Simulation of dynamic recrystallization for an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy using cellular automaton

A cellular automata (CA) model has been developed to predict and control the microstructure evolution during hot deformation on 7085 aluminum alloy. The initial microstructure and thermal-mechanical parameters were used as the input data of the CA model. To link microstructure evolution with macroscopic flow stress, dislocation density was set as an important internal state variable. The hot deformation behavior of 7085 aluminum alloy was studied by isothermal compression tests under a deformation temperature range of 623–723 K and a strain rate range of 0.001-1s^?1 up to true strains of 0.53–1.20. Electron backscattered diffraction technique and the CA model were utilized to systematically investigate the effects of strain, strain rate and deformation temperature on the microstructure evolution, and further to predict the average grain diameter and the recrystallization fraction after deformation. The simulated results were validated by the experimental data to demonstrate the feasibility and predictability of the CA model.     

Mechanical behavior and microstructure evolution for extruded AZ31 sheet under side direction strain

AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets were prepared by a conventional extrusion (CE) and a novel integrated extrusion with side direction strain (SE). The microstructure characterizations, crystallographic texture and mechanical property tests were carried out and compared between the extruded Mg alloy sheets processed by CE and SE. The results indicated that the SE sheets exhibited an excellent combination of strength and ductility. To reveal the side strain effect, the finite element model was employed to investigate the effective stress and strain behavior of the AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets during CE and SE processes. It was found that the SE process was effective in weakening the stress and strain concentration. This implied that it developed an additional side direction strain through the sheet thickness during the hot extrusion. Meanwhile, the side strain shear paths could promote the local accumulation of dynamically recrystallized grains and increase the random high-angle boundaries to achieve weak (0002) basal texture. Important factors including the side strain path and extrusion parameters need to be taken into account to understand the deformation mechanism and microstructure evolution.     

取向硅钢薄带形变再结晶组织及织构演变

利用背散射电子衍射微织构分析技术及X射线衍射织构分析技术,结合对取向硅钢薄带再结晶各阶段退火板磁性能的分析,系统研究了其形变再结晶过程中的组织及织构演变。结果表明,薄带内原始高斯晶粒取向发生绕TD轴向{111}<112>的转变,同时晶粒取向还表现出绕RD轴的附加转动,这种附加转动及其导致的表层微弱立方形变组织可为再结晶立方织构的形成提供核心。退火各阶段样品磁性能的变化对应了{110}-{100}<001>有益织构及其他织构的强弱转变以及再结晶晶粒不均匀程度的变化,综合织构类型及晶粒尺寸的变化推断发生了二次及三次再结晶过程。升温过程再结晶织构演变主要体现了织构诱发机制,也即与基体存在绕<001>轴取向关系的晶粒长大优势结合高斯织构的抑制效应发挥作用;而在高温长时间保温后三次再结晶过程,{110}低表面能诱发异常长大发挥主要作用使得最终得到锋锐的高斯织构。     

5052铝合金轧制织构演变的定量分析

采用X射线衍射仪研究了5052铝合金在冷轧过程中织构的演变规律,建立了织构体积分数与轧制真应变的数学关系式。结果表明,在冷轧过程中初始的cube织构逐渐转化为纤维轧制织构,随冷轧压下量的增加,cube、r-cube、remainder和r-Goss组分的体积分数减少,而纤维组分的体积分数增加;织构体积分数与轧制真应变的数学关系式能很好地模拟铝合金轧制过程中织构的演变;分析了轧制过程中不同织构组分的演变速率,发现随轧制真应变的增加,纤维组分的形成速率先增加而后降低。     

基于位错演化理论的等径角挤压纳米微晶材料数值分析

研究材料微观组织的演化对应力、应变以及应变硬化等问题的影响,是实现等径角挤压成形技术的关键.以纯铝为例,基于位错演化模型,利用有限元分析方法对纯铝的等径角挤压变形行为进行了数值仿真,分析了挤压过程中材料应力、应变以及应变硬化的演化趋势及分布规律.结果表明:随着挤压道次增加,纯铝中等效应力逐渐增加,这导致材料中位错密度的增加;随着位错密度的增加,主应变最大值随后续挤压道次的增加呈增大趋势.因此,考虑等径角挤压过程中的位错演化等材料微观组织演化规律,对材料的实际挤压成形有指导作用.     

热模拟平面应变条件下的热轧织构研究

以微合金钢为材料,采用光学显微镜和EBSD,研究热模拟平面应变实验条件下再结晶奥氏体和变形奥氏体的织构演变.研究发现,在热模拟平面应变实验的压缩过程中,试样的两个自由端限制了变形区金属的宽向流动,达到了很好的平面应变状态.对于再结晶奥氏体相变工艺,由于相变前奥氏体发生再结晶,无畸变保留,奥氏体分解为仿晶界铁素体、贝氏体和少量的珠光体,织构为{100}011α;对于变形奥氏体相变工艺,未再结晶区的变形促进了铁素体相变,使奥氏体分解为铁素体和珠光体组织,织构为{332}113α和{113}110α.此两种工艺条件下的织构,皆为平面应变条件下的奥氏体相变织构,即热模拟平面应变实验可以达到很好的平面应变状态,可用于研究热轧过程的织构演变.     

织构对NiTi合金相变伪弹性的影响及其计算机模拟

近等原子比热轧态NiTi合金板材有较显著的择优取向,使该合金的相变伪弹性呈现明显的各向异性.拉伸实验表明拉伸轴沿与轧向成45°夹角的方向,相变伪弹性最好;沿轧向,次之;沿横向,最差.文中对NiTi织构进行了取向分布函数定量分析,并改进了NiTi单晶相变应变的晶格变形矩阵理论,以取向分布密度为加权因子,对该合金多晶的相变伪弹性进行了计算机模拟,所得结果与实测值吻合得较好.     

地壳演化和变形的非线性动力学:1模型和数值模拟方法

综合考虑多因素和多过程间的耦合与反馈作用,建立了地壳演化与变形的综合的非线性动力学模型.通过建立岩石结构动力学将变形与岩性耦合起来;采用递增应力流变学方法将弹性、塑性、断裂变形结合并与流体和化学耦合起来.采用有限元和改进的Lagrangian方法求解动力学方程组,编写了模拟程序.应用该模型和程序可对不同尺度区域的地壳演化和变形的动力学过程进行1-3维数值模拟,并可应用于很多相关领域的研究.     

微量元素对高纯铝箔立方织构的影响

采用晶体取向分布函数(ODF)研究和分析了在高纯铝中分别加入不同含量的微量稀土或铍对成品高纯铝箔立方织构的影响．研究结果表明添加微量稀土和铍,能改变高纯铝箔变形织构组分含量,单独加稀土时,形变织构变化不大;在单独加铍时,其S取向{123}<634>和Cu取向{112}<111>变化较大,随铍含量增加,其S取向密度f(g)减少,Bs{110}<112>取向密度增加．再结晶退火后,随稀土加入量增加,立方织构{100}<001>取向密度增加,R织构{124}<211>取向密度减少;铍添加较少时能增加成品箔材中立方织构{100}<001>强度,但随铍含量增加,立方织构含量急剧减少,R织构强度相应增加．稀土和铍在铝中溶解度都极小,与铁等微量杂质元素可能形成化合物析出后,能净化基体,减小铁对形成立方织构的阻碍作用,促进再结晶立方取向核心的形成与长大,增加立方织构比例．     

锻造方式对 Ti--6Al--4V 合金组织及取向分布的影响

在快锻液压机上对 Ti-6Al-4V 合金进行了锻造变形,采用扫描电镜、背散射电子衍射技术以及 X 射线衍射技术研究了不同锻造方式下合金组织及晶粒取向的变化规律。在单向镦拔和换向镦拔两种不同锻造方式下,难变形区、小变形区及大变形区中α相及β相的分布差别不大,组织均匀性基本一致,两种变形方式下锻坯不同区域的应变稍有差别。进一步对不同变形区域形变织构的定量分析可知：在应变较小的边缘区域,变形主要以{0001}基面滑移为主,形成基面织构;在应变较大的内部区域,织构明显转向{112     

工业纯钛板材冷轧及退火微观组织和织构演变规律

采用先进电子背散射衍射（EBSD）技术,深入研究了冷轧工艺变化和道次间退火处理对工业纯钛板材微观组织和织构演变的影响规律。通过对比不同一次冷轧变形量样品经退火和二次冷轧加工后的EBSD取向分布图、取向差角分布图和极图得知,一次冷轧产生的孪晶对退火再结晶晶粒尺寸及晶粒取向（织构）产生重要的影响,进而又影响二次冷轧的变形组织和织构特征,使二次冷轧变形孪晶的生成受到一定程度的抑制,孪晶分数随着轧制变形量的提高呈现先升高后降低的规律,同时会降低二次冷轧组织中{0001}基面织构组分。     

Crystallographic texture and earing behavior analysis for different second cold reductions of double-reduction tinplate

Since the production of tinplate with non-earing properties is difficult, especially when it is produced via the double-reduction process, the optimal degree of second cold reduction is particularly important for achieving desirable drawing properties. The evolution of texture and the earing propensity of double-reduction tinplate with different extents of second reduction were investigated in this study. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the changes in the microstructure at various extents of reduction. Two common testing methods, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction, were used to investigate the texture of the specimens, which revealed the effects of deformation percentage on the final texture development and the change in the grain boundary. The earing rate was determined via earing tests involving measurement of the height of any ear. The results obtained from both XRD analyses and earing tests revealed the same ideal value for the second cold reduction on the basis of the relationship between crystallographic texture and the degree of earing.     

闭孔泡沫铝压缩力学性能的实验和三维有限元模拟

基于X射线电子计算机断层扫描技术,建立了反映闭孔泡沫铝真实结构的三维有限元模型.对闭孔泡沫铝准静态和动态压缩力学性能进行了实验和数值模拟,分析了闭孔泡沫铝的变形特性及力学性能,验证了模型的可靠性.结果表明,准静态压缩下,试件主要沿加载轴45°方向产生塑性变形.压缩速率为低速时,其变形模式与准静态相同.闭孔泡沫铝试件截面上结构薄弱处首先出现应力集中,材料达到塑性屈服.在高速压缩下,试件加载端首先达到塑性屈服.比较闭孔泡沫铝不同应变率下的屈服强度,动态压缩下的屈服强度远高于准静态压缩下的.应变率280~700 s-1下,其屈服强度变化不明显,应变率继续升高至2 000 s-1,屈服强度略微提高.      

6005A与6082铝合金热变形流变行为

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对6005A和6082铝合金进行高温等温压缩试验,研究了在变形温度为450-550℃和应变速率为0．005-10s^-1条件下两种铝合金的热变形流变行为．6005A铝合金在低应变速率条件下,不同变形温度时的流变曲线均呈现波浪形特征,随着应变速率的增加,硬化和软化接近平衡,表现为稳态流变特征;在高应变速率条件下,硬化过程占据主导地位,回复和硬化过程的竞争使流变曲线呈现波浪形上升的趋势．6082铝合金在低应变速率情况下,不同变形温度时的流变曲线未出现周期性波动;在中等应变速率条件下也表现为稳态流变特征;在高应变速率条件下出现波浪形特征．两种铝合金均为正应变速率敏感材料,其热变形是受热激活控制．最后给出了铝合金热变形条件下流变应力、应变速率和变形温度三者之间的关系式．     

闭孔泡沫铝应变率效应的试验和有限元分析

通过对具有不同孔隙率的闭孔泡沫铝在不同应变率下的动态压缩试验和数值模拟,研究了泡沫铝的应变率敏感性.结果表明:在准静态(0.001s-1)至2500s-1的应变率范围内,具有相同孔隙率的泡沫铝的静、动态单轴压缩变形模式相似,而具有不同孔隙率的泡沫铝的压缩变形模式则存在差异,高孔隙率和低孔隙率泡沫铝的应变率敏感性明显不同;基体材料的应变率敏感性决定了泡沫铝的应变率敏感性;微惯性、波效应和孔内气体压力对泡沫铝的平台应力不产生明显影响.     

Analysis of surface orange peel of aluminum alloy automobile sheet by using of EBSD and X ray diffraction

The formation cause of orange peel of aluminum-alloy automotive sheet after tensile deformation was analysed by using X-ray diffraction and electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD).The test results showed that formation cause of surface orange peel after tensile deformation related to product texture and nonuniform deformation during the tensile process.The grain size has significant effect on deformation uniform and texture formation.Coarse grains were easy to produce nonuniform deformation and texture,which would produce surface orange peel after tensile deformation.     

Microstructure and texture evolution in commercial-purity Zr 702 during cold rolling and annealing

Microstructure and texture evolution in commercial-purity Zr 702 during cold rolling and annealing was investigated by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that crystallographic slip was the predominant deformation mechanism in the early stage of deformation. Deformation twins started to form when the rolling reduction was larger than 38.9%; both the dislocation density and the number of twins increased with increasing rolling reduction. The initial texture of the Zr 702 plate consisted of the basal fiber component. During cold rolling the strength of the basal fiber first decreased and then increased with increasing rolling reduction. The cold-rolled sheets were fully recrystallized after being annealed at 550°C. The recrystallization temperature and the size of recrystallized grains decreased with increasing rolling reduction. A larger rolling reduction resulted in a higher grain growth rate when the annealing temperature increased from 550°C to 700°C. The recrystallization texture was characterized by a major basal fiber and a minor {0113}<2110> component. The strength of the recrystallization texture increased with increasing rolling reduction.     

高硅电工钢超薄带冷轧过程中的织构演变

采用轧制工艺制备了0.10 mm厚的6.5%Si高硅电工钢超薄带,并用X射线衍射技术对冷轧过程中的形变织构演变规律进行了研究,进而提出了分别有利于λ(100//ND,ND为轧面法线方向)和η(100//RD,RD为轧向)再结晶织构优化的形变织构控制方法.研究表明,50%~70%压下率有利于η再结晶织构优化,易于促进S=0.5层强η再结晶织构的形成.小于30%压下率和91%~97%压下率均有利于λ再结晶织构优化,其中30%的压下率更适合于二次冷轧法制备高硅钢超薄带时λ再结晶织构控制.     

渗流-应力-流变耦合作用下破碎带砂岩渗透演化规律试验研究

膝状挠曲破碎带是一些水电站坝基的主要工程地质问题。破碎带岩性为完整性较差的软弱砂岩,直接关系到坝基的变形和稳定。基于破碎带砂岩组织结构疏松、含水率较高、物理力学性能较差等特点,对渗流-应力耦合作用下流变过程中的岩石渗透特性进行测试。分析应力-应变过程中的渗透规律,研究流变过程中渗透系数演化规律,探讨渗透性演化破坏机制。得到轴向、环向和体积变形对渗透系数的影响及围压和孔隙压力对渗透特性的影响规律。结果表明:初始加载导致渗透系数快速减小,并随着非线性变形增加降低程度逐步趋缓;且环向变形比轴向变形更能灵敏地反映渗透系数演化规律;岩样非均质性引起孔隙度略有不同,加载作用导致渗透系数随时间变化存在部分波动,但整体呈线性降低;稳态流变阶段渗透系数恢复至平缓下降,说明波动对渗透系数的整体演化无显著影响,且围压增加导致渗透系数降低。     

铝合金PLC效应与声发射特性的实验研究

考虑退火温度和应变率对6063铝合金力学性能的影响,采用材料试验机和声发射测试系统对铝合金PLC效应和声发射特性开展实验研究,获得了不同应变率下材料的应力-应变曲线和不同退火温度下声发射参数的变化规律.结果表明,2×10-3,2×10-4,2×10-5s-1应变率加载时,6063铝合金的应力应变曲线表现出明显的PLC现象,降低加载应变率,PLC现象增强,并出现了从A型到C型的转化;加载应变率为2×10-4s-1时,PLC效应的临界应变随退火温度的升高而降低;由于细观结构上可动位错密度的增加,屈服阶段试件中产生的声发射振铃计数急剧增加,达到峰值;进入到塑性强化阶段,声发射活动减弱;弹性变形阶段和塑性强化阶段产生突发型信号,而屈服阶段为连续型信号,与试件的均匀变形以及剪切变形带的形成与传播相关.