不同矿化度对聚表二元复合体系稳定性的影响

在不同的矿化度条件下,聚表二元复合体系的增黏幅度、改变油水界面张力程度也不相同,而二元体系的稳定性直接影响驱油效果,针对此问题,开展室内实验确定不同矿化度对二元体系的影响。实验结果表明,水的矿化度在3 000 mg/L以上时,随矿化度增大体系黏度变化幅度大为减小,其抗盐性能增强,表面活性剂浓度对体系黏度影响不大;水的矿化度在3 000 mg/L以上时,随矿化度增大体系界面张力逐渐降低,当表面活性剂浓度由0.3%增加到0.4%时,体系界面张力下降速度变缓,能够达到10~(-2)m N/m数量级,满足实际矿场需要。     

不同矿化度对聚表二元复合体系稳定性影响室内研究

在不同的矿化度条件下,聚表二元复合体系的增粘幅度、改变油水界面张力程度也不相同,而二元体系的稳定性直接影响驱油效果,针对此问题,开展室内实验确定不同矿化度对二元体系的影响。实验结果表明：水的矿化度在3000mg/L以上时,随矿化度增大体系粘度变化幅度大为减小,其抗盐性能增强,表面活性剂浓度对体系粘度影响不大;水的矿化度在3000mg/L以上时,随矿化度增大体系界面张力逐渐降低,当表面活性剂浓度由0.3%增加到0.4%时,体系界面张力下降速度变缓,能够达到10_-2mN/m数量级,满足实际矿场需要。     

三元体系的界面特性对驱油效率的影响机制

大量实验表明,不同碱浓度、相同界面张力的三元驱油体系的驱油效果不同。除了体系黏弹性差异之外,影响驱油效果的因素还可能与界面黏弹性有关。针对这一现象,分别使用相同界面张力、不同界面黏弹性的三元复合体系和相同界面黏弹性、不同界面张力的三元复合体系进行微观驱油实验,通过实验分析油水界面黏弹性、界面张力对驱油效率的影响机制。结果表明:三元体系的界面张力、界面黏弹性均对驱油效率有影响,降低界面张力和界面黏弹性均有利于残余油乳化及驱油效率的提高;三元体系的界面张力低、界面黏弹性低,驱油效率高;随着界面张力和界面黏弹性的降低,三元复合体系对残余油的乳化作用由乳化油滴向乳化油丝转变。上述规律与贝雷岩心实验结果一致。     

聚驱后超低界面张力泡沫复合驱实验研究

为研究聚驱后超低界面张力泡沫复合驱提高采收率的效果,在大庆油田的油水条件下,用界面张力仪和泡沫评价仪评价了二元发泡剂体系的界面性能和泡沫性能,用泡沫驱油装置研究了聚合物浓度和交替周期对泡沫复合驱效果的影响.实验结果表明,二元发泡剂体系在较宽的表面活性剂和聚合物浓度范围内可以与原油形成超低界面张力.同时二元发泡剂体系具有非常好的泡沫综合指数.聚驱后二元泡沫复合驱可提高采收率15%以上.聚驱后二元泡沫复合驱的气液交替周期越小采收率越高,且气液同注泡沫驱效果最好.在表面活性剂和聚合物用量相同条件下,二元泡沫复合驱效果好于三元泡沫复合驱、二元液驱及高浓度聚驱,且避免了强碱带来的腐蚀、结垢等问题.     

污水配制活性碱/聚二元复合驱体系实验研究

在碱/聚合物二元复合驱现场试验过程中,碱与配制用污水或地层水出现不匹配的问题,造成地面管线大量结垢及驱油体系性能大幅度下降。为解决这一问题,以大港羊三木油田三断块馆Ⅱ上油组油藏为依托,开展了污水配制碱/聚二元复合驱体系评价实验研究。选用污水匹配的活性碱（多元复合碱）及碳酸钠进行对比试验,在羊三木油田污水条件下,活性碱与污水的匹配性较好,比碳酸钠溶液的油水界面张力低2个数量级,达到10^-3mN/m,抗钙镁能力达到500mg/L,并且与原油的乳化性强;二元复合驱体系对五种聚合物与碱进行了配伍性实验,其中污水聚合物HTPW-111与碱的匹配性好。研究表明,污水配制的活性碱/聚二元复合驱体系保持了聚合物驱的增黏性和降低油水界面张力的特性。     

聚–表二元驱油体系性能对比研究

基于不同分子结构,探讨了表面活性剂分子与聚合物分子、高价金属离子的相互作用机理,认为与钙离子结合能力排序为：十二烷基硫酸钠> 部分水解聚丙烯酰胺> 十二烷基苯磺酸钠,从而导致聚–表二元复配体系黏度的差异。同时,驱油体系驱油实验的结果表明,驱油效率主要受到体系黏度、油水界面张力的影响,但驱油体系性能相近的情况下,具有更大分子截面积的表面活性剂,在驱替过程中,会表现出较好的界面张力保持能力,得到相对较高的驱油效率。     

聚合物/甜菜碱表面活性剂提高水驱后残余油采收率研究

利用不加碱可形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂／聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系，通过流变性实验，分析了甜菜碱表面活性剂对聚合物／表面活性剂二元复合体系流变性的影响；通过可视化的微观驱油实验和人造岩心驱油实验，分析了聚合物／表面活性剂二元体系的粘弹性和界面张力对采收率的影响，研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理。结果表明，实验用的两性表面活性剂体系与油可以达到超低界面张力，表面活性剂体系对无碱二元体系的粘弹性影响非常小。在驱替水驱残余油过程中，形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂／聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系可以同时发挥活性剂的超低界面张力作用和聚合物溶液的粘弹性作用，使该二元体系的采收率高于单一的表面活性剂体系和聚合物驱油体系，并且该二元体系的粘弹性越大，采收率越高。界面张力由10^-2mN／m降至10^-3mN／m时的最终采收率均高于界面张力为10^-2mN／m时增加聚合物溶液的质量浓度和相对分子质量两种情况下的最终采收率。     

羊三木稠油油藏复合驱提高采收率实验研究

针对羊三木普通稠油油藏特征,通过界面张力实验和乳化实验筛选了聚表（SP）二元复合驱体系,体系组成为2 000 mg/L 表面活性剂PS–2+1 000 mg/L 聚合物HPAM。该聚表二元体系使油水界面张力降至10􀀀2 mN/m 数量级,并形成稳定的O/W 型乳状液。乳状液60 min 析水率为10.8%,降黏率为95.8%。岩芯流动实验表明,注入0.3 PV 驱油体系采收率提高幅度分别为聚表二元复合驱15.7%、聚合物驱10.8% 和表面活性剂驱7.9%。聚表二元复合驱提高羊三木稠油油藏采收率效果最好,适合用于提高普通稠油油藏采收率。     

聚合物/表活剂二元体系在多孔介质中运移的黏度和界面张力变化

 黏度和界面张力是评价聚合物/表活剂二元体系驱油能力的主要指标,研究二者在多孔介质中运移过程中的变化对提高二元体系驱油能力有重要指导意义。设计4 种注入段塞的二元体系在3 种长度的填砂模型运移的室内实验,对体系运移过程中黏度和界面张力的变化进行研究。结果表明：在注入速度和运移距离相同的条件下,注入段塞越大,流出液的最低界面张力更低,保持低界面张力的时间更长,黏度保留率也更高;在注入速度和段塞相同的条件下,运移距离越长,流出液的界面张力保持低界面张力程度越高,黏度保留率越高。研究结果对现场二元体系的注入方案设计具有一定指导作用。     

聚合物/甜菜碱表面活性剂提高水驱后残余油采收率研究

利用不加碱可形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂/聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系,通过流变性实验,分析了甜菜碱表面活性剂对聚合物/表面活性剂二元复合体系流变性的影响;通过可视化的微观驱油实验和人造岩心驱油实验,分析了聚合物/表面活性剂二元体系的粘弹性和界面张力对采收率的影响,研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理.结果表明,实验用的两性表面活性剂体系与油可以达到超低界面张力,表面活性剂体系对无碱二元体系的粘弹性影响非常小.在驱替水驱残余油过程中,形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂/聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系可以同时发挥活性剂的超低界面张力作用和聚合物溶液的粘弹性作用,使该二元体系的采收率高于单一的表面活性剂体系和聚合物驱油体系,并且该二元体系的粘弹性越大,采收率越高.界面张力由10-2 mN/m降至10-3 mN/m时的最终采收率均高于界面张力为10-2 mN/m时增加聚合物溶液的质量浓度和相对分子质量两种情况下的最终采收率.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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