表明:不同煤焦的CO_2气化反应速率的大小关系为小龙潭褐煤>神府烟煤坪寨无烟煤>合山贫煤.与常压热解煤焦的气化反应对比发现:加压热解降低了煤焦的反应性(高灰分的合山贫煤除外),加压热解煤焦的气化反应速率的峰位提前,同时起始气化反应速率减小.煤焦CO_2气化反应级数、速率常数与煤焦的表面结构特性及灰分密切相关.理论分析和实验均证明:煤焦比表面积越大,对应的CO_2气化反应级数也越大.     

煤颗粒热解过程中孔隙分形维数变化的数值模拟

为研究煤粉热解过程中孔隙分形维数的变化规律,更好地预测煤焦的燃烧行为,建立了基于颗粒分形孔隙的热解模型,对煤颗粒热解过程中孔隙分形维数的变化进行数值模拟.模型生成的颗粒在孔隙分形维数、孔隙率和颗粒密度方面与真实的煤粉颗粒相同.模型中采用官能团的裂解来描述热解中的化学反应,颗粒的膨胀由气体压力造成,热解模拟条件与沉降炉的实验条件相同.与实验结果相比,数值模拟能够定性地反映煤粉热解过程分形维数的变化规律.     

九龙矿构造煤压力作用下孔隙结构及分形变化特征

为探究邯郸九龙矿构造煤在压力作用下对煤孔隙结构造成产生的影响,选取九龙矿瓦斯突出煤层-山西组2号碎粒煤及碎裂煤为研究对象,对煤样进行加压处理,并利用低温氮吸附仪对加压前后的煤样进行低温氮吸附实验。利用传统低温氮实验数据定性分析和分形理论定量分析的方法,对实验前后煤样孔隙发育规模和结构变化进行对比分析。实验结果显示：压力对煤中的孔隙结构会造成一定的影响,加压后的碎粒煤孔隙结构变化情况较小,碎裂煤孔隙结构变化较为明显。碎粒煤孔容贡献基本不发生变化,碎裂煤孔容贡献度会发生变化,且孔容贡献度占比会更倾向于更小的孔径,表明压力在对煤产生影响时,孔径小的孔径对压力反应比孔径大的孔径反应更明显。碎裂煤和碎粒煤比表面积贡献均为较小的孔径,基本在2~4 nm左右波动,比表面积孔径贡献范围有轻微后移,但幅度不大。碎粒煤和碎裂煤在加压前后,微孔的分形维数高,拟合度均为0.99以上,小孔和中孔的分形维数较高,拟合度均为0.94以上。加压后,碎粒煤的煤样微孔复杂情况具有更简单的趋势,中孔和小孔的复杂情况具有更复杂趋势,但趋势均不明显,而碎裂煤在微孔的孔隙情况有轻微的变简单,在中孔和小孔的孔隙情况有变复杂的趋势,且趋势较为明显。九龙矿2号碎裂煤储层改造可以考虑在本煤层或在顶底板围岩进行水力压裂,而碎粒煤则需要通过水力冲孔出煤卸压或在顶底板围岩进行水力压裂。     

加氢热解煤焦的二氧化碳和水蒸气气化特性

采用热重分析仪研究了云南玉溪煤和新疆准东煤的加氢热解煤焦二氧化碳气化反应性,考察了成焦压力、停留时间及气氛对煤焦气化反应性的影响,并利用均相模型计算了各煤焦的非等温气化动力学参数。采用实验室固定床反应器,研究了上述两种煤加氢热解煤焦的水蒸气气化特性,考察了成焦气氛对煤焦气化速率和气体产物组成的影响。热重气化实验表明,准东煤焦的气化反应性明显好于玉溪煤焦,前者的反应活化能远小于后者的反应活化能;无论哪种煤,加氢热解煤焦的气化反应性随加氢过程碳转化率的增大呈下降趋势;在相近的碳转化率下,加氢热解煤焦的气化反应性明显好于氮气气氛热解所得煤焦。在水蒸气气化的情况下,准东煤焦的气化反应性同样好于玉溪煤焦。总体上准东加氢热解煤焦的产氢率相比氮气气氛热解所得煤焦有所增加,不过对于这两种煤焦,随着气化温度提高,H2与CO的物质的量之比均逐渐接近于热力学平衡所得的计算值。     

天然焦的热解及动力特性

利用X 650型扫描电镜比较徐州沛城天然焦和徐州韩桥烟煤表观形貌,并在Thermax500型加压热重分析仪上采用非定温热分析法研究天然焦的热解特性.利用Coats-Redfern积分法对天然焦的热解过程进行了动力学分析,得出了天然焦在不同升温速率、不同粒径尺寸、不同操作压力下的动力学参数,相关系数绝大部分在0.99以上.试验结果表明:天然焦比煤具有更发达的孔隙结构;随着升温速率的增加,试样热解的TG曲线向高温区偏移,DTG曲线峰值位置也相应地移向高温区,总失重率、热解活化能增幅较小;小粒径试样的热解活化能较低,有利于挥发分的析出;增加操作压力,热解活化能随之增大,但增加幅度逐渐缓慢,热解失重率降低.     

钙对褐煤热解和煤焦水蒸气气化反应性的影响

我国褐煤资源较为丰富,热解和气化是其重要利用途径,在该利用途径中,碱土金属元素会对其产生影响。通过浸渍法往酸洗褐煤上植入了不同含量的钙,利用固定床石英反应器研究了钙对褐煤热解特性和煤焦水蒸气气化反应性的影响。实验结果表明,钙可降低褐煤热解温度,显著提高煤焦的水蒸气气化反应性。利用X射线衍射和N2吸附对气化30min后的煤焦进行了表征,结果表明,所植入的钙在煤焦中主要以CaO形式存在,其在煤焦水蒸气气化过程中可使煤焦的比表面积增加、平均孔径变小、孔分布变窄,从而影响煤焦的气化反应性。     

煤结构对自燃性的影响

松散煤体在一定的外界环境条件下,其自燃性很大程度上受到煤自身化学结构和孔隙结构的影响,可通过分析煤结构来判断其自燃倾向性.通过BET吸附实验与程序升温研究,表明煤样的孔结构与煤样自燃反应性有一定的正相关系.同时,结合红外光谱的研究,得到了实验煤样的分子官能团归属,从煤样化学结构方面对煤自燃性影响因素进行了深入研究.研究结论对给定煤样自燃发火预测预报有重要的理论指导意义.     

宜宾煤中氮的形态及其变迁规律研究

利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)，研究了宜宾煤及其煤焦中氮的官能团结构，分析了氮官能团在热解过程中的迁移。所有煤焦在马弗炉上制取，制焦温度分别为700、900、1100℃。研究结果表明，宜宾煤中氮的官能团有4种，即吡啶(N—6)、吡咯(N—5)、质子化吡啶(N—Q)和氮氧化物(N—X)，其中吡咯含量最大，煤中的N—X就是N—O，是煤中吡啶结构氮与氧直接结合的结果。在700℃热解时，由于煤的脱氧脱氢，吡啶酮和N—O均向吡啶转化，N—Q基本不变。当热解温度升高到1100℃时，N—Q完全分解，残留在煤焦中的氮为吡啶结构，当有氧气存在时被氧化成吡啶酮和N—O。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-