等离子喷涂-物理气相沉积7YSZ热障涂层形成机制

采用等离子喷涂-物理气相沉积(PS-PVD)技术,以纳米团聚的ZrO2-7%Y2O3(7YSZ)粉末为原料在镍基高温合金为基体的CoCrAlSiY黏结层表面制备了羽毛柱状7YSZ涂层.通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察并分析了柱状涂层的显微结构,发现涂层的最小组成单元为纳米柱状晶,众多柱状晶在空间随喷涂遍数累积气相原子依次形核长大形成了微观上的树枝状结构,在宏观上呈现羽毛状结构涂层.基于7YSZ羽毛柱状涂层的形成过程,本文首先从热力学原理分析了7YSZ气相原子的形核机制,阐述了裹挟高浓度气相原子的高温等离子体与基体相互作用形成的温度梯度和气相原子浓度梯度规律,探讨了温度梯度下纳米柱状7YSZ晶体的长大和分枝过程,分析了等离子焰流气相原子沉积过程中过冷度变化对气相原子形核、长大和宏微观涂层结构的影响,研究了PS-PVD喷涂过程中涂层柱状结构内部和柱状结构间隙形成的内在规律和机制.     

单晶硅基底上制备定向生长碳纳米管阵列的研究

采用热化学气相沉积技术在单晶硅基底上制备出了定向性好、与基底结合牢固的碳纳米管阵列, 研究了制备工艺对定向生长碳纳米管阵列薄膜的影响. 研究发现: 生长温度在750℃, 催化剂厚度在10 nm左右易于形成定向生长的碳纳米管薄膜. 在混合气中乙炔的浓度为27%(体积百分比)时, 可以获得管型准直、管壁较厚、与基体结合牢固的碳纳米管阵列. 另外, 对于碳纳米管的定向生长机制及提高其与基体之间的结合力的方法进行了初步探讨.     

硅基高频器件与SiGe外延技术

本文描述了应用于SiGe外延的分子束外延(MBE)、超高真空化学气相沉积(UHV／CVD)、常压化学气相沉积(APCVD)、快速热化学气相沉积(RTCVD)等几种工艺及这几种工艺中的常见问题，并介绍了近来这些SiGe外延技术的改进，最后从器件角度对以上几种工艺特性进行了比较。     

致密砂岩气水相对渗透率模型

致密砂岩富含微米级孔隙,其气、水两相流动复杂,如何建立可靠的相对渗透率模型是目前亟待解决的问题.基于流体单管流动方程耦合二阶滑移模型,结合分形理论,建立了致密砂岩储层气、水相对渗透率模型,该模型考虑了气体滑脱效应、孔喉结构参数、含水饱和度分布,模型的可靠性通过多个已发表的气水相对渗透率实验数据验证.结果表明:1)建立的模型可用以描述致密砂岩储层微米尺度孔隙中的流体流动行为; 2)压力和含水饱和度增加都会减小滑脱效应对气相相对渗透率的提高作用,当压力小于1 MPa时,气相相对渗透率对压力极为敏感;温度对气相相对渗透的影响有限,可忽略; 3)孔径分布分形维数和孔隙迂曲度分形维数增加,有利于气相相对渗透率的提高,但会降低水相相对渗透率,且孔径分布分形维数的影响更大.     

基于碳纳米管薄膜的吸附式气体传感器的研究

研究了低温低压化学气相沉积(LPCVD)法生长的多壁碳纳米管薄膜对气体的敏感性. 结果表明纯的多壁碳纳米管薄膜对气体没有明显的气敏特性, 而碳纳米管-二氧化硅复合薄膜表现出对甲烷、氢气和乙炔的敏感性. LPCVD法生长的多壁碳纳米管-二氧化硅复合薄膜由于Schottky结的形成而具有电容性, 被测气体在多壁碳纳米管表面发生化学吸附, 从而调节Schottky结处存在的空间放电区域而导致介电常数改变是其对气体敏感的主要原因.     

基于CT扫描的花岗岩残积土3D大孔隙定量表征及流动模拟全文替换

为深入理解含大孔隙土体内部水分运移机理,本文基于计算机断层扫描(CT)与图像处理技术,构建了含大孔隙(>0.15 mm)的三维(3D)等效孔隙网络模型(PNM),并确定了最优代表性体积单元(REV)的尺寸为300×300×300体素,最后进行了大孔隙空间拓扑结构特征定量表征、PNM单相流动及3D大孔隙水-气两相流动模拟.研究结果表明,孔径较小的孔隙数量较多,超过80%的大孔隙孔径集中在0.15～1.00 mm.孔隙拓扑空间结构差异性较大,配位数主要集中在20以内,但部分可达60以上.孔隙平均配位数在3～7之间,平均连通孔隙半径>2 mm.单相流仿真表明,孔隙结构的复杂程度与CT扫描分辨率,共同导致模拟渗透率与测试结果出现一定差异,但主渗流方向误差仅为3.81%.两相流仿真表明,渗流初期驱替前缘近乎呈直线状,随后呈指进状,之后直至结束,呈不规则状.孔隙残余气主要以块状分布于孔隙边、死角和孔喉突变部位.随渗流时间增加,水相饱和度呈上升趋势(气相饱和度呈下降趋势),之后逐渐趋于稳定状态,最终水相和残余气相饱和度分别趋于94.92%和5.08%.该研究能较好地揭示重构土的细观渗流机...     

钙钛矿太阳能电池:光伏领域的新希望

2013年6月以来,一种基于有机/无机复合钙钛矿材料的全新太阳能电池引起人们的极大关注,相关工作被期刊Science评为2013年度国际十大科技进展之一.这种新型全固态平面型太阳能电池已经展现出大于15%的高转换效率、液/气相等简单制备工艺和极低的加工成本等优点,极有可能在短期内把转换效率提高到20%以上,呈现出一片光明的前景,有可能对整个太阳能科学与技术行业以及人类经济和社会生活产生巨大的影响.本文结合我们最近的初步研究工作,就有机卤化物钙钛矿电池的发展历程、工作原理、制备工艺等几方面的代表性研究成果做了系统性总结,尤其是就目前有待解决的关键科学问题、未来发展方向等进行了讨论和展望,点明了可能采取的技术路径,有助于我国研究者抓住机遇,迅速跟上国际上太阳能电池与材料研究的前进步伐,为中国的绿色清洁能源的发展与生存环境的改善做出应有的贡献.     

新型HfO2栅介质中的频散效应及参数提取方法

本文研究了原子层化学气相淀积ALCVD(atom layer chemical vapor deposition)方法淀积的HfO2/SiO2/p-SiMOS电容的电特性.高频时,积累电容出现了频率色散现象.针对双频C-V法测量超薄HfO2/SiO2堆栈栅MOS电容中制备工艺和测量设备引入的寄生效应,给出了改进的等效电路模型,消除了频率色散.研究发现,高k介质中存在的缺陷和SiO2/Si处的界面态,使高频C-V特性发生漂移.对禁带中界面态的分布进行归纳,得到C-V曲线形变的规律.研究了形变的C-V曲线与理想C-V特性的偏离,给出了界面态电荷密度的分布,得到了相对于实测C-V曲线的矫正线.通过比较理想C-V曲线和矫正线,提取了平带电压、栅氧化层电荷、SiO2/Si界面的界面态密度等典型的电学参数.     

用于数字微流体器件的介质上电润湿(EWOD)液滴产生器

介质上电润湿(EWOD)是指通过在介质层下面的微电极阵列上施加电势来控制液体和固体介质层表面之间的润湿特性. 研制出了EWOD液滴产生器的原型. 它采用“三明治”结构: 液体被夹在上下电极之间; 下极板用硅作为微电极阵列衬底、低压化学气相淀积(LPCVD)制备的Si3N4薄膜作为介质层, 感应耦合等离子体化学气相淀积(ICP-CVD)制备的碳氟聚合物薄膜作为厌水层; 上极板是覆盖有厌水层的透明导电玻璃板. 为了得到产生液滴所需要的最小电压, 对液滴产生的过程和临界条件进行了理论分析. 在35V电压下实现了包围在硅油中的去离子水液滴的产生.     

C面蓝宝石上单一取向γ-LiAlO2层的生长研究

用气相传输平衡技术(VTE)在(0001)蓝宝石衬底上制备了单相的γ-LiAlO₂薄层. X射线衍射表明, 在适当的温度(1050~1100℃)条件下, 此γ-LiAlO₂薄层为高度[100]取向, 并通过扫描电子显微镜和透射光谱, 分析了影响薄膜质量的因素. 这一实验结果意味着有望通过VTE技术制备用于GaN基器件外延生长的γ-LiAlO₂(100)//Al₂O₃(0001)复合衬底.     

An electrochemical and microstructural characterization of steel-mortar admixed with corrosion inhibitors

The present research brings new insights on the role of admixed corrosion inhibitors in the processes of cement hydration and rebar corrosion.The admixing of NaCl and the corrosion inhibitors in fresh mortar was found to alter the morphology and microstructure of the hardened mortar at the steel-mortar interfacial region.The admixing of the inhibitors increased the risk of carbonation of cement hydrates at the steel-mortar interfacial region,but partially displaced chloride ions. Chloride and the admixed in...     

Proteinaceous cysteine protease inhibitors

Studies of proteinaceous cysteine protease inhibitors originated with the discovery of cystatins in the 1960s. Since that time, a rich and fascinating world of proteins that control and regulate a multitude of important physiological processes, ranging from the basics of protein turnover to development and brain function, has been uncovered. Failures in such important and complex systems inevitably lead to pathologies. Many threatening diseases such as cancer or neurological disorders, to mention only some, are attributed to deregulation of proteaseinhibitor balance. Moreover, important aspects of infection pathology and host defense rely on proteolysis and protease inhibition. Recent advances in the field of protease inhibitors have drawn attention to the possible use of this collected knowledge to control related pathological processes. This review attempts to familiarize the reader with proteinaceous cysteine protease inhibitors by providing an overview of current knowledge. The work primarily highlights biological processes in which the inhibitors are involved and focuses on pathologies resulting from aberrant protease-inhibitor balance, pointing out emerging possibilities for their correction.Received 11 October 2004; received after revision 29 November 2004; accepted 6 December 2004     

Consequences of sulphate-reducing bacterial growth in a lab-simulated waste disposal regime

Summary Experiments are described which investigate corrosion of forged 0.2% carbon steel in the presence of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB). Cultures of a thermophilic bacteriumDesulfotomaculum nigrificans were mixed with bentonite and synthetic groundwater to simulate a bacteria-contamined backfill, and placed in contact with carbon steel disc specimens in perspex cells at 50°C under anaerobic conditions. The rates of corrosion were monitored by electrochemical techniques, together with changes in near field redox potential. After 340 days the nature and extent of any corrosion was measured and the SRB content of the bentonite determined. Recovery of relatively large numbers of bacteria after about one year incubation in an alkaline (pH 9.5) medium confirmed the pH tolerance of the strain. Enhanced corrosion (three times the rate of the control) occurred in at least two of the five cells that contained SRB despite the nutritionally poor environment which existed in the bentonite gel.     

Recombinant expression of perchloric acid-soluble protein reduces cell proliferation

Perchloric acid-soluble protein (PSP) may play an important role in the regulation of cellular physiological functions because it has been highly conserved throughout evolution; however, this role has not been well elucidated. In previous reports, we suggested that PSP regulates cell proliferation. In this study, we examined the effect of PSP expression on proliferation of the normal rat kidney cell line NRK-52E, the rat hepatocyte cell line RLN-10, and the rat hepatoma cell line dRLh-84. Cells transfected with pcDNA-sense-PSP (pcDNA-S-PSP) over-expressed PSP mRNA and protein, and cell proliferation of the transfected cells was suppressed compared with that of cells transfected with pcDNA-empty (pcDNA-E). Cell viability of pcDNA-S-PSP-transfected cells was similar to that of pcDNA-E-transfected cells. Thus, over-expression of PSP suppresses cell proliferation without any influence on cell viability. These findings are the first to report an inhibitory activity of PSP on cell proliferation. Received 27 April 2001; received after revision 8 June 2001; accepted 8 June 2001     

轨道交通杂散电流腐蚀研究现状

本文引用了大量文献,综述了杂散电流腐蚀的分类、特点以及杂散电流腐蚀产生的危害性和隐蔽性及其机理,并进行了理论分析,同时综述了杂散电流的检测方法和检测设备,并提出了几种合理的防护措施。     

Detailed molecular comparison between the inhibition mode of A/B-type carboxypeptidases in the zymogen state and by the endogenous inhibitor latexin

Treatment of advanced stages of prostate carcinoma with histone-deacetylase inhibitors entails expression of human procarboxypeptidase-A4 (hPCPA4). The three-dimensional structure of hPCPA4 has been solved and shows the features of related metallocarboxypeptidase zymogens, with a preformed α/β/-hydrolase active-enzyme moiety (hCPA4) and an inhibiting pro-domain (PD). The protease moiety recalls a sphere, out of which a spherical cone has been cut. This results in a funnel-like structure, at the bottom of which the active-site cleft resides. The border of this funnel is shaped by loops, which are responsible for the interaction with the PD, characterised by a large interface area and relatively few contacts. Such an inhibitory mode is evocative of the recently reported structure of the human inhibitor latexin in its complex with hCPA4. The main contacting structure of latexin is similar to the one employed for PD inhibition. In both cases, active-site blocking relies mainly on a loop provided by the central part of a β sheet.R. Garcia-Castellanos and R. Bonet-Figueredo contributed equally to this study and share first authorship.Received 28 April 2005; received after revision 1 June 2005; accepted 29 June 2005     

高比电容低压阳极铝箔的表面微观组织

本文对低压电解电容器阳极铝箔高比电容化的原理作了系统性阐述。多方位展示了铝箔表面的缺陷结构与腐蚀行为的密切关系，以及对比电容的重要影响。强调了铝箔金属学与腐蚀学研究相结合的必要性，及其对电解电容器铝箔产业发展的潜在推动作用。     

Canonical protein inhibitors of serine proteases

Serine proteases and their natural protein inhibitors are among the most intensively studied protein complexes. About 20 structurally diverse inhibitor families have been identified, comprising -helical, sheet, and / proteins, and different folds of small disulfide-rich proteins. Three different types of inhibitors can be distinguished based on their mechanism of action: canonical (standard mechanism) and non-canonical inhibitors, and serpins. The canonical inhibitors bind to the enzyme through an exposed convex binding loop, which is complementary to the active site of the enzyme. The mechanism of inhibition in this group is always very similar and resembles that of an ideal substrate. The non-canonical inhibitors interact through their N-terminal segment. There are also extensive secondary interactions outside the active site, contributing significantly to the strength, speed, and specificity of recognition. Serpins, similarly to the canonical inhibitors, interact with their target proteases in a substrate-like manner; however, cleavage of a single peptide bond in the binding loop leads to dramatic structural changes.Received 28 March 2003; received after revision 12 May 2003; accepted 16 May 2003     

Ribonuclease 4, an evolutionarily highly conserved member of the superfamily

The structural and enzymatic properties of RNase 4 are reviewed. This RNase shows a much higher interspecies similarity (approximately 90%) than the other members of the RNase A superfamily. The enzyme is ubiquitous, with the highest amounts present in liver and lung. Its unique uridine specificity results from alterations in and around the pyrimidine-binding site. In particular, the shortened C-terminus and the side chains of Phe-42, Asp-80 and Arg-101 appear to be involved. RNase 4 binds tightly to the intracellular RNase inhibitor, with a K _d of 4 × 10⁻¹⁵ M.