张坡村滑坡数值模拟研究

以甘肃省秦安县张坡村接触面滑坡为研究对象,通过现场调研、室内试验以及数值计算探究其形成机制。研究结果表明,滑坡的形成机制为黄土-泥岩接触面斜坡在原始应力条件下,坡顶处靠近斜坡临空方向土体内部位移变化最大,逐渐发展至黄土-泥岩接触面位置,以接触面为界,两侧位移变化明显。应力变化主要集中在黄土层内,靠近斜坡表面应力变化最大,当斜坡发生破坏时,首先从黄土-泥岩接触面开始,加之降雨条件加速了斜坡破坏进程,当滑面贯通,滑坡产生。     

降雨诱发浅层滑坡影响因素的解析分析

采用笔者提出的无限长斜坡降雨入渗解析解结合非饱和土抗剪强度理论,提出了一个用于降雨诱发浅层滑坡安全系数计算的解析表达式,并对浅层滑坡的多种影响因素进行解析分析.结果表明:基质吸力减小直至消失是降雨诱发浅层滑坡的主要途径.减饱和系数、前期降雨强度、边坡坡度、土体储水能力是影响边坡浅层稳定性的重要因素,而后期降雨强度只有在降雨强度较大时才会对边坡浅层稳定性有明显影响,饱和渗透系数只有在接近降雨强度时,对边坡浅层稳定性的影响才较大.     

三维确定性模型在浅层黄土滑坡稳定性预测中的应用

浅层黄土滑坡是黄土高原广泛分布和频繁发生的地质灾害,造成了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失.尽管二维确定性模型已被广泛用于浅层滑坡稳定性预测,但不能充分考虑岩土性质、地层结构、地下水等条件的三维空间变化,这可能与实际的斜坡稳定性不相符.因此,利用能考虑复杂斜坡环境的三维确定性模型评价滑坡稳定性,对获取更真实的评价结果以及指导滑坡防治工作具有重要意义.本文利用Scoops3D三维确定性模型评价了在浅层黄土滑坡稳定性预测中的适应性和可靠性.首先,模型计算参数敏感性的分析发现黏聚力、滑动视倾角和栅格单元重量对安全系数准确度影响较大,并用于指导获取详细的关键参数.然后,选取不同分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)数据,利用Scoops3D模型对典型黄土沟壑中的浅层黄土滑坡稳定性进行预测,并通过详细的点状和面状滑坡分布图与预测结果的对比发现,该模型对黄土沟壑区的浅层滑坡稳定性预测准确度较高,且点状滑坡分布图可能更适合模型适应性的检验.最后,混淆矩阵法和成功率曲线法对不同分辨率数字高程模型预测结果可靠性的检验显示,该模型能够有效地预测黄土浅层滑坡的稳定性,且在高分辨率数字高程模型数据下可以获得可靠的预测精度.     

白龙江流域泥石流沟土体渗透特性及其受植被影响

选取白龙江流域典型泥石流沟不同类型土体进行野外原位渗透试验,结合土壤性质及植被因素对土体的入渗特征进行比较分析,认为人类活动使得土体的内部结构和渗透特性发生了极大变化,改变了土体在降雨过程中强度的变化规律以及地表径流过程、加剧了流域泥石流的形成.结果表明:土体的有机质和黏粒质量分数与土体的入渗率有较好的负相关关系;林地对改善土体性质有较好的作用,大大提高了土体涵水能力,且随着海拔升高作用更明显;干枚岩斜坡和黄土斜坡的入渗特征有明显的差异性,在降雨过程中千枚岩斜坡几乎不会产生明显的地表径流,而是在降雨达到一定程度后土体强度破坏而以浅层滑坡形式向下滑动,黄土斜坡则很快产生地表径流,以坡面泥流的形式为主沟泥石流的形成提供黏粒和水体.     

降雨条件下花岗岩残积土边坡失稳模式及预警阈值现场试验

降雨是诱发边坡失稳的主要因素,为探明不同降雨强度条件下花岗岩残积土边坡的失稳模式,通过75mm/h、125mm/h、150mm/h、175mm/h等4组不同降雨强度下边坡失稳现场试验,基于工程边坡原位监测试验采集的含水率-时间与位移-时间曲线研究了花岗岩残积土边坡渐进失稳破坏特征,并提出了降雨条件边坡失稳的持续时间与降雨量阈值。研究表明:降雨条件下花岗岩残积土边坡为渐进失效破坏,根据降雨强度斜坡失稳破坏可分为“浅层局部滑动”、“浅层整体滑动与崩塌”、“深层局部滑动”、“深层整体滑动”等四种模式,斜坡发生变形失稳的区域主要位于坡脚位置,坡中次之,坡顶最小。边坡深层滑动从显著变形到失稳破坏历时18~20min,而浅层滑动持续时间为25min~135min。土壤界限含水率可特征边坡失稳破坏过程,当斜坡土壤含水率上为42～45%时,斜坡开始出现开裂、蠕动变形等失稳征兆;当土壤含水率上升到47～50%时,坡面土体开始崩解并迅速发生滑坡、崩塌。     

隔离边界条件下连续降雨诱发黄土边坡开裂试验研究

为了对连续降雨诱发黄土边坡破坏过程有更直接深入的认识,在陕北大型均质黄土边坡设置隔离边界并开展人工模拟降雨现场试验.总结了边坡开裂破坏特征,分析了坡顶裂缝及坡体破坏过程的力学机制,研究了水分入渗以及隔离边界对边坡开裂破坏的影响.结果表明:降雨侵蚀及雨水径流是坡顶土体开裂的必要条件,边坡浅层土体产生的竖直拉张裂缝及深层土体的剪切破坏倾斜裂缝贯通至坡面,坡体最终呈"L"型开裂面,坡顶的开裂宽度与开裂深度的发展变化趋势呈现一定相关性;降雨期间坡顶部位较易触发一定规模的浅层滑坡,降雨结束后水分下渗可能引发边坡深层破坏;隔离槽对降雨边界的物理隔离和阻断效应导致坡顶呈"一"型开裂线,并且边界土体-隔离布薄弱区裂缝剧烈发育扩展,易导致边坡更大规模破坏.     

某缓倾角膨胀土滑坡的成因机制及稳定性的分析

以成都凤凰山滑坡为地质原型,通过成因机制及数值模拟分析,再现了一个近水平层状的膨胀土斜坡的变形破坏过程.研究结果表明:膨胀土斜坡的失稳破坏主要受坡体内部发育的裂隙以及降雨入渗的影响,裂隙的发育使降雨入渗向坡体深部发展,并使土体的强度随降雨过程不断降低,而滑坡后缘裂隙的充水对坡体产生了较大的静水压力.在这两种因素的影响下,斜坡发生了类似于平推式滑坡的失稳破坏.     

滑坡触发因素及其影响的原位试验

在相同地质条件下,采用人工降雨模拟试验和机械开挖模拟原位试验,研究滑坡触发因素及其对滑坡的影响.研究结果表明:堆积层边坡在降雨入渗影响下多为浅层松弛型破坏,降雨入渗造成土体中孔隙水压力增加,致使边坡土体的抗剪强度由于有效应力减少及土体吸水软化而降低;堆积层边坡在切坡开挖影响下多为浅层牵引式破坏,变形形态为从坡面到坡面以下逐渐减小的松弛形变形;降雨和入渗双重效应可能是降雨诱发堆积层边坡失稳的主要原因之一,在强降雨影响下,易发生滑塌事故.该研究结果可为滑坡的时间、空间和强度预报提供理论依据.     

地震和降雨条件下黄土高填方边坡稳定性分析

针对地震和降雨会影响黄土高填方边坡稳定性的问题,采用地震动力计算、完全流固耦合计算和强度折减计算,对正在使用的黄土高填方边坡进行分析,并对边坡土体位移时程、加速度功率频谱、吸力、有效应力和最小安全性系数进行分析,研究地震和降雨入渗条件对正在使用的黄土高填方边坡稳定性的影响.结果表明:地震作用对黄土高填方边坡表层土体作用大于填方基底土体作用;降雨入渗对边坡土体的影响范围为表层土体和浅层土体;降雨入渗使得边坡表层土体的吸力和有效应力减小,而使浅层土体局部吸力增大;降雨过程中边坡表层土体有效应力减小,浅层土体有效应力先增加后逐渐减小;地震后降雨入渗引起边坡最危险滑移面区域发生改变,降雨速率和降雨持续时间均对最小安全性系数有影响,降雨结束后边坡最小安全性系数降低.该研究为三维条件下地震和降雨入渗对正在使用的黄土高填方边坡稳定性研究提供参考.     

考虑渗透系数空间变异性的降雨作用下边坡大变形破坏特征

合理评估降雨作用下边坡破坏特征是滑坡灾害防控及预警的重要前提.为了揭示土体渗透系数空间变异性对降雨作用下边坡大变形破坏特征的影响规律,综合利用极限平衡方法计算效率高和物质点法可模拟边坡大变形的优势,提出了随机极限平衡-物质点耦合分析方法(RLE-MPM),并开发了MATLAB-HYDRUS-Anura 3D这3个软件的接口实现程序.首先,利用HYDRUS模拟边坡降雨入渗过程,得到每个土层单元的含水率及孔隙水压力分布特征;其次,采用局部抗剪强度法更新每个物质点的等效抗剪强度及重度;最后,利用随机物质点法(RMPM)进行降雨作用下边坡大变形破坏概率计算、破坏模式识别及大变形破坏特征评估.研究结果表明：RLE-MPM方法可模拟日本Tokai-Hokuriku降雨型滑坡水-力耦合过程,模拟得到的滑坡最终堆积形态与现场调查结果基本一致.相较于RMPM,RLE-MPM方法计算边坡失效概率的效率更高,并且能够有效识别降雨作用下3种边坡破坏模式,即完全破坏模式、剪切带破坏模式、渐进式破坏模式.此外,降雨历时对非均质边坡大变形破坏模式及其特征均具有重要的影响.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.