γ射线对胚芽米蛋白结构、乳化特性和食用品质的影响

为延缓胚芽米品质衰变,研究了γ射线预处理对胚芽米储藏后蛋白质结构、乳化特性和食用品质的影响。对鲜胚芽米进行1、2、3kGy吸收剂量的γ射线预处理,并在37℃和60%相对湿度的储藏环境中保存3个月,以鲜胚芽米和未经γ射线预处理的胚芽米为对照,探讨γ射线预处理对胚芽米保鲜的加工适用性。实验结果表明:经过储藏后,胚芽米蛋白组分呈现聚集趋势,且胚芽米的蒸煮特性、质构特性均显著下降;随着γ射线预处理剂量的升高,胚芽米蛋白的浊度、β1折叠、无序结构和二硫键含量呈现先降低后升高的趋势,疏水性下降且在2kGy时无明显聚集的骨架结构,乳化活性和乳化稳定性均呈现先升高后降低趋势;感官评价和质构特性测定结果表明,胚芽米食用品质呈现先升高后下降的趋势。研究结果表明,适当剂量的γ射线预处理能够调节胚芽米在储藏期间的蛋白质结构、乳化特性,改善其食用品质。研究结果旨在为将辐射技术应用于胚芽米产品保鲜提供理论参考。     

不同碾磨程度下重庆优质籼稻渝香203品质分析

为探究重庆优质籼稻在碾磨过程中品质的变化规律,以渝香203为原料,通过调节碾米机档位制得不同碾磨程度的米样,分析不同碾磨程度对大米的水分、碾减率、色泽、蒸煮品质、糊化特性、质构特性及感官评价的影响.结果表明：随着碾磨程度的提高,大米的水分质量分数呈下降趋势;大米的碾减率、白色度值显著增加;大米的各食用品质指标不断改善.与籼米相比,当碾米机档位调至2档时,碾减率由0增至14.90%,白色度值从55.24增至65.77,蒸煮品质、糊化特性、质构特性及感官评价显著提升;当碾米机档位调至6档时,碾减率增至18.32%,白色度值增至68.70,大米米饭的感官评分与后面档位差异无统计学意义;当碾米机档位调至10档时,碾减率继续增至25.27%,白色度值持续增至69.79,大米的蒸煮品质、糊化特性、质构特性平缓变化,感官评价总分平缓增至67.5分.由此可以看出,过度的加工不会进一步改善大米的食用品质.     

大米蛋白水解条件的响应面法优化

运用响应面法优化大米蛋白酶法水解条件,提高大米蛋白水解度和提取率。本研究首先应用单因素实验法分析酶添加量、温度、pH值以及酶解时间对大米蛋白水解的影响;然后在单因素实验基础上,进一步采用Box-Behnken法进行实验设计,考察上述4个因素对大米蛋白水解度和蛋白质提取率的影响。研究结果表明最佳酶解条件为温度62℃,酶添加量2.5%,pH值8.2,酶解时间10.5h,此时大米蛋白的水解度可达到41.5%,蛋白质提取率可达93.1%。研究成果可为酶解制备可溶性大米蛋白肽的工业化应用提供参考。     

藜麦营养组分与加工品质的相关性分析

为探究藜麦的营养组分含量对其加工品质特性的影响,本研究选择主要营养组分含量存在较大差异的10份藜麦为实验材料,对其总淀粉、直链淀粉、总蛋白质、清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和粗脂肪的含量进行测定,分析藜麦粉的糊化特性,并对藜麦饭的质构特性和感官品质进行分析评价,相关性分析结果表明:多种营养组分含量对藜麦加工品质特性均...     

稻米营养品质研究综述

综述了国内外稻米营养品质的评价指标及测定方法；稻米蛋白质的组成、组分；稻米蛋白质的含量及遗传变异；稻米蛋白质含量与其他品质性状的相关性；高蛋白质育种等方面的研究情况及最新动态．     

不同甜玉米品系籽粒的感官品质及主要TPA特性

为了探讨甜玉米食用的品质特征,测试了6个不同甜玉米品系籽粒外观品质、感官品质及TPA物性特征值。结果 表明：6个甜玉米品系籽粒在外观品质、质构特性、感观品质等方面均存在差异,其中领袖甜1号感官评价得分最高为90.18分,且鲜籽粒内聚性和咀嚼性最大,蒸煮品质中的粘力、弹性、弹性指数等表现突出;但同一品系的甜玉米新鲜籽粒和蒸煮品质存在明显差异;相关性分析表明6个新鲜甜玉米品系籽粒粘力与弹性指数呈现显著负相关,蒸煮品质中的弹性指数与弹性呈现显著正相关;主成分分析得出粘力是决定甜玉米籽粒品质的第一主成分。     

不同品种豌豆营养成分分析比较

豌豆营养成分含量和组成因其品种及基因类型不同有所差异,本文选取CV4、CV9、CV19、CV33、BD1、Hyogo、Alaska 7个豌豆品种分析其营养成分,旨在揭示不同品种豌豆的营养品质及用途,为其加工生产利用提供理论依据。结果表明:7种豌豆的蛋白质含量在20.61%~36.37%之间,总灰分含量在2.81%~4.28%之间,粗脂肪含量在3.26%~4.25%之间,CV4品种的蛋白质和总灰分含量最高,分别为36.37%和4.28%,适合作为优质畜牧饲料或用于豌豆蛋白的加工生产;CV9品种豌豆的粗纤维含量最高,为9.43%,最适宜作食用纤维的添加剂。     

一种基于酵母3',5'-二磷酸核苷酸酶的蛋白亲和层析纯化体系

<正>蛋白质是生命活动的主要承担者。蛋白质的结构和功能的研究在后基因组时代尤为重要。为深入分析蛋白质的结构和功能,研究者们需要分离纯化大量不同的蛋白质。亲和层析具有高选择性、高活性回收率和高纯度等特点已成为纯化蛋白质等生物大分子最有效的技术之一。目前,常用的亲和层析标签有多聚组氨酸、谷胱甘肽转硫酶、麦芽糖结合蛋白等,但不同的标签各有其优缺点。例如:研究发现如果表达的蛋白表面有几个接近的组氨酸,此蛋白可能结合Ni-NTA介质,最终和目的蛋白一同洗脱下     

热处理对乳蛋白质的影响

牛乳中的蛋白质是人体吸收和利用的营养物质之一,对乳制品的品质有着重要影响。牛乳的热处理是乳品工业中不可缺少的一个环节,其目的在于抑制牛乳中微生物的繁殖,延长产品的货架期并提高产品质量,但加热处理会对牛乳中的乳清蛋白、酪蛋白的内部作用力、酪蛋白各单体、酪蛋白胶束、乳蛋白之间的相互作用,蛋白质氨基酸组分以及美拉德反应等产生不同影响,促使乳中蛋白质的一些物化性质发生变化,造成牛乳营养成分的损失,甚至产生有害的新物质。通过对牛乳热处理过程中蛋白质的变化进行详细论述,以期对乳制品的生产提供一定的参考。     

水稻品质及性状研究

近年来,稻米品质日益受到世界各国重视,特别是在水稻生产和消费的主要地区——亚太地区,生产和消费的稻米占世界90％,中国是世界上最大的稻米生产国和消费国,故在选育高产品种中,提高稻米品质已古相当重要的地位。但目前对水稻品种“优质”评价不一。品质包括范围很广,如市场品质、碾米品质、蒸煮品质、食用品质等。一般来说,国际市场要求米粒形状、胚乳外观及食用品质。由于实验条件所限,我们全要对几个杂交品种进行了米粒外观性状的初步探讨,对蛋白质、粗脂肪含量、蒸煮品质作了测定,以鉴别各品种间的差异、优劣,从而为育种工作提供优良材料,选出优良品种。     

Review and prospect of transgenic rice research

Rice is one of the most important crops as the staple food for more than half of the world＇s population. Rice improvement has achieved remarkable success in the past half-century, with the yield doubled in most parts of the world and even tripled in certain regions, which has contributed greatly to food security globally. Rapid population growth and economic development pose a constantly increased food requirement. However, rice yield has been hovering in the past decade, which is mainly caused by the absence of novel breeding technologies, reduction of genetic diversity of rice cultivars, and serious yield loss due to increasingly severe occurrences of insects, diseases, and abiotic stresses. To address these challenges, Chinese scientists proposed a novel rice breeding goal of developing Green Super Rice to improve rice varieties and realize the sustainable development of agriculture, by focusing on the following 5 classes of traits： insect and disease resistance, drought-tolerance, nutrient-use effi- ciency, quality and yield potential. As a modern breeding approach, transgenic strategy will play an important role in realizing the goal of Green Super Rice. Presently, many transgenic studies of rice have been conducted, and most of target traits are consistent with the goal of Green Super Rice. In this paper, we firstly review technical advances of rice transformation, and then outline the main progress in transgenic rice research with respect to the most important traits： insect and disease-resistance, drought-tolerance, nutrient-use efficiency, quality, yield potential and herbicide-tolerance. The prospects of developing transgenic rice are also discussed.     

The map-based sequence of the rice genome

Rice, one of the world's most important food plants, has important syntenic relationships with the other cereal species and is a model plant for the grasses. Here we present a map-based, finished quality sequence that covers 95% of the 389 Mb genome, including virtually all of the euchromatin and two complete centromeres. A total of 37,544 non-transposable-element-related protein-coding genes were identified, of which 71% had a putative homologue in Arabidopsis. In a reciprocal analysis, 90% of the Arabidopsis proteins had a putative homologue in the predicted rice proteome. Twenty-nine per cent of the 37,544 predicted genes appear in clustered gene families. The number and classes of transposable elements found in the rice genome are consistent with the expansion of syntenic regions in the maize and sorghum genomes. We find evidence for widespread and recurrent gene transfer from the organelles to the nuclear chromosomes. The map-based sequence has proven useful for the identification of genes underlying agronomic traits. The additional single-nucleotide polymorphisms and simple sequence repeats identified in our study should accelerate improvements in rice production.     

The genome sequence and structure of rice chromosome 1

The rice species Oryza sativa is considered to be a model plant because of its small genome size, extensive genetic map, relative ease of transformation and synteny with other cereal crops. Here we report the essentially complete sequence of chromosome 1, the longest chromosome in the rice genome. We summarize characteristics of the chromosome structure and the biological insight gained from the sequence. The analysis of 43.3 megabases (Mb) of non-overlapping sequence reveals 6,756 protein coding genes, of which 3,161 show homology to proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana, another model plant. About 30% (2,073) of the genes have been functionally categorized. Rice chromosome 1 is (G + C)-rich, especially in its coding regions, and is characterized by several gene families that are dispersed or arranged in tandem repeats. Comparison with a draft sequence indicates the importance of a high-quality finished sequence.     

稻壳、稻壳灰在建筑上的应用

阐述稻壳、稻壳灰的组成及其在建筑材料上的应用。稻壳不经预处理可制轻混凝土；稻壳经过焙烧得到的稻壳灰，含ＳｉＯ２９５％左右，与硅灰的化学成分，物化性能，结构相近，适合作高性能混凝土（ＨＰＣ）的细掺合料，在建筑上用作稻壳灰水泥及稻壳灰水泥混凝土。认为稻壳灰是一种节能，高效，持续发展的，有潜在经济效益，社会效益，环保效率的建筑材料。开展以稻壳灰为主的多种超细材料的复合规律研究，具有重要的现实意义。     

A Review of Rice Starch-Related Genes

Rice is an important food crop grown in more than 100 countries, and is of particular significance for the Asian people. Obtaining rice cultivars characterized by high yield and outstanding quality has always been the desire of rice breeders and scientists. Starch is the principal source of human energy from plant foods. The starch in rice consists of mainly amylose, amylopectin and resistant starch(RS). Amylose and amylopectin are forms of starch that are easily digested in the small intestine, and play an important role in defining the quality of rice. RS is a new form of dietary fiber not easily degraded into glucose in the small intestine which effectively reduces postprandial blood glucose concentration, so it has a significant effect on the nutritional quality of rice. This paper discusses the current gene function research of these three starches in rice, analyzes the effects of some abiotic stress on rice starch content and structure, and explores the relationship between them in order to provide a theoretical reference for the cultivation of new high-quality, high-RS content rice varieties.     

基于InDel分子标记的20个水稻品种的籼粳属性分析

水稻品种的籼粳属性分析是培育高产优质杂交水稻亲本选择的重要依据之一。本研究以93-11与日本晴分别为籼粳稻参考标准,利用均匀分布于水稻基因组12条染色体并具有较高籼粳特异性的37对In Del分子标记,对20份水稻育种材料进行In Del标记的籼粳属性分析。结果表明:所选取的20份水稻材料中,有8份为典型籼稻,3份为典型粳稻,4份为偏籼类型,另有5份为偏粳类型。NTsys聚类分析结果显示,在遗传相似系数为0.43处,20份水稻材料被分为两大类群;在遗传相似数为0.70处,所有水稻材料则被分为4个类群。     

Control of tillering in rice

Tillering in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important agronomic trait for grain production, and also a model system for the study of branching in monocotyledonous plants. Rice tiller is a specialized grain-bearing branch that is formed on the unelongated basal internode and grows independently of the mother stem (culm) by means of its own adventitious roots. Rice tillering occurs in a two-stage process: the formation of an axillary bud at each leaf axil and its subsequent outgrowth. Although the morphology and histology and some mutants of rice tillering have been well described, the molecular mechanism of rice tillering remains to be elucidated. Here we report the isolation and characterization of MONOCULM 1 (MOC1), a gene that is important in the control of rice tillering. The moc1 mutant plants have only a main culm without any tillers owing to a defect in the formation of tiller buds. MOC1 encodes a putative GRAS family nuclear protein that is expressed mainly in the axillary buds and functions to initiate axillary buds and to promote their outgrowth.     

水稻S5-ORF3蛋白质的进化分析

生殖隔离在形成新物种和物种同一性的保持中有重要作用,因而在水稻优化育种中有重要的意义。S5位点是一个已克隆的控制水稻生殖隔离的基因,它产生的S5-ORF3,ORF4和ORF5蛋白质共同调控着indica-japonica杂交后代的育性,特别是S5-ORF3蛋白质在打破水稻亚种indica-japonica之间的生殖隔离与促进物种间的基因交流中发挥重要作用。针对S5-ORF3的进化分析对于研究它的功能和起源很重要,但目前尚无报道。本文基于序列和进化分析,提出S5-ORF3为一种定位在内质网中的新的HSP70家族蛋白,但缺乏HSP70的C端的多肽结合结构域,推测S5-ORF3可能通过影响alpha-淀粉酶的合成来作用于内质网压力;找到了ORF3的19条同源蛋白,并用极大似然算法构建了可靠的进化树,发现水稻的S5-ORF3与节节麦的luminal-binding蛋白进化关系最为密切;作了置信度100%的S5-ORF3蛋白质的三维结构预测,预测了居中的配体绑定位点;发现了水稻的S5-ORF3与其他HSP70蛋白相比独特的基序,为进一步研究S5-ORF3的作用机理和演化历史提供了线索和数据支持。     

扬州地区水稻病虫害和温、湿度关系的调查报告

水稻作为扬州最重要的粮食作物之一,年种植面积达20万hm2以上。但近年来,生物灾害越来越严重地影响到扬州水稻的产出。而这些灾害很大程度上与气候变化有关。本文分析了1988年以来扬州地区的与水稻病虫害密切相关的季节的温、湿度变化特点,着重讨论了温、湿度对螟害、纹枯病的影响。     

水稻的起源与驯化——来自基因组学的证据

 水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物, 约1 万年前开始被驯化。由于水稻与其祖先野生种存在一定的遗传分化, 水稻的起源和驯化问题长期存在争议。本文综述了水稻起源和驯化方面的研究成果, 特别是近年来基因组学方面的证据, 认为水稻2 个亚种独立起源于野生祖先种内很早就分化的不同类群, 但一些驯化基因--控制重要农艺性状的基因, 可能首先在一个亚种中被驯化, 然后通过基因渐渗, 扩散到另一个亚种中。因此, 水稻驯化的关键是研究驯化基因的起源和扩散方式。随着大规模基因组测序技术的发展和相应数据分析方法的建立, 在全基因组水平对水稻及其祖先进行大规模分析, 已成为揭示水稻起源与驯化之谜的必由之路。