海洋酸化与升温对浮游植物种群的影响研究综述

浮游植物是海洋生态系统物质和能量的基础,浮游植物的光合作用及群落结构决定了海洋生态系统的生产力及其服务功能.大气CO2浓度升高导致的海洋酸化和全球变暖等复杂的环境变化同时作用于海洋浮游植物,对其生长、代谢以及种群演替将产生深远影响.本文主要综述海洋酸化和升温单一以及耦合作用下对浮游植物的生长、光合作用和群落结构的影响,...     

海洋酸化的生理生态效应及其与升温、UV辐射和低氧化的关系

海洋以每小时超过100万t的速率,从大气中吸收矿物燃料衍生及人类排放的CO2,引起海水pH下降,导致海洋酸化.与此同时,全球变暖引起海洋升温,使得上部混合层变浅,导致该层内营养盐减少,浮游生物接受可见光和UV的辐射量增加,并且使得O2的溶解度降低,引起低氧化.这些海洋变化问题在全球范围内普遍存在,然而,不同海域的环境响应和生态效应有所不同.主要综述全球海洋酸化问题研究进展,突出升温、UV辐射影响下的酸化效应,进而结合南海相关的研究进展分析未来研究动态.     

海洋生物响应海洋酸化研究进展

海洋酸化是大气CO2浓度持续增加引起的又一环境问题,近些年来已经成为科学研究的热点问题并受到社会的广泛关注.该文结合国内外相关研究进展,简要概述了海洋酸化作用对海洋生物的营养组成、感觉系统、胚胎和幼体发育等的影响,以及在复杂的海洋生态系统中,海洋酸化与低氧、环境污染物的相互作用及其对生物的影响,旨在为深入研究多重环境胁迫对海洋生物的作用提供参考.     

铝胁迫对车前光合生理特性的影响

研究了铝胁迫对车前(Plantago asiatica L.)的净光合速率、气孔导度以及胞间CO2浓度等光合特性的变化,结果表明:高浓度A1胁迫导致车前叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率以及气孔导度显著减低,而胞间CO2浓度显著升高,从而严重抑制了植物叶片光合作用的正常进行.铝胁迫导致车前光合作用受到抑制是非气孔因素,而不是气孔因素造成的.高的A1胁迫对车前的Amax, AQE和 LSP都有抑制作用,表明高浓度铝胁迫下车前对环境的适应性受到破坏.研究结果还表明,由于长期生长在酸性铝毒红壤环境,车前已经对低浓度铝毒具有了一定适应性.     

高温胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生理生化及光合作用的影响

高温胁迫条件下研究了高温胁迫时间对黄瓜幼苗生理生化和光合作用的影响.结果表明:随着高温胁迫处理时间的增加,黄瓜幼苗叶片净光合速率、叶绿素含量和可溶性糖含量呈现逐渐下降的趋势,而胞间CO2浓度和幼苗叶片中丙二醛的含量呈现先升高后缓慢下降的趋势,说明高温下光合作用的下降非气孔因素引起,黄瓜幼苗在高温胁迫下,细胞膜的结构受到...     

海洋酸化的食物链效应及其对海洋渔业经济的潜在影响

海洋以超过100万t/h的速率从大气中吸收矿物燃料衍生的CO2,使上层海洋pH下降,导致海洋酸化.海洋酸化影响海洋生物的生长、繁殖和代谢,波及海洋生态系统生产力及其服务功能.海洋酸化可使毒性物质在浮游植物中累积并向浮游动物传递,且可导致大型褐藻类的碘含量增加,进而使其捕食者体内碘含量也增加.然而,海洋酸化在多营养级水平上对食物链效应的影响尚不明确.综合分析预示海洋酸化的生态效应可直接或间接影响人类健康.本文主要综述海洋酸化的食物链效应及其对海洋渔业经济的影响,并展望相关研究的发展趋势.     

极区海洋碳池变化性和脆弱性及其探测工程技术

利用中国南极考察和北极科学考察在南大洋和西北冰洋开展的连续围绕大气和表层海水pCO2及其相关参数观测和海气CO2通量评估,阐述南大洋和西北冰洋碳池的年际变化性,分析探讨其脆弱性,并展望了极区海洋碳池探测工程技术。     

大气CO2浓度升高条件下土壤镉污染对土壤酶及微生物群落多样性的影响

本文利用开放式空气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度增加FACE(free air concentration enrichment)平台,研究不同大气CO2浓度条件下,Cd污染胁迫对稻麦轮作土壤中土壤酶及土壤微生物群落多样性的影响.结果表明,在清洁土壤中,大气CO2浓度升高显著诱导蛋白酶、脲酶、尿酸酶的活性以及土壤微生物群落的多...     

海洋酸化提高浮游植物苯酚类物质的含量及其食物链效应

正海洋以每小时100万t以上的速率从大气中吸收CO2,缓解全球变暖的同时,却导致海水pH不断下降,引起海洋酸化.该化学环境的变化影响了海洋生物的代谢与生存[1],然而其影响机理尚不清楚;虽已有相关报道[2],但目前争议性仍较大.高坤山教授课题组历时5年,结合多种实验手段在不同规模培养体系(实验室内,微尺度与中尺度生态系统装置)中开展了一系列研究,阐明了浮游植物在海     

高CO2和土壤干旱对沙地优势植物C,N固定及分配的影响

通过模拟大气中CO2浓度升高和土壤干旱研究了沙地优势植物油蒿、柠条、沙柳C,N的固定及分配的影响.结果表明:大气中CO2浓度升高使沙地优势植物种不同部位的生物量均显著增加,而土壤干旱对不同部位的生物量有显著的不利影响,使生物量下降.大气中CO2浓度升高使植物根、茎、叶固定的C明显增加,且这种增加的趋势随土壤湿度的增加而增大.从C的分配看,分配至茎的C最多,其次是叶,根中获得的C最少.而不同植物对N的分配则不一致.大气中CO2浓度升高和土壤干旱对沙地优势植物根、茎、叶中的C/N比有影响,但规律不明显.     

利用生物反应器培养钝顶螺旋藻的研究

用ＢＦ－０７型自动控制光合生物反应器培养钝顶螺旋藻,结果表明：在低速搅拌时,对藻体的剪切作用很小;用优化后的海水Ｚａｒｒｏｕｋ培养基,用尿素代替硝酸钠作氮源,加赤霉素和维生素Ｂ６,有利于螺旋藻的生物量的生产和藻胆蛋白含量的提高。最后用改良的海水培养基扩大培养１０ｄ,干重可达０．５０１２ｇ／Ｌ。     

Latitudinal variations in plankton delta 13C: implications for CO2 and productivity in past oceans

The stable-carbon isotopic composition of marine organic material has varied significantly over geological time, and reflects significant excursions in the isotopic fractionation associated with the uptake of carbon by marine biota. For example, low 13C/12C in Cretaceous sediments has been attributed to elevated atmospheric (and hence oceanic) CO2 partial pressures. A similar depletion in 13C present-day Antarctic plankton has also been ascribed to high CO2 availability. We report, however, that this high-latitude isotope depletion develops at CO2 partial pressures (pCO2 levels) that are often below that of the present atmosphere (340 microatmospheres) , and usually below that of equatorial upwelling systems (> 340 microatmospheres). Nevertheless, because of the much lower water temperatures and, hence, greater CO2 solubility at high latitude, the preceding pCO2 measurements translate into Antarctic surface-water CO2 (aq) concentrations that are as much as 2.5 times higher than in equatorial waters. We calculate that an oceanic pCO2 level of > 800 microatmospheres (over twice the present atmospheric pCO2) in a warmer low-latitude Cretaceous ocean would have been required to produce the plankton 13C depletion preserved in Cretaceous sediments.     

Reconstruction of surface ocean water <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>(aq) in Nansha area,the South China Sea during the last 30 ka

The reconstruction of pCO2 in the tropic ocean is one of the most important issues to understand global climatic changes.In this study,the high-resolution stratigraphic analysis of core 17962 was conducted,which is Iocated in the southern South China Sea(SCS).The contents of sedimentary organic matter,the stable carbon isotopic composition of sedimentary organic matter,and the δ^13C values of black carbon and terrigenons n-alkanes were determined.And the δ^13Cwc value of carbon derived from aquatic was calculated.On the basis of δ^13Corg-pCO2equation proposed by Popp et al.(1989),we estimated the pCO2 in the Nansha area,SCS,since the last glaciation using δ^13Cwc instead of δ^13Corg.The results show that the average pCO2 was estimated at 240 ppm V during the last glaciation,and at 320ppm V in the Holocene.A comparison of surface sea pCO2 with the atmosphere CO2 recorded in the Vostok ice core,indicates that CO2 in surface water of the southern SCS could emit into atmosphere during the last 30ka.     

Satellite-derived surface water pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the northern South China Sea in summer

An empirical approach is presented for the estimation of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the northern South China Sea in summer using satellite-derived sea surface temperatures (SSTs), chlorophyll-a (Chl a) concentrations, and wind fields. Two algorithms were tested. The first used an SST-dependent equation, and the other involved the introduction of Chl a. Regression equations were developed for summer based on in situ data obtained in July, 2004. Using the monthly average SST and Chl a fields derived from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and the SeaWiFS (sea-viewing wide field of view sen-sor), respectively, the monthly pCO2 fields were computed. The derived pCO2 was compared with the shipboard pCO2 observations con-ducted in July, 2000. This resulted in a root-mean-square error of 4.6 μatm, suggesting that the satellite-derived pCO2 was in general agreement with the in situ observations. The air-sea CO2 flux was further computed with the aid of the monthly mean QuikSCAT wind speed. We contend that more shipboard data are necessary for refining the empirical algorithms and reducing the uncertainty in the results.     

大气CO2浓度和温度变化对石莼生长及其叶绿素荧光特性的影响

【目的】为了研究大型海藻在全球气候变化背景下的生态功能,探讨大气 CO2浓度升高和温度变化对石莼（Ulva lactuca）生长及其叶绿素荧光特性的影响。【方法】在4种条件（390μL／L CO2＋15℃;700μL／L CO2＋15℃;390μL／L CO2＋25℃;700μL／L CO2＋25℃）下培养石莼,10 d后测定藻体生长、叶绿素荧光参数以及生化组分。【结果】经10℃低温6 h处理,石莼受到光抑制;经35℃高温6 h处理,25℃正常空气条件下生长的石莼表现出较高的最大光量子产量（Fv／Fm）,光能利用效率（α）,非光化学淬灭（NPQ）和光化学淬灭（qP ）,25℃高CO2浓度条件下生长的石莼最大相对电子传递速率（rETRmax）和饱和电子传递速率（Ek ）大于其他生长条件下的石莼;经40℃高温处理6 h,15℃生长的石莼光合机构受损;相对于25℃与正常空气条件下生长的石莼,25℃与高CO2浓度条件下生长的石莼Fv／Fm、a、NPQ和qP 的下降程度较小,而且具有较高的rETRmax 和Ek。【结论】高CO2浓度促进石莼的生长,但其对石莼可溶性蛋白（SP ）、可溶性碳水化合物（SC ）、叶绿素 a （Chl a）和类胡萝卜素（Car ）等生化组分含量影响具有温度依赖性。另外,CO2浓度升高使得石莼抗高温的能力增强。     

The Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide

Modelling studies have demonstrated that the nutrient and carbon cycles in the Southern Ocean play a central role in setting the air-sea balance of CO(2) and global biological production. Box model studies first pointed out that an increase in nutrient utilization in the high latitudes results in a strong decrease in the atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2). This early research led to two important ideas: high latitude regions are more important in determining atmospheric pCO2 than low latitudes, despite their much smaller area, and nutrient utilization and atmospheric pCO2 are tightly linked. Subsequent general circulation model simulations show that the Southern Ocean is the most important high latitude region in controlling pre-industrial atmospheric CO(2) because it serves as a lid to a larger volume of the deep ocean. Other studies point out the crucial role of the Southern Ocean in the uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and in controlling global biological production. Here we probe the system to determine whether certain regions of the Southern Ocean are more critical than others for air-sea CO(2) balance and the biological export production, by increasing surface nutrient drawdown in an ocean general circulation model. We demonstrate that atmospheric CO(2) and global biological export production are controlled by different regions of the Southern Ocean. The air-sea balance of carbon dioxide is controlled mainly by the biological pump and circulation in the Antarctic deep-water formation region, whereas global export production is controlled mainly by the biological pump and circulation in the Subantarctic intermediate and mode water formation region. The existence of this biogeochemical divide separating the Antarctic from the Subantarctic suggests that it may be possible for climate change or human intervention to modify one of these without greatly altering the other.     

用二氧化碳电极测定霉菌537蛋白酶的活性

在霉菌５３７蛋白酶的作用下，酷蛋白发生水解，生成酪氨酸和谷氨酸等组成该蛋白的氨基酸，加入Ｌ－谷氨酸脱羧酶使谷氨酸发生脱羧反应，会释放出ＣＯ２，后者可用ＣＯ２电极进行测定，从而可间接地算出５３７蛋白酶的活性，在蛋白酶活性为２０００－１０００单位范围内，电位的变化值与活性呈现良好的线性关系。     

基于LabVIEW的海洋赤潮生物荧光实时采集系统

赤潮是近海常见的重要灾害之一,为了建立对赤潮生物的有效监测方法，本文提出了一种基于LabVIEW语言的海洋赤潮生物荧光实时采集系统．该系统通过光电倍增管将赤潮生物受激光激发出的荧光信号获取并转换为电流信号，通过信号调理电路及基于LabVIEW编程的数据采集卡将电压信号读入计算机处理并分析．实验结果表明,该系统可以实时有效地捕获海水样品中赤潮生物的荧光信号。为检测和计算海洋赤潮生物及其浓度提供了一种有效的辅助检测途径，有助于预测海洋赤潮爆发．     

基于模糊最近邻聚类学习算法的海水藻类繁殖状态预测

为了预报海洋赤潮等灾害的发生,需要监测海水中藻类的繁殖状况.通过建立针对海水中叶绿素a浓度状态的预测模型间接预测海水中藻类的繁殖生长状况.运用基于数据的模糊最近邻聚类学习算法对采样数据进行聚类处理,基于最优模糊逻辑系统建立了针对海水叶绿素a浓度状态的预测模型.根据采样数据的特点和降低模型阶次的实际需求,设计了改进的模糊...     

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations before 2.2 billion years ago

The composition of the Earth's early atmosphere is a subject of continuing debate. In particular, it has been suggested that elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide would have been necessary to maintain normal surface temperatures in the face of lower solar luminosity in early Earth history. Fossil weathering profiles, known as palaeosols, have provided semi-quantitative constraints on atmospheric oxygen partial pressure (pO2) before 2.2 Gyr ago. Here we use the same well studied palaeosols to constrain atmospheric pCO2 between 2.75 and 2.2 Gyr ago. The observation that iron lost from the tops of these profiles was reprecipitated lower down as iron silicate minerals, rather than as iron carbonate, indicates that atmospheric pCO2 must have been less than 10(-1.4) atm--about 100 times today's level of 360 p.p.m., and at least five times lower than that required in one-dimensional climate models to compensate for lower solar luminosity at 2.75 Gyr. Our results suggest that either the Earth's early climate was much more sensitive to increases in pCO2 than has been thought, or that one or more greenhouse gases other than CO2 contributed significantly to the atmosphere's radiative balance during the late Archaean and early Proterozoic eons.