低温工况下燃料电池性能衰减及策略优化

利用极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、循环伏安(CV)及分区测试技术等表征手段,从不同角度对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)在低温(0℃)存储和启动工况下的性能衰减进行研究.结果表明:停机过程无气体吹扫的情况下,冻结/解冻循环导致PEMFC极化阻抗增加,电流密度衰减,催化剂电化学活性面积(ECSA)减少,以及分区电流密度分布均匀性下降,直接影响了PEMFC耐久性;基于优化的二次吹扫策略,可在更少吹扫气体用量下,增强吹扫除水效果;通过水浴加热辅助,在340s内成功实现单电池-30℃低温冷启动.     

质子交换膜燃料电池停机后吹扫仿真

基于单电池内部水相变和传递的机理建立了燃料电池一维吹扫水传递模型,研究了空气同时吹扫阴阳极方法中电池温度、吹扫气体流量对吹扫的影响,并且对比了氢气和氧气分别作为阳极吹扫气体对吹扫效果的影响.仿真结果表明:吹扫初始时刻存在水从阴极到阳极的反扩散现象;电池温度对吹扫的影响程度大于流量对吹扫的影响程度,并且温度越高,膜含水量减少越快;空气吹扫阳极气体既节能又省时.     

燃料电池电堆停机吹扫及低温冷启动性能的试验研究

搭建了燃料电池电堆吹扫及低温冷启动测试系统,研究燃料电池停机吹扫电堆初始温度、吹扫时间、吹扫气体等因素对电堆欧姆阻值的影响,研究不同初始含水量对低温冷启动性能的影响.试验结果表明,初始温度越高,电堆欧姆阻值升高越快;相比于单侧气体吹扫,氢气和空气同时吹扫是燃料电池最优的气体吹扫方式;适当降低质子交换膜燃料电池初始含水量有利于减少启动时间,改善启动性能.     

基于真实孔隙结构的质子交换膜燃料电池氢空吹扫研究

停机吹扫是提高燃料电池低温启动成功率的重要方法,为此建立了质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）二维瞬态模型,重点研究氢空吹扫策略下PEMFC的停机吹扫过程。基于蒙特卡洛算法构建气体扩散层（GDL）真实孔隙结构、PEMFC各个守恒方程、离聚物气相转移相关方程,用于研究不同吹扫气体湿度对吹扫速度、吹扫结束后膜结合水含量的影响,以及GDL真实孔隙结构对停机吹扫阶段GDL内部传质现象的影响规律。研究结果表明：吹扫气体湿度的降低能够有效地促进停机吹扫过程中膜结合水的气相转移,从而使最终水含量降低;真实孔隙结构能够更加真实的解释停机吹扫过程中水气传质规律。     

质子交换膜燃料电池带载吹扫实验研究

通过实验对质子交换膜燃料电池单电池的停机吹扫过程开展研究。基于带载吹扫的方式研究带载电流、吹扫流量、单电池温度对吹扫的影响。研究结果表明：带载吹扫能有效地降低单电池吹扫时的电压，带载电流越大单电池初始电压越低，且随着吹扫时间的增加电池电压持续降低，可有效避免单电池长时间处于高电位。此外，增大吹扫气体流量、提高电池温度均可提高吹扫的速率，且两者对吹扫速率影响较明显。在实验条件下，阳极进气流量0.34 L/min，阴极进气流量1.32 L/min，带载电流密度0.04 A/cm²，能够同时满足吹扫时间较短、氢气消耗量较少和吹扫时电池电压较低的吹扫目标。     

适用于质子交换膜燃料电池的H2中H2S浓度阈值控制研究

利用耐受性曲线、极化曲线、循环伏安等电化学测试手段,分别考察了H2中ψ(H2S)分别为0.25×10-6、0.5×10-6、0.75×10-6、1.0×10-6、1.25×10-6、1.5×10-6以及5.0×10-6时对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)性能的影响.分析PEMFC性能达到相同的下降程度时通入H2S的量与其浓度之间的关系,通过拟合计算,得出H2中ψ(H2S)的合理控制范围为小于等于0.2×10-6.通过比较不同浓度H2S影响下的耐受性曲线,可以看出H2S在Pt表面的吸附具有累积性,即使ψ(H2S)低于0.2×10-6,其长时间的影响也会造成电池性能的下降.因此,如果单从控制H2中H2S浓度的角度来维持电池性能并不理想,还需要定期对电池性能进行恢复.比较了循环伏安法和空气吹扫法对电池性能的影响,这两种方法可分别使电池的性能恢复到初始状态的97%和95%,但是空气吹扫法更易于在车载条件下实现.     

质子交换膜燃料电池启动策略

为了缩短质子交换膜燃料电池启动过程中氢气/空气界面存在的时间并限制电堆启动电压,通过实验研究直接启动、启动前氢气吹扫时间以及启动辅助负载对质子交换膜燃料电池性能影响的差异性,在此基础上提出一种电堆启动时氢气吹扫阳极和启动辅助负载相结合的燃料系统启动控制策略。实验验证了该启动控制策略不仅能限制燃料电池启动时的高电压以及缩短燃料电池启动过程中电堆阳极侧氢气/空气界面的存在时间,还有利于提高单电池的电压均衡性,是一种有效的质子交换膜燃料电池启动控制策略。     

缝隙吹扫对静叶出口二次水滴直径影响的试验研究

在缝隙热气流吹扫条件下,利用Malvern粒度分析仪对空心静叶尾迹区的二次水滴直径及直径分布进行了测量.实验参数如下:进口空气湿度为7.94%,出口气流速度为170 m/s,缝隙宽度为1.0 mm,缝隙角度为45°,吹扫气流温度比主气流温度高50℃,缝隙位置分别位于静叶的内弧和背弧.试验结果表明:缝隙吹扫可以使静叶尾迹区的二次水滴的最小直径和最大直径都有所减小,Sauter平均直径减小33.4%,且水滴直径分布范围变窄;吹扫压差越大,二次水滴的直径就越小,直径分布也越窄,有利于减轻或防止动叶的水蚀;静叶背弧上缝隙吹扫的去水效果优于内弧上缝隙吹扫的去水效果.     

操作参数对PEMFC性能的影响

通过实验研究三通道蛇形非对称流场的质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)运行温度、气体加湿温度、空气流量、H2流量以及燃料电池工作压力等操作参数对PEMFC性能的影响。结果表明:燃料电池温度保持在333～343K,加湿温度与电池温度相同时,电池性能达到最佳状态;质子交换膜燃料电池中O2的还原反应是影响整个燃料电池放电性能的一个关键因素;工作压力为2.026×105Pa左右时电池的性能最佳。     

1 kW自呼吸PEMFC堆控制因素试验

自呼吸质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)阴极侧湿度和温度耦合严重,且空气流量对湿度和温度影响不同,从而使得对电池输出电压的控制变得复杂.以氢气压力和提供阴极空气流量的风扇转速为影响因素,对相应的工作点集进行了正交试验研究.分析结果表明,风扇转速高于极值电压转速时,空气会带走更多的水分,从而使得质子交换膜逐渐干燥,阻抗增大,电池性能衰减;风扇转速低于极值电压转速时,空气流量带走的热量减少,使得阴极表面温度升高,阴极端相对湿度迅速减低,从而导致质子交换膜迅速干燥,电池性能衰减迅速.因此,每个工作点存在一个使电池电压最高的风扇转速值.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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