纯铝双晶中倾侧晶界和扭转晶界的内耗

利用强迫振动模式,在多功能内耗仪上测量含<111>转轴的倾侧晶界和扭转晶界的纯铝双晶内耗,并从晶界结构的角度加以解释,采用耦合模型对晶界弛豫机制进行分析.结果表明：扭转晶界和倾侧晶界的内耗弛豫参数差别明显;当倾侧晶界和扭转晶界的取向差接近于60°时,不出现晶界内耗峰,表明共格和非共格取向差接近于60°的特殊晶界具有较高的力学稳定性.     

奥氏体变形及冷却速率对低碳贝氏体组织中大角晶界分布的影响

使用电子背散射衍射技术研究了低C高Mn高Nb成分设计下,非再结晶奥氏体变形及加速冷却速率对低碳贝氏体组织取向差特征和大角晶界分布的影响.结果表明,与原奥氏体晶粒内部的相变组织相比,原奥氏体晶界附近具有更高的大角晶界密度,非再结晶区奥氏体变形及快速冷却都有利于提高共格相变的驱动力、弱化变体选择以及有效增加大角晶界密度.此外,非再结晶区的大变形除了可充分压扁奥氏体晶粒和增加单位面积的奥氏体晶界密度外,还导致奥氏体晶界上细小的非共格转变铁素体晶粒生成,且这些铁素体晶粒与相邻组织表现出大取向差.     

晶界内耗峰在高温形变中的变化

研究晶界内耗峰在3种高温形变模式下(静态蠕变、循环蠕变、循环扭转)的变化,以研究晶界在高温形变过程中的行为和作用.     

回火温度对Q960钢小角度晶界的影响

设计了一种低合金高强度的Q960工程机械用钢.在同种成分、同种轧制和淬火工艺下,研究回火温度对Q960钢小角度晶界的影响机理.经分析得出,随着回火温度的升高,小角度晶界的频率逐渐降低且实验钢的抗拉强度和屈服强度也相应地降低,而屈强比逐渐升高.不同回火温度下小角度晶界频率的峰值均出现在取向差5°附近,即取向差较小.取向差小使得小角度晶界比较稳定,原子迁移率小.通过计算键级积分(BOI)得出,B元素对Q960钢的小角度晶界有加强作用.     

轧制变形量对高纯铝三叉晶界、晶界形变及退火行为的影响

采用电子背散射衍射(electron backscattered diffraction,EBSD)技术研究了不同变形量高纯铝试样的变形行为和退火后三叉晶界及晶界的迁移行为.研究结果表明,冷轧变形后三叉晶界附近的点对原点的取向差与泰勒因子及施密特因子有很好的一致性.具有较大施密特因子或者较小泰勒因子的晶粒的取向差较大,并且随着变形量的增大取向差的最大值也增大.Kernel平均取向差(Kernel average misorientation,KAM)图表明塑性变形时,三叉晶界和晶界处应变集中.对于冷轧变形量为17%的三叉晶界,施密特因子最大的晶粒内部滑移带终止于晶内,主要原因是相邻晶粒变形时为了相互协调,晶界附近的晶粒间发生了较大偏转,出现了晶界影响区外;对于变形量为35%的三叉晶界,除了出现晶界影响区外,在施密特因子最大的晶粒内三叉结附近出现了折痕.随后试样经过第一次400?C退火15 min,三叉晶界及其相关晶界发生了迁移,并且晶界在原来的位置留下了鬼线.晶界都是由施密特因子较小的晶粒向施密特因子较大的晶粒迁移,也就是由硬取向的晶粒向软取向的晶粒迁移,并且迁移后晶界变得更弯曲,晶界的迁移距离比三叉结的大,说明在此温度下退火后,三叉结对晶界的迁移有拖曳作用.三叉晶界及其晶界的迁移量随着变形量的增大而增大,这是因为变形量大、储能高,给三叉晶界及晶界提供的驱动力也大.最后试样经过第二次400℃退火17 min,为了降低第一次退火后残留的应变能,晶界又进一步迁移.     

Nb,C(污染W)及湿氢处理对Fe晶界内耗的影响

研究了湿氢处理前、后的Fe及其加Nb,C的合金晶界内耗。发现Nb,C(及污染带入合金内的W)等使晶界蜂明显减低;合金中Nb,C量越高,晶界峰越低。Nb,C也使晶界峰温度大大升高和弛豫激活能显著变大。湿氢处理强烈降低(甚至消除)实验合金的晶界峰,使峰温度大幅度提高。对结果进行了讨论。     

稀土含量对TRIP/TWIP钢晶粒及晶界特征的影响

利用XRD和EBSD分析稀土含量对TRIP/TWIP高锰钢相组成、晶粒及晶界特征的影响。结果表明,试验钢变形前组织以γ奥氏体为主,还有部分ε马氏体,经过塑性变形后,组织中还观察到少量α马氏体;随着稀土含量的增加,奥氏体转变为马氏体的量有所增加,表明稀土元素促进了试验钢的TRIP效应。此外,稀土元素的添加细化了试验钢中奥氏体晶粒,减少了小角度晶界数量而增加了大角度晶界数量,尤其是取向差为60°左右的大角度晶界;同时,稀土元素的添加也促进了低Σ值重位点阵(CSL)晶界特别是Σ3晶界的形成。     

Al－Zr合金中的竹节晶界峰

用低频倒摆测量了Ａｌ－０．０７３％Ｚｒ（质量分数）合金的高温内耗，实验中观察到两种类型的内耗峰，即传统的晶界峰和竹节峰．对竹节峰进行了系统的实验研究，当竹节晶粒与细晶粒共存时，竹节峰的峰温为６９０Ｋ（ｆ＿ｐ＝０．２９Ｈｚ），相应的激活能为３．２０ｅＶ；在完整的竹节结构的试样中，竹节峰的峰温为６３５Ｋ，相应的激活能为２．７４ｅＶ．结合晶界内第二相粒子的电镜观察认为，竹节峰起源于荷粒子晶界的应力弛豫．     

高温应变作用下小角度晶界湮没过程的晶体相场模拟

【目的】采用晶体相场模型模拟应变作用下晶界的变形过程。【方法】分别模拟了对称倾侧双晶体系在远离熔点温度和接近熔点温度时,在外加应力作用下小角度晶界的湮没过程。【结果】研究表明,小角度晶界同一侧晶界处相邻位错组的柏氏矢量夹角为60°,并且当体系接近熔点温度时,晶界处位错组周围出现预熔区域。【结论】晶界处的位错组在应力作用下进行滑移运动,两种情况中晶界位错的湮没规律基本相同,但由于预熔情况的出现,使得位错运动的阻力降低,位错运动的速度较快,湮没时体系能量减小得更多。     

Ce基金属玻璃的力学弛豫

采用动态热机械分析技（DMA）,对Ce70Al10Cu20块体金学弛豫行为进行了研究.在？70°C-70°C温度间内,测了等温条件下频率依赖动态学弛豫谱.结果发现在Tg（Tg=68°C）附近及Tg温度以下,材料内耗值与频率之间在不同频率范围存在相反变化.在低频部分,内耗随着频率增加而降低,在高频部分,随着频率增加内耗值增加.初步分析认为这由于非晶合金材料存在着两种不同弛豫机制造成,且这两种机制和金中存在软硬不同结构单元有关系.     

宏观孔对泡沫工业纯铝阻尼行为的影响

文章运用多功能内耗仪研究了宏观孔对空气加压渗流法制备的泡沫工业纯铝阻尼行为的影响。在室温低频率条件下测量了泡沫工业纯铝的内耗,实验结果表明泡沫工业纯铝的阻尼能力比致密工业纯铝的阻尼能力提高较大,前者内耗随着测量频率的增加而增加,同时也随应变振幅的增加而增大。运用TEM观察材料的微观结构,发现在晶界附近存在大量的位错亚结构。根据内耗测量和微观观察,讨论了泡沫工业纯铝中可能的阻尼机制,基于多孔弹性材料的平面波方程,理论计算得到了泡沫工业纯铝中内耗的表达式。     

粗粒盐渍土大型冻融循环剪切试验

针对冻融循环后粗粒盐渍土的强度将直接影响盐渍土地区路堤的稳定性,而采用常规剪切试验将导致粗粒盐渍土的颗粒效应问题,基于西北地区粗粒盐渍土的冻融特点和剪切试验原理,设计研发了将冻融循环试验和剪切试验结合的大型粗粒土冻融循环剪切试验装置,可有效测试在不同温度条件下材料的强度特性。依托某公路盐渍土试验段项目,采用天然粗粒盐渍土模拟下路堤,测试其在经过冻融循环后的强度变化特点,并利用测试数据进行实际工况的数值计算。结果表明：随着冻融循环次数的增加,靠近冷端土体的粘聚力逐渐增大,内摩擦角先减小后增大;靠近暖端的土体强度逐渐减小,9次冻融循环后,靠近暖端的土体内摩擦角有一定增大;采用该天然粗粒盐渍土填筑的下路堤的强度变化量较小,路堤强度基本稳定。     

准晶对AZ91微观组织及摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用普通铸造法制备含高体积分数准晶相的Mg-Zn-Y(MZY)准晶中间合金。经SEM,EDS、XRD检测和摩擦磨损试验,研究MZY准晶颗粒加入量对AZ91基体合金微观组织及耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:MZY准晶颗粒可以明显细化AZ91合金的铸态组织,且骨骼状连续网状分布的β-Mg17Al12相断裂为弥散的岛状,合金的铸态组织中除α-Mg相、β-Mg17Al12相外还出现弥散分布在晶界处的高温稳定的Mg3Zn6Y准晶相;在不同载荷条件下,添加质量分数为6%的MZY准晶合金试样的摩擦因数由0.68减小至0.26,在100 N载荷下干摩擦30 min,其质量磨损量仅为基体合金质量的46.2%,磨损机理由基体的黏着摩擦转变为磨粒摩擦。     

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of friction stir-welded C71000 copper-nickel alloy and 304 austenitic stainless steel

Dissimilar joints comprised of copper-nickel and steel alloys are a challenge for manufacturers in modern industries, as these metals are not thermomechanically or chemically well matched. The present study investigated the effects of tool rotational speed and linear speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir-welded C71000 copper-nickel and 340 stainless steel alloys using a tungsten carbide tool with a cylindrical pin. The results indicated that a rotational-to-linear speed ratio of 12.5 r/mm did not cause any macro defects, whereas some tunneling defects and longitudinal cracks were found at other ratios that were lower and higher. Furthermore, chromium carbide was formed on the grain boundaries of the 304 stainless steel near the shoulder zone and inside the joint zone, directing carbon and chromium penetration toward the grain boundaries. Tensile strength and elongation percentages were 84% and 65% of the corresponding values in the copper-nickel base metal, respectively.     

不同磁场作用下ZK60镁合金的凝固组织

实验研究了镁合金ZK60在无磁场、低频交变电磁场和静磁场作用条件下凝固的微观组织形貌及合金元素的分布;此外还数值模拟了凝固过程中的磁场分布·实验结果表明,在镁合金的凝固过程中施加低频交变电磁场或静态磁场都能有效细化晶粒及影响合金元素在晶内和晶界上的分布,并且晶界上的网状共晶组织变得不连续;在相同电源电压的条件下,静磁场细化晶粒的效果明显优于低频磁场,在静磁场条件下,聚集在晶界上的共晶化合物显著减少,在晶内和晶界附近存在大量弥散的近似球状化合物质点,这有利于提高镁合金的综合性能·     

SrTiO3基多功能陶瓷的晶界结构与晶界能

用高分辨透射电子显微镜（ＨＲＥＭ）观察和分析了ＳｒＴｉＯ３陶瓷中洁净晶界的结构，提出了晶界处原子排布模型，用弹性位错理论推出了描述晶界能与晶粒间失配角关系的方程。晶界能由晶界核心能和伴有晶界应变场的弹性位错能组成，通过对［郾１］和［１１０］倾斜晶界晶界能的模拟，证实了该模型的可行性。     

Grains and grain boundaries in single-layer graphene atomic patchwork quilts

The properties of polycrystalline materials are often dominated by the size of their grains and by the atomic structure of their grain boundaries. These effects should be especially pronounced in two-dimensional materials, where even a line defect can divide and disrupt a crystal. These issues take on practical significance in graphene, which is a hexagonal, two-dimensional crystal of carbon atoms. Single-atom-thick graphene sheets can now be produced by chemical vapour deposition on scales of up to metres, making their polycrystallinity almost unavoidable. Theoretically, graphene grain boundaries are predicted to have distinct electronic, magnetic, chemical and mechanical properties that strongly depend on their atomic arrangement. Yet because of the five-order-of-magnitude size difference between grains and the atoms at grain boundaries, few experiments have fully explored the graphene grain structure. Here we use a combination of old and new transmission electron microscopy techniques to bridge these length scales. Using atomic-resolution imaging, we determine the location and identity of every atom at a grain boundary and find that different grains stitch together predominantly through pentagon-heptagon pairs. Rather than individually imaging the several billion atoms in each grain, we use diffraction-filtered imaging to rapidly map the location, orientation and shape of several hundred grains and boundaries, where only a handful have been previously reported. The resulting images reveal an unexpectedly small and intricate patchwork of grains connected by tilt boundaries. By correlating grain imaging with scanning probe and transport measurements, we show that these grain boundaries severely weaken the mechanical strength of graphene membranes but do not as drastically alter their electrical properties. These techniques open a new window for studies on the structure, properties and control of grains and grain boundaries in graphene and other two-dimensional materials.     

弛豫铁电体铌镁酸铅/钛酸铅陶瓷的内耗及其界面动力学性能

采用动态力学分析仪研究了弛豫铁电体铌镁酸铅/钛酸铅（PMN-15PT）陶瓷在室温附近的内耗峰随振幅、频率及升温速率变化的规律，并用界面动力学模型分析了PMN-15PT中极化微区的界面动力学特性.结果表明，PMN-15PT的内耗峰与其极化微区的界面运动有关.界面动力学模型能够描述PMN 15PT内耗峰的升温速率及其频率效应，所对应的界面为具有较小回复系数的软界面，且与其他微米级材料的硬界面有所不同.     

Relationship between lattice mismatch and ionic conduction of grain boundary in YSZ

The grain boundary plays an important role in the electrical behaviors of solid oxide electrolytes for solid state fuel cells. To reveal the relationship between the structure and the ionic conductivity of grain boundary,the conductive properties of {1 1 1} and {1 1 0} twist grain boundaries in 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia have been examined. These boundaries have a series of Σ values defined by the coincident site lattice model. It has been found that the activation energy of {1 1 1} twist grain boundary increases and then decreases with the Σ value,while that of the {1 1 0} boundary shows an opposite trend. It is suggested that the properties can reflect the balance of the effects of lattice mismatch on the diffusion ability of oxygen vacancies and the segregation of oxygen vacancies and Y3 tions. Therefore,the properties in polycrystalline electrolyte can be adjusted by controlling the grain boundary structures.