The effect of water on the electrical conductivity of olivine

It is well known that water (as a source of hydrogen) affects the physical and chemical properties of minerals--for example, plastic deformation and melting temperature--and accordingly plays an important role in the dynamics and geochemical evolution of the Earth. Estimating the water content of the Earth's mantle by direct sampling provides only a limited data set from shallow regions (<200 km depth). Geophysical observations such as electrical conductivity are considered to be sensitive to water content, but there has been no experimental study to determine the effect of water on the electrical conductivity of olivine, the most abundant mineral in the Earth's mantle. Here we report a laboratory study of the dependence of the electrical conductivity of olivine aggregates on water content at high temperature and pressure. The electrical conductivity of synthetic polycrystalline olivine was determined from a.c. impedance measurements at a pressure of 4 GPa for a temperature range of 873-1,273 K for water contents of 0.01-0.08 wt%. The results show that the electrical conductivity is strongly dependent on water content but depends only modestly on temperature. The water content dependence of conductivity is best explained by a model in which electrical conduction is due to the motion of free protons. A comparison of the laboratory data with geophysical observations suggests that the typical oceanic asthenosphere contains approximately 10(-2) wt% water, whereas the water content in the continental upper mantle is less than approximately 10(-3) wt%.     

The electrical conductivity of H_2O at 0.21-4.18 GPa and 20 -350℃

The electrical conductivity of H2O in solid and liquid phases has been measured at 0.21-4.18 GPa and 20-350℃. The results indicate: ( i ) different phases of H2O in solid have different relations between electrical conductivity and temperature and pressure. The conductivity changes continuously with temperature, but discontinuously with the pressure between 2.11 and 2.58 GPa, which corresponds to the transforming pressure between ice (Ⅵ) and ice ( Ⅶ ) ; ( ii ) the con-ductivity of H2O in liquid all increases with temperature and pressure, but there are discontinuities at pressures between 0.57 and 0.9 GPa, and between 2.11 and 2.58 GPa, which are also consistent with the polymorph of ice (ice ( Ⅴ), ice (Ⅵ) and ice ( Ⅶ ) ) . This reflects that H2O in liquid at different pressures has quite different properties of electron chemistry. It is prob-ably the important reason that causes the layers with high electrical conductivity and low velocity in the earth's crust and upper mantle.     

Hydrous olivine unable to account for conductivity anomaly at the top of the asthenosphere

The oceanic asthenosphere is observed to have high electrical conductivity, which is highly anisotropic in some locations. In the directions parallel and normal to the plate motion, the conductivity is of the order of 10(-1) and 10(-2) S m(-1), respectively, which cannot be explained by the conductivity of anhydrous olivine. But because hydrogen can be incorporated in olivine at mantle pressures, this observation has been attributed to olivine hydration, which might cause anisotropically high conductivity by proton migration. To examine this hypothesis, here we report the effect of water on electrical conductivity and its anisotropy for hydrogen-doped and undoped olivine at 500-1,500 K and 3 GPa. The hydrous olivine has much higher conductivity and lower activation energy than anhydrous olivine in the investigated temperature range. Nevertheless, extrapolation of the experimental results suggests that conductivity of hydrous olivine at the top of the asthenosphere should be nearly isotropic and only of the order of 10(-2) S m(-1). Our data indicate that the hydration of olivine cannot account for the geophysical observations, which instead may be explained by the presence of partial melt elongated in the direction of plate motion.     

ZrO_2－Tb_2O_（3．5）－Y_2O_3氧化物体系的混合导电性和氧渗透

以电化学方法研究了ＺｒＯ２－Ｔｂ２Ｏ３．５－Ｙ２Ｏ３复合氧化物体系的混合电导和氧渗透性，并从固体缺陷化学的角度进行了讨论．结果表明，在所研究的组成范围内（Ｔｂ含量高达５０ｍｏｌ％），试样皆为面心立方萤石结构，其晶格常数随Ｔｂ含量增多而线性增大．Ｔｂ元素的变价及其随温度和组成的依赖关系决定了体系的混合电导性质．Ｔｂ含量的增多导致电子电导的增大，而Ｙ的掺入对其电性质的改善不明显．氧渗透性决定于材料电子电导和离子电导的综合作用，氧渗透通量较ＺｒＯ２－Ｙ２Ｏ３体系提高了１～２个量级．氧渗透过程机制遵循氧离子和电子空穴通过材料膜的体扩散为控制步骤这一模型．     

CuX-Cu_2O-P_2O_5和AgX-Ag_2O-P_2O_5系统玻璃的形成范围、结构和电导性

从玻璃形成区、离子电导性、激活能和红外光谱方面比较了CuX-Cu_2O-P_2O_5和AgX-Ag_2O-P_2O_5(X=I、Br、Cl)系统的性质。发现两者的形成范围均为Cu_2O(Ag_2O)/P_2O_5<3;玻璃网络基本相似;电导率随温度的升高和CuX(AgX)含量的增加而增大,有一个极值在形成区内(或在形成区的边界上)。在各组分含量相同时,Cu~+离子玻璃的T_2比Ag~+离子玻璃的高。在银快离子玻璃系统中,当用Cu~+置代Ag~+时,玻璃具有相似的特征。     

Experimental study on electrical conductivity of dunite at high temperature and pressure

The electrical conductivities of the dunite from the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau were measured with the impedance spectra method at 1.0-4.0 GPa and 643-1093 K. The experimental results indicated that activation enthalpies of the dunite are smaller than 0.9 eV, the conduction mechanism in dunite may be attributed to the mixed electrical conduction involving grain interiors and boundaries. On the basis of the results of this experiment, we can deduce that there exists cold mantle in the area of Gaize-Lugu in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau by reverse methods from the magnetotelluric sounding data (conductivity-depths profile) available for western Tibet. The result provides the present cold mantle viewpoint with strong proof on the basis of high temperature and pressure experiments.     

The strength of Mg(0.9)Fe(0.1)SiO3 perovskite at high pressure and temperature

The Earth's lower mantle consists mainly of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite and (Mg,Fe)O magnesiowüstite, with the perovskite taking up at least 70 per cent of the total volume. Although the rheology of olivine, the dominant upper-mantle mineral, has been extensively studied, knowledge about the rheological behaviour of perovskite is limited. Seismological studies indicate that slabs of subducting oceanic lithosphere are often deflected horizontally at the perovskite-forming depth, and changes in the Earth's shape and gravity field during glacial rebound indicate that viscosity increases in the lower part of the mantle. The rheological properties of the perovskite may be important in governing these phenomena. But (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite is not stable at high temperatures under ambient pressure, and therefore mechanical tests on (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite are difficult. Most rheological studies of perovskite have been performed on analogous materials, and the experimental data on (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite are limited to strength measurements at room temperature in a diamond-anvil cell and microhardness tests at ambient conditions. Here we report results of strength and stress relaxation measurements of (Mg(0.9)Fe(0.1))SiO3 perovskite at high pressure and temperature. Compared with the transition-zone mineral ringwoodite at the same pressure and temperature, we found that perovskite is weaker at room temperature, which is consistent with a previous diamond-anvil-cell experiment, but that perovskite is stronger than ringwoodite at high temperature.     

烧结温度对高速压制制备弥散强化铜材料导电率的影响

弥散强化铜材料具有高强度和高导电性的特性,孔洞是影响导电率的重要因素.本文采用高速压制成形技术,对Al2 O3质量分数为0.9%的弥散强化铜粉压制成形,研究了压制速度对生坯的影响.当压制速度为9.4 m·s-1时得到密度为8.46 g·cm-3的生坯.研究了烧结温度对烧结所得Al2 O3弥散强化铜试样导电率的影响.当生坯密度相同时,烧结温度越高,所得试样的导电率也越高.断口与金相分析表明：烧结温度为950℃时,烧结不充分,颗粒边界以及孔洞多而明显,孔洞形状不规则;烧结温度为1080℃时,颗粒边界消失,孔洞圆化,韧窝出现,烧结坯的电导率为71.3%IACS.     

The electrical conductivity of H2O at 0.21– 4.18 GPa and 20–350°C

The electrical conductivity of H₂O in solid and liquid phases has been measured at 0.21–4.18 GPa and 20–350°C. The results indicate: (I) different phases of H₂O in solid have different relations between electrical conductivity and temperature and pressure. The conductivity changes continuously with temperature, but discontinuously with the pressure between 2.11 and 2.58 GPa, which corresponds to the transforming pressure between ice (VI) and ice (VII);(II) the amductivity of H₂O in liquid all increases with temperature and pressure, but there are discontinuities at pressures between 0.57 and 0.9 GPa, and between 2.11 and 2.58 GPa, which are also consistent with the polyrnorph of ice (ice (V), ice (VI) and ice (VII)). This reflects that H₂O in liquid at different pressures has quite different properties of electron chemistry. It is probably the important reason that causes the layers with high electrical conductivity and low velocity in the earth’s ceust and upper mantle.     

AgI的高压电学性质

利用在金刚石对顶砧上集成的微电路, 高压原位测量了AgI的电导率, 实验观察电导率随压力的变化规律, 并在不同压力下, 测量了岩盐相结构AgI的电导率随温度(293~443 K)的变化关系, 实验结果表明, ln(σT)与10³T^-1近似呈线性关系. 计算了传导离子浓度和Frenkel缺陷扩散的激活能, 并测量了KOH型结构AgI的电导率与温度和压力间的关系, 得到压力高于20 GPa时的能隙与压力关系.      

高磁导率Mn -Zn铁氧体的磁性能依赖性研究

介绍利用化学共沉淀法制备高磁导率 (μi=6 0 0 0 - 10 5 0 0 )Mn -Zn铁氧体材料过程 ;通过在配方中控制ZnO的含量和在不同的平衡氧分压气氛中进行缓慢冷却 ,研究所制备的高磁导率Mn -Zn铁氧体的磁性能差异 ,并借助多元复合Mn -Zn铁氧体的固溶体模型和平衡氧分压理论分析 ,表明存在对磁性能的影响起关键作用的最佳Fe2 +和Fe3O4的含量 ;同时还分析了ZnO含量对Bs、Tc、Hc的影响和当ZnO >2 7mol%时的配方中 ,μi 急剧下降的原因     

掺杂对高磁导率MnZn铁氧体磁特性的影响

研究了CaCO3和Bi2O3掺杂及烧结气氛对高磁导率MnZn铁氧体磁特性及微观结构的影响．研究结果表明,由于CaCO3存在于晶界,合适的CaCO3掺入量会使晶界明显,晶粒均匀,起始磁导率增加．同时由于Ca^2 与Si^4 共同形成高电阻的晶界层,能够改善材料的起始磁导率的频率特性．由于Bi2O3在烧结过程中分布在晶界,掺入Bi2O3促进了晶粒生长．为了减小烧结样品内部和外部氧含量的差别,必须通过控制烧结气氛,保证Zn^2 尽可能少挥发,同时防止Fe和Mn离子变价,从而避免起始磁导率下降．     

纳米Fe3O4/PANI复合体系的微波电磁特性研究

用原位化学反应生成法制备了纳米Fe3O4/PANI复合材料,研究了样品在2~18 GHz范围的微波电磁特性与吸收性能以及复合材料组分对电导率、密度的影响.结果表明,Fe3O4颗粒尺寸约12.7 nm,Fe3O4在复合体系中的质量分数为35%左右时,电导率最大,密度相对较低,微波吸收率最高,吸收峰值为-21 dB,-10 dB频宽大于4 GHz,样品同时具有电损耗和磁损耗.可见,通过优化设计,纳米Fe3O4/PANI复合体系可以成为一种性能优良的微波吸收材料.     

Li1+2x+yAlxEuyTi2-x-ySixP3-xO12系统锂快离子导体

Li1+2x +yAlxEuyTi2 -x -ySixP3 -xO12 锂快离子导体可用精选的天然高岭石Al4 [Si4 O10 ](OH) 8为原料 ,与Li2 CO3,TiO2 ,NH4 H2 PO4 ,Eu2 O3 高温 (80 0～ 10 0 0℃ )固相反应约 2 0h而制得 .在 y =0 .5 ,x≤ 0 .3 ;x =0 .2 ,y≤ 0 .3的原始组成范围内 ,可以形成一个空间群为R3C的固熔体相 .它们具有较好的离子电导率和较小的离子导电活化能 .当x =0 .2 ,y =0 .1,t=40 0℃时 ,其电导率达 9.98mS·cm-1,其活化能为 34.0kJ.mol-1.     

双掺杂钙钛矿型复合氧化物La_(0.7)Sr_(0.3)Co_(1-x)M_xO_3的电性能研究

以开发新型激光器阴极材料和固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料为目的 ,合成一系列钙钛矿型复合氧化物 La0 .7Sr0 .3 Co1- x Mx O3 ( M:过渡族金属元素 ) ,并对 Co位掺杂过渡族元素后样品的高温电阻率和热电动势进行研究 ,发现 Co位掺杂不同元素显著影响材料的电导率和导电类型 ,并对其相应的物理机制进行探讨 .     

烧结矿应用于化学链燃烧的反应特性

本文通过热重实验研究了烧结矿作为载氧体的H2还原反应特性,将其与通过溶解法制备的Fe2 O3/Al2 O3载氧体进行了氧化还原反应性比较,在500~1250℃范围内研究了温度对于烧结矿还原反应过程的影响,在950℃下进行了30次循环反应实验,采用四种模型进行了反应动力学分析.结果表明,烧结矿的H2还原转化率大于80%,可以完全再氧化,并具有良好的循环反应性能.在500~950℃范围内,随温度升高还原反应速率及最终转化率都显著增加;而当温度高于1100℃时,在反应后期还原反应速率和最终转化率有下降的趋势.在500~950℃范围内,对烧结矿的还原过程第一反应阶段( Fe2 O3-Fe3 O4/FeO,还原转化率<25%)可采用二阶反应模型( M2)拟合,得到表观活化能为E=36.018 kJ·mol-1,指前因子为A0=1.053×10-2 s-1;第二反应阶段(Fe3O4/FeO-Fe,还原转化率>25%)采用收缩核模型(M4)拟合,得到的表观活化能为E=51.176 kJ·mol-1,指前因子为A0=1.066×10-2 s-1.     

Fe(2/3)xNi1-xSO4-P2O5/γ-Al2O3的催化性能研究

通过Fe(2 / 3)xNi1-xSO4-P2 O5 /γ -Al2 O3催化剂对 1 -丁烯齐聚反应的催化性能研究 ,考察了催化剂Fe对 (Fe +Ni)的原子分率、焙烧温度、活性组分担载量等催化性能的影响 .结果表明 :Fe0 .5 3Ni0 .2 1SO4复合盐以P2 O5 为助剂的Fe/(Fe+Ni)值为 0 72 ,其担载量为 2 .36mmol/gγ -Al2 O3时催化剂活性最高 .催化剂的最佳活化条件为 4 50℃下非还原气流中活化 4h .     

Ba0．5Sr0．5Co0．2Fe0．8O3—δ阴极材料制备与性能表征

采用凝胶浇注法（gelcasting）合成了中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料Ba0.5Sr0．5Co0．2Fe0．8O3-δ粉体。对BSCF粉末和烧结体的性能进行了测试分析。结果表明,制备的试样为单一钙钛矿相,其颗粒尺寸均匀,BSCF阴极材料的电导率随测试温度的升高而降低,其中Ba0．5Sr0．5Co0.2Fe0．8O3-δ在500℃电导率为25．4S／cm。Ba0.5Sr0．5Co0.2Fe0．8O3-δ与SDC的界面阻抗在800℃为0．20Ωm2。     

分散第二相SiO_2材料对Na_2Mo(0.1) S_(0.9)O_4离子导电性的影响

本文对分散第二相SiO_2材料掺入A_2BX_4型Na~+离子导体(Na_2Mo_(0.1)S(0.9)O_4的离子导电性进行了研究,结果表明,SiO-2含量为4m/o时电导率出现极大(σ=2.14×10~(-4)Ω~(-1)cm~(-1),在315℃时),同时给出了绝缘第二相材料能够提高母体电导率的原因。     

Effect of La and Co-doping on microstructure and electrical properties of Bi FeO_3 thin films

Adding both La3＋and Co3＋was used to tune the microstructure and electrical properties of Bi Fe O3（BFO） thin films, and Bi1-xLaxFe0.90Co0.10O3 thin films were grown on the Sr Ru O3-buffered Pt-coated silicon substrates by a radio frequency sputtering. A polycrystalline structure with（110） orientation was shown in thin films, and their resistivity dramatically increases as the La3＋content increases. Their dielectric constant increases,and dielectric loss decreases with increasing La3＋content.In addition, their ferroelectric and fatigue properties were enhanced with rising La3＋content. The thin films with x = 0.03 have optimum electrical properties（e.g., remanent polarization 2Pr＊ 175.6 l C/cm2, coercive field2Ec＊ 699.5 k V/mm, dielectric constant er＊ 257 and tan d ＊ 0.038）, together with a good fatigue behavior. The impendence analysis of the films was conducted to identify the defects type during conductivity, and both hopping electrons and single-charged oxygen vacancies are mainly responsible for the conduction of grain and grain boundaries regardless of La3＋content. As a result, the doping with both La3＋and Co3＋benefits the improvement in the electrical properties of BFO thin films.