外源基因在转基因动物乳腺中的特异性表达研究

动物基因工程研究最大的突破就是转基因动物研究的进展,自八十年代初第一批转基因小鼠问世以来,转基因动物的研究已从方法学研究步入了应用性研究阶段,转基因动物除作为研究工具广泛应用于发育生物学、免疫学、遗传学以及医学等生命科学领域外,外源基因在转基因动物的特异性表达,尤其是在乳腺的表达,又可将转基因用作生物反应器进行了生物活性蛋白的生产而于商业生产,在转基因动物乳腺的特异性表达研究中,寻找乳蛋白基因调控     

Selective activation of human beta-but not gamma-globin gene in human fibroblast x mouse erythroleukaemia cell hybrids.

The human alpha- and beta-globin genes have been activated in MEL X human fibroblast cell hybrids. However, even though the human gamma- and beta-globin genes are closely linked and were shown in these hybrid clones to be present in approximately equal numbers, no human gamma-globin mRNA was produced. Thus, the human beta- and gamma-globin genes in these cells are differentially regulated apparently by a positive regulatory factor(s) specific for individual globin genes.     

Specific expression of a foreign beta-globin gene in erythroid cells of transgenic mice

The globin gene family represents an attractive system for the study of gene regulation during mammalian development, as its expression is subject to both tissue-specific and temporal regulation. While many aspects of globin gene structure and expression have been described extensively, relatively little is known about the cis-acting DNA sequences involved in the developmental regulation of globin gene expression. To begin to experimentally define these regulatory sequences, we have taken the approach of introducing cloned globin genes into the mouse germ line and examining their expression in the resulting transgenic animals. Here we describe a series of transgenic mice carrying a hybrid mouse/human adult beta-globin gene, several of which express the gene exclusively or predominantly in erythroid tissues. These studies demonstrate that regulatory sequences closely linked to the beta-globin gene are sufficient to specify a correct pattern of tissue-specific expression in a developing mouse, when the gene is integrated at a subset of foreign chromosomal positions.     

Synthesis of rabbit beta-globin in cultured monkey kidney cells following infection with a SV40 beta-globin recombinant genome.

Rabbit beta-globin complementary DNA (cDNA) has been inserted into SV40 DNA in place of the gene coding for the virus' major capsid protein, VP1. The recombinant genome, SVGT5-RabetaG, multiplies efficiently in CV1 monkey kidney cell cultures and is transcribed to yield cytoplasmic, polyadenylated hybrid mRNAs containing the beta-globin coding sequence. Cells propagating SVGT5-RabetaG produce substantial quantities of rabbit beta-globin polypeptide.     

Signal sequence mutations disrupt feedback between secretion of an exported protein and its synthesis in E. coli

Recent studies in a eukaryotic system indicate that a block in secretion can lead to a block in the translation of secretory proteins. This feedback on protein synthesis is thought to be a result of an interaction of the signal recognition particle with the signal sequences of nascent proteins. Genetic studies in the prokaryote Escherichia coli suggest that a complex secretion machinery and a similar feedback mechanism exist. In addition, mutations affecting two genes, secA and secC, thought to encode components of the bacterial secretion machinery, selectively interfere with the synthesis of exported proteins. This selective interference with translation may be a result of recognition by the secretion machinery of signal sequences. If so, alteration of the signal sequence of a particular protein by mutation should eliminate the block in synthesis for that protein. We show here that signal sequence mutants for an exported protein, maltose binding protein, prevent the block in synthesis of this protein in a secA mutant.     

罗氏沼虾原肌球蛋白基因的克隆表达及变应原性鉴定

通过NCBI查找到罗氏沼虾原肌球蛋白的mRNA,根据其CDS区域设计特异引物,通过反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)克隆出目的基因片段,测序后将该片段克隆到原核表达载体 pET-28a 上,转化到 E. coli BL21(DE3)和E. coli Rosatta后,经异丙基-B-D-硫代乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达,用Ni2+亲和层析柱对重组变应原进行纯化.采用免疫印迹检测其与对虾过敏患者血清的 IgE 结合活性.对罗氏沼虾变应原进行了表达、鉴定及纯化,成功地获得了具有变应原活性的重组罗氏沼虾原肌球蛋白,为罗氏沼虾过敏性疾病的诊断、治疗奠定了基础.     

The E. coli ffh gene is necessary for viability and efficient protein export.

Homologues of the gene encoding the 54K (M(r) 54,000) subunit of the mammalian signal recognition particle have been identified in different organisms. The Escherichia coli homologue, termed ffh (for fifty-four homologue), specifies a protein (Ffh) that shares many properties with its eukaryotic counterpart, including association with mammalian 7S RNA and the ability to bind signal sequences specifically. Ffh also associates with E. coli 4.5S RNA, showing that it can form a ribonucleoprotein complex in prokaryotes. These results are intriguing because extensive genetic and biochemical characterization of E. coli failed to identify a signal recognition particle-like mechanism for protein export. Here we address this issue directly by construction of a strain in which ffh expression is arabinose-dependent. Results of depletion experiments indicate that Ffh is important in protein translocation.     

Isolation, sequence determination and expression in Escherichia coli of the isopenicillin N synthetase gene from Cephalosporium acremonium

The enzyme isopenicillin N synthetase (IPS) catalyses the oxidative condensation of delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (LLD-ACV) to isopenicillin N, which is a central reaction in the pathway to clinically important penicillins and cephalosporins. Here we report the cloning, characterization and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding the IPS protein in Cephalosporium acremonium. The IPS gene was identified by purifying IPS protein, determining the first 23 amino-terminal amino acids, preparing a set of synthetic oligonucleotides encoding a portion of the determined amino-acid sequence, and probing a cosmid genome library with the mixed oligonucleotides. A cosmid hybridizing with the probe was isolated and the IPS gene was localized and sequenced. The IPS gene encodes a polypeptide of relative molecular mass (Mr) 38,416. When this open reading frame was cloned into an E. coli expression vector and inserted into E. coli, the recombinant E. coli produced a new protein co-migrating with authentic IPS as the major protein of the cell (approximately 20% of cell protein). Crude cell extracts condensed LLD-ACV to a penicillinase-sensitive molecule whose antibacterial activity indicated that it was isopenicillin N.     

一种高效、稳定的分泌型原核表达载体的构建及应用

以本室构建的原核表达载体pTO-T7为基础载体，PCR合成ompT引导序列，插入该载体多克隆位点上游，构建了分泌型原核表达载体pTO-OT．将2个外源基因克隆至pTO-OT，2个重组质粒在大肠杆菌中均得以高效表达．表达产量在25％～34％之间．Western blot分析证实了融合蛋白可被大肠杆菌信号肽酶有效地切割。并具有良好的免疫学活性．对重组表达菌株的连续传代实验证实了该表达载体具有良好的表达稳定性，显示了其在基因工程中的应用价值．     

Developmental regulation of a cloned adult beta-globin gene in transgenic mice

At different stages of mammalian development, distinct embryonic, fetal and adult haemoglobins are synthesized in erythroid cells, a process termed haemoglobin switching. The cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling haemoglobin switching have been intensively studied, but remain poorly understood. To study the developmental regulation of globin gene expression, we have produced transgenic mice in which cloned globin genes are present in erythroid cells throughout development. Recently, we reported that adult mice in several transgenic lines carrying a hybrid mouse/human adult beta-globin gene, expressed the gene in a correct tissue-specific manner. This finding raised the question of whether an exogenous globin gene could also be subject to appropriate stage-specific regulation. We report here that the hybrid beta-globin gene, like the endogenous adult beta-globin genes, is inactive in yolk sac-derived embryonic erythroid cells and is expressed for the first time in fetal liver erythroid cells. Our results indicate that a stage-specific pattern of expression can be conferred by cis-acting regulatory elements closely linked to an adult beta-globin gene. They also suggest that the embryonic and adult beta-globin genes in the mouse are activated (or repressed) by distinct trans-acting regulatory factors present in embryonic, fetal and adult erythroid cells.     

Independent evolution of structural and coding regions in a Neurospora mitochondrial intron

The discovery of intervening sequences (introns) in eukaryotic genes has raised questions about the origin and evolution of these sequences. Hypotheses concerning these topics usually consider the intron as a unit that could be lost or gained over time, or as a region within which recombination can occur to facilitate the production of new proteins by exon shuffling. Additional complexities are observed in introns of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes which contain secondary structures required for messenger RNA splicing and open-reading frames encoding proteins. Here we describe differences in the organization of protein-coding sequences in the intron of the mitochondrial ND1 gene in two closely related species of Neurospora. These differences show that intron sequences involved in secondary structure formation and in protein coding can evolve as physically distinct elements. Indeed, the secondary structure elements of the ND1 intron can contain two different coding sequences located at two different positions within the intron.     

利用RIG质粒在大肠杆菌中有效表达转录因子类蛋白

 大肠杆菌是常用的基因工程蛋白表达系统宿主菌,而密码子偏倚性常常成为某些异种蛋白质在大肠杆菌中成功表达的障碍.利用含有编码多种稀有tRNA的重组质粒RIG,一个含有大量稀有密码子的人类线粒体转录终止因子样蛋白成功地在大肠杆菌中得到表达.证明使用RIG质粒是克服大肠杆菌密码子偏倚性的有效手段.     

拟南芥AtERF1蛋白的原核可溶性表达及多克隆抗体的制备

转录因子AtERF1属于ERF/AP2家族的B3亚家族,参与植物的防卫反应.根据密码子简并原理,用基因全合成的方法合成了满足大肠杆菌密码子嗜好的编码拟南芥AtERF1蛋白的碱基序列,并将其克隆到原核表达载体pET-29b.将表达载体AtERF1-pET-29b转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),用IPTG成功诱导表达了分子量约30kD的AtERF1蛋白,该蛋白主要以可溶性蛋白的形式存在.以该蛋白为抗原免疫家兔,制备出的多克隆抗体经免疫双扩散测定效价达1∶16,Western blot检测表明该抗血清与AtERF1蛋白识别良好.AtERF1抗体的制备为进一步从生化水平上研究AtERF1的功能奠定了良好基础.     

Alternative pre-mRNA splicing and proteome expansion in metazoans

The protein coding sequences of most eukaryotic messenger RNA precursors (pre-mRNAs) are interrupted by non-coding sequences called introns. Pre-mRNA splicing is the process by which introns are removed and the protein coding elements assembled into mature mRNAs. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing selectively joins different protein coding elements to form mRNAs that encode proteins with distinct functions, and is therefore an important source of protein diversity. The elaboration of this mechanism may have had a significant role in the expansion of metazoan proteomes during evolution.     

Increased gamma-globin expression in a nondeletion HPFH mediated by an erythroid-specific DNA-binding factor

In man, a shift from gamma- to beta-globin gene expression in erythroblasts underlies a switch from fetal to adult haemoglobin during development. In hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH), inappropriately high gamma-globin expression in adult life is associated with deletions in the beta-globin cluster or with single-base changes upstream of the gamma-globin genes. To account for enhanced gamma-gene expression in HPFH of the non-deletion type, we tested the nuclear proteins of human erythroleukaemia cells that bind gamma-promoter sequences in vitro by correlating specific mutations in their binding sites with promoter activity. An erythroid-specific factor (GF-1) binds as a single molecule to the -195 to -170 region and contacts two TATCT(AGATA) motifs, but not the conserved octamer (ATGCAAAT) that separates them. We observe that a single change (at -175, T----C) found in HPFH leads to increased promoter activity only in erythroid cells. This effect is mediated by GF-1, the human counterpart of the chicken erythroid factor Eryf 1. The form of HPFH we studied here is an inherited disorder which can be ascribed to the action of a cell-specific DNA-binding factor on a mutant promoter.     

大肠杆菌高效表达载体pSY621的构建

基因在大肠杆菌中的表达往往受转录起始区的二级结构所影响,通过改变原有载体ｐＳＹ６００的ＴＩＲ区域的序列,来改造出一个能高效表达的载体ｐＳＹ６２１。在表达载体上接入ＡＮＧ（Ａｎｇｉｏｇｅｎｉｎ）,ＮＴ４（Ｎｅｕｒｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ－４）基因,由ＰＣＧＥＮＥ软件来计算二级结构和自由能,设计修改片段,产生新载体ｐＳＹ６２１。通过表达ＡＮＧ,ＮＴ４,ｐＺＰ３（ｐｉｇ ｚｏｎａ ｐｅｌｌｕｃｉｄａ）基因来检测     

人和小鼠白细胞介素-5重组蛋白疫苗的提取

利用PCR技术从含有人和小鼠IL-5基因的质粒pORF9-hIL-5和pORF9-mIL-5质粒中扩增出人和小鼠IL-5基因序列,然后利用基因工程技术将人和小鼠IL-5基因序列分别插入原核表达质粒pQE30,获得人和小鼠IL-5重组表达质粒pQE-hIL-5和pQE-mIL-5.用酶切和DNA序列测定方法证实pQE-hIL-5和pQE-mIL-5正确后,转化感受态大肠杆菌JM109.用IPTG诱导表达重组蛋白,表达产物经Ni-NTA亲合层析进行分离纯化,最后用SDS-PAGE和免疫印迹法进行鉴定.结果表明:琼脂糖凝胶电泳发现PCR扩增的人和小鼠IL-5基因序列相对分子质量大小和预期值一致,酶切pQE-hIL-5和pQE-mIL-5片段和预期值相符,DNA序列测定插入的人和小鼠IL-5 PCR产物基因序列和阅读框架正确无误.重组蛋白质在大肠杆菌中获得稳定表达,表达的重组蛋白相对分子质量与预期值相一致,纯化的蛋白浓度达93%以上,抗组氨酸抗体可特异性识别hIL-5和mIL-5重组蛋白.     

T gamma protein is expressed on murine fetal thymocytes as a disulphide-linked heterodimer

During the search for genes coding for the mouse alpha and beta subunits of the antigen-specific receptor of mouse T cells we encountered a third gene, subsequently designated gamma. This gene has many properties in common with the alpha and beta genes, somatic assembly from gene segments that resemble the gene segments for immunoglobulin variable (V), joining (J) and constant (C) regions; rearrangement and expression in T cells and not in B cells; low but distinct sequence homology to immunoglobulin V, J and C regions; other sequences that are reminiscent of the transmembrane and intracytoplasmic regions of integral membrane proteins; and a cysteine residue at the position expected for a disulphide bond linking two subunits of a dimeric membrane protein. Despite these similarities the gamma gene also shows some interesting unique features. These include a relatively limited repertoire of the germ-line gene segments, more pronounced expression at the RNA level in immature T cells such as fetal thymocytes and an apparent absence of in-frame RNA in some functional, alpha beta heterodimer-bearing T cells or cultured T clones and hybridomas. To understand the function of the putative gamma protein it is essential to define the cell population that expresses this protein. To this end we produced a fusion protein composed of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase and the gamma-chain (hereafter referred to a beta-gal-gamma) using the phage expression vector lambda gt11 and raised rabbit antisera against the gamma determinants. Using the purified anti-gamma antibody we detected a polypeptide chain of relative molecular mass 35,000 (Mr 35K) on the surface of 16-day old fetal thymocytes. The gamma-chain is linked by a disulphide bridge to another component of 45K. No such heterodimer was detected on the surface of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone 2C from which an in-phase gamma cDNA clone was originally isolated.