气体性质对单泡声致发光平衡参数空间的影响

构造了一个描述气泡宏观运动的均匀非绝热模型,结合气泡的平衡机制,分析了空气和惰性气体的各种特性对单泡声致发光的平衡参数空间的影响．发现气体性质通过对平衡参数空间的影响对单泡声致发光起着重要作用．其中热传导系数起着主要作用,它的减小将导致气泡的平衡半径与压缩比增大,并导致发光亮度的增强．     

单泡声致发光研究

介绍了作者在研究单泡声致发光SBSL动力学特性和发光特征方面的进展情况。用气泡振子模型，研究了在不可压缩、粘滞流体中气泡近球对称运动的动力学行为；运用Mie散射理论和Dave倒推算法，系统地计算了适用于单泡声致发光的Mie射测量参数；实验给出单泡发光强度的衰减特性、SBSL光强与频率的关系、SBSL与激励电压的关系等结果。     

不同温度下的频率失谐对单泡声致发光影响的实验观察

报道了驱动频率和谐振器本征频率不匹配对单泡声致发光强度的影响．实验结果表明：系统在一定的频率失谐范围内都可以实现单泡声致发光，但在不同的频率驱动下，有着不同的发光强度，并存在一个最佳频率，在该频率驱动下的发光强度达到最强．还对这种频率相关性在不同温度下的表现进行了研究，结果表明随着温度的上升，可发光的上限、下限和最佳频率升高，可发光频率宽度变宽．这些频率的随温度升高而升高，在理论上可以从声速与温度的关系上进行解释．同时，也测定了可发光的频率-声压参数域，以及它随温度的变化关系．     

若丹明6G圆锥泡光致发光的实验研究

利用一种改进后的U型管圆锥泡声致发光装置,研究了若丹明6G在1,2-丙二醇溶液中的光致发光现象.测量得到了若丹明6G在不同浓度时的圆锥泡声致发光光谱,结果表明利用圆锥泡声致发光可以激发若丹明6G使其发出荧光,从而证明了在溶液中加入荧光物质的声致发光实验中存在光致发光现象.在较高浓度时,由于若丹明6G存在强烈的自吸收,圆锥泡光致发光的荧光峰值与利用普通激光激发得到的荧光峰值相比向长波方向发生了红移.圆锥泡光致发光能否在光谱测量中被探测到在一定程度上取决于荧光与圆锥泡声致发光的光发射强度的比值.     

Plasma formation and temperature measurement during single-bubble cavitation

Single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) results from the extreme temperatures and pressures achieved during bubble compression; calculations have predicted the existence of a hot, optically opaque plasma core with consequent bremsstrahlung radiation. Recent controversial reports claim the observation of neutrons from deuterium-deuterium fusion during acoustic cavitation. However, there has been previously no strong experimental evidence for the existence of a plasma during single- or multi-bubble sonoluminescence. SBSL typically produces featureless emission spectra that reveal little about the intra-cavity physical conditions or chemical processes. Here we report observations of atomic (Ar) emission and extensive molecular (SO) and ionic (O2+) progressions in SBSL spectra from concentrated aqueous H2SO4 solutions. Both the Ar and SO emission permit spectroscopic temperature determinations, as accomplished for multi-bubble sonoluminescence with other emitters. The emissive excited states observed from both Ar and O2+ are inconsistent with any thermal process. The Ar excited states involved are extremely high in energy (>13 eV) and cannot be thermally populated at the measured Ar emission temperatures (4,000-15,000 K); the ionization energy of O2 is more than twice its bond dissociation energy, so O2+ likewise cannot be thermally produced. We therefore conclude that these emitting species must originate from collisions with high-energy electrons, ions or particles from a hot plasma core.     

时辨光子计数法测量单泡声致发光光谱

利用单泡声致发光光脉冲间期短以及与声场精确同步的特点,首次把高时辨的光子计数器用于单泡声致发光光谱的测量,极大程度地提高了信噪比,在较高的灵敏度下亦可达到较高的分辨率.利用该方法得到了稳态单泡声致发光的光谱曲线,并且对原始光谱曲线进行了校准.     

对声致发光单气泡半径计算

从Keller-Miksis方程出发,推导出声致发光气泡半径微分方程,通过数值计算,计算出不同驱动声压,不同驱动声压频率下的气泡半径,讨论了驱动声压,驱动声压频率与声致发光气泡半径的关系,得到理论计算结果与实验数据很好的吻合.     

声致发光研究述评

单泡声致发光的突破,激波作用机制的复出,红外受激辐射放大的理论观点,基础研究广泛,应用研究融入高科技领域和频繁的国际学术交况是近期声致发光研究的主要特点．     

乙二醇溶液中圆锥泡声致发光的发光光谱

利用一种改进后的U型管圆锥泡声致发光装置,研究了乙二醇溶液中圆锥泡声致发光的发光光谱.实验结果表明,光谱为从紫外到可见光波长范围的连续谱,在589 nm附近叠加有钠的3p-3s原子发射谱线.在钠的原子发射谱线左侧测量得到了Na-Ar分子激发态跃迁形成的蓝卫星带,并首次在声致发光实验中测得了Na-Ar的红卫星带以及钠的3d-3p原子发射谱线.最后,讨论了钠的原子发射谱线以及卫星带的形成机理.     

An experiment on multibubble sonoluminescence spectra in sodium chloride solution

We investigated experimentally the spectra of MBSL in sodium chloride water solution with krypton as dissolved gas. We observed and compared the spectra of hydroxyl ion at 310 nm and that of sodium atom at 589 nm. It has been found that under the same experimental condition, the intensity of sodium atom spectra is obviously higher than that of the hydroxyl ion spectra, and is more sensitive to the experimental condition. The krypton content, the concentration of sodium chloride solution, and the driving sound pressure obviously affect the spectra intensity in certain range.     

惰性气体含量对深层地下水形成温度的示踪意义分析

惰性气体在地下水中的溶解量主要取决于水温和气体分压 ,而且溶解度在常见的水温范围内是水温的单调函数 .因此 ,当深层地下水系统处于封闭状态 ,系统中不存在蜕变成因或变质成因的惰性气体源时 ,可将溶解的惰性气体作为指示地下水形成温度的天然示踪剂 .     

根据惰性气体含量计算深层地下水的形成温度

惰性气体在地下水中的溶解量主要取决于水温和气体分压.而且溶解度在常见的水温范围内是水温的单调函数.因此,当深层地下水系统处于封闭状态,系统中不存在蜕变成因的惰性气体源时,可将溶解的惰性气体作为指示地下水形成温度的天然示踪剂.     

空化气泡发光机理

介绍了单气泡声致发光现象的主要研究进展,总结了理论计算研究结果.通过求解流体力学方程组等比较完全的数值计算,发现空化气泡发光机理就是高温、高压和高密度的气体发光,因气泡达到的温度不同,有时原子或分子线谱贡献占优势,有时连续谱占主导.通过研究单气泡形状不稳定性,发现声压的非球对称微小偏离导致驱动声压上限.     

Noble-gas-rich chondrules in an enstatite meteorite

Chondrules are silicate spherules that are found in abundance in the most primitive class of meteorites, the chondrites. Chondrules are believed to have formed by rapid cooling of silicate melt early in the history of the Solar System, and their properties should reflect the composition of (and physical conditions in) the solar nebula at the time when the Sun and planets were forming. It is usually believed that chondrules lost all their noble gases at the time of melting. Here we report the discovery of significant amounts of trapped noble gases in chondrules in the enstatite chondrite Yamato-791790, which consists of highly reduced minerals. The elemental ratios 36Ar/132Xe and 84Kr/132Xe are similar to those of 'subsolar' gas, which has the highest 36Ar/132Xe ratio after that of solar-type noble gases. The most plausible explanation for the high noble-gas concentration and the characteristic elemental ratios is that solar gases were implanted into the chondrule precursor material, followed by incomplete loss of the implanted gases through diffusion over time.     

Molecular emission from single-bubble sonoluminescence

Ultrasound can drive a single gas bubble in water into violent oscillation; as the bubble is compressed periodically, extremely short flashes of light (about 100 ps) are generated with clock-like regularity. This process, known as single-bubble sonoluminescence, gives rise to featureless continuum emission in water (from 200 to 800 nm, with increasing intensity into the ultraviolet). In contrast, the emission of light from clouds of cavitating bubbles at higher acoustic pressures (multi-bubble sonoluminescence) is dominated by atomic and molecular excited-state emission at much lower temperatures. These observations have spurred intense effort to uncover the origin of sonoluminescence and to generalize the conditions necessary for its creation. Here we report a series of polar aprotic liquids that generate very strong single-bubble sonoluminescence, during which emission from molecular excited states is observed. Previously, single-bubble sonoluminescence from liquids other than water has proved extremely elusive. Our results give direct proof of the existence of chemical reactions and the formation of molecular excited states during single-bubble cavitation, and provide a spectroscopic link between single- and multi-bubble sonoluminescence.     

Seawater subduction controls the heavy noble gas composition of the mantle

The relationship between solar volatiles and those now in the Earth's atmosphere and mantle reservoirs provides insight into the processes controlling the acquisition of volatiles during planetary accretion and their subsequent evolution. Whereas the light noble gases (helium and neon) in the Earth's mantle preserve a solar-like isotopic composition, heavy noble gases (argon, krypton and xenon) have an isotopic composition very similar to that of the modern atmosphere, with radiogenic and (in the case of xenon) solar contributions. Mantle noble gases in a magmatic CO2 natural gas field have been previously corrected for shallow atmosphere/groundwater and crustal additions. Here we analyse new data from this field and show that the elemental composition of non-radiogenic heavy noble gases in the mantle is remarkably similar to that of sea water. We challenge the popular concept of a noble gas 'subduction barrier'--the convecting mantle noble gas isotopic and elemental composition is explained by subduction of sediment and seawater-dominated pore fluids. This accounts for approximately 100% of the non-radiogenic argon and krypton and 80% of the xenon. Approximately 50% of the convecting mantle water concentration can then be explained by this mechanism. Enhanced recycling of subducted material to the mantle plume source region then accounts for the lower ratio of radiogenic to non-radiogenic heavy noble gas isotopes and higher water content of plume-derived basalts.     

The 'zero charge' partitioning behaviour of noble gases during mantle melting

Noble-gas geochemistry is an important tool for understanding planetary processes from accretion to mantle dynamics and atmospheric formation. Central to much of the modelling of such processes is the crystal-melt partitioning of noble gases during mantle melting, magma ascent and near-surface degassing. Geochemists have traditionally considered the 'inert' noble gases to be extremely incompatible elements, with almost 100 per cent extraction efficiency from the solid phase during melting processes. Previously published experimental data on partitioning between crystalline silicates and melts has, however, suggested that noble gases approach compatible behaviour, and a significant proportion should therefore remain in the mantle during melt extraction. Here we present experimental data to show that noble gases are more incompatible than previously demonstrated, but not necessarily to the extent assumed or required by geochemical models. Independent atomistic computer simulations indicate that noble gases can be considered as species of 'zero charge' incorporated at crystal lattice sites. Together with the lattice strain model, this provides a theoretical framework with which to model noble-gas geochemistry as a function of residual mantle mineralogy.     

Possible cometary origin of heavy noble gases in the atmospheres of Venus, Earth and Mars

Models that trace the origin of noble gases in the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets (Venus, Earth and Mars) to the 'planetary component' in chondritic meteorites confront several problems. The 'missing' xenon in the atmospheres of Mars and Earth is one of the most obvious; this gas is not hidden or trapped in surface materials. On Venus, the absolute abundances of neon and argon per gram of rock are higher even than those in carbonaceous chondrites, whereas the relative abundances of argon and krypton are closer to solar than to chondritic values (there is only an upper limit on xenon). Pepin has developed a model that emphasizes hydrodynamic escape of early, massive hydrogen atmospheres to explain the abundances and isotope ratios of noble gases on all three planets. We have previously suggested that the unusual abundances of heavy noble gases on Venus might be explained by the impact of a low-temperature comet. Further consideration of the probable history of the martian atmosphere, the noble-gas data from the (Mars-derived) SNC meteorites and laboratory experiments on the trapping of noble gases in ice lead us to propose here that the noble gases in the atmospheres of all of the terrestrial planets are dominated by a mixture of an internal component and contribution from impacting icy planetesimals (comets). If true, this hypothesis illustrates the importance of impacts in determining the volatile inventories of these planets.     

The energy efficiency of formation of photons, radicals and ions during single-bubble cavitation

It is extremely difficult to perform a quantitative analysis of the chemistry associated with multibubble cavitation: unknown parameters include the number of active bubbles, the acoustic pressure acting on each bubble and the bubble size distribution. Single-bubble sonoluminescence (characterized by the emission of picosecond flashes of light) results from nonlinear pulsations of an isolated vapour-gas bubble in an acoustic field. Although the latter offers a much simpler environment in which to study the chemical activity of cavitation, quantitative measurements have been hindered by the tiny amount of reacting gas within a single bubble (typically <10(-13) mol). Here we demonstrate the existence of chemical reactions within a single cavitating bubble, and quantify the sources of energy dissipation during bubble collapse. We measure the yields of nitrite ions, hydroxyl radicals and photons. The energy efficiency of hydroxyl radical formation is comparable to that in multibubble cavitation, but the energy efficiency of light emission is much higher. The observed rate of nitrite formation is in good agreement with the calculated diffusion rate of nitrogen into the bubble. We note that the temperatures attained in single-bubble cavitation in liquids with significant vapour pressures will be substantially limited by the endothermic chemical reactions of the polyatomic species inside the collapsing bubble.     

Sonoluminescence from non-aqueous liquids

Our understanding of the chemical effects of high-intensity ultrasonic irradiation of liquids is still quite limited. It is generally accepted that sonochemistry results from acoustic cavitation: the creation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in ultrasonically irradiated liquids. The mechanism of sonoluminescence in aqueous systems has been a matter of some dispute; recent discussions have suggested at least three possible origins: black-body emission, chemiluminescence from radical recombination, and electric discharge. Few studies of non-aqueous sonoluminescence, however, have been conducted. We present here the first spectrally resolved sonoluminescence spectra from hydrocarbon and halocarbon liquids. These spectra originate unambiguously from excited-state molecules created during acoustic cavitation. These high-energy species probably result from the recombination of radical and atomic species generated during the high temperatures and pressures of cavitation.