1965-2013年黄土高原地区极端降水事件时空变化特征

基于黄土高原地区52个气象站点1965-2013年逐日降水数据,辅以一元线性趋势分析、相关分析、Mann-Kendall检验及反距离加权插值(IDW)等方法,本文分析了黄土高原地区极端降水事件时空变化特征.结果表明:1)时间上,持续性指标和强度指标中除降水强度(SDⅡ)外均呈现减小的趋势;绝对指标和相对指标中除R10 mm降水日数(R10 mm)外,其他指数均呈现增加的趋势,但均未通过0.05显著性水平检验.2)空间上,就持续性指标来看,连续无雨日数(CDD)增加趋势最大的位于区域Ⅲ,连续降水日数(CWD)和年降水总量(PRCPTOT)在区域Ⅱ的北部的增幅最大;强度指标中,1d最大降水量(RX1 day)和5d最大降水量(RX5 day)在区域Ⅱ的中部和北部增幅最大,SDⅡ增幅最大的地区主要集中在区域工和区域Ⅱ的北部地区;绝对指标中,R10 mm、R20 mm降水日数(R20 mm)和R25 mm降水日数(R25 mm)的趋势变化呈由南向北增加的趋势;相对指标中,异常降水日数(R95p)和极端降水日数(R99p)增幅最大的地区主要集中在区域Ⅱ.3)CDD与经度、纬度呈显著的负相关,年降水总量(PRCPTOT)、R10 mm和R25 mm与纬度呈显著正相关,其他极端降水指数与经纬度和海拔高度的相关性不显著.4)主成分分析的结果表明2类极端降水指数的总贡献率达到80.73％,除CDD外,其他极端降水指数与PRCPTOT均具有良好的相关性,且均通过了0.01显著性水平检验.5)Hurst指数结果表明黄土高原地区CDD、SDⅡ、R10 mm、R20 mm和R25 mm极端降水指数变化均呈反向变化特征,其他极端降水指数呈同向变化特征.     

海南岛西部近53年来气候统计特征分析

根据海南岛西部1951～2003年气候资料,统计分析了气温、降水、干燥度和风等几个主要气候指标,研究表明：近53年来海南岛西部多年平均气温24．8℃,平均年较差16．1℃,冬季气温变异系数大,稳定性差;降水集中,季节分配不均,多年平均降水量为967．5mm,冬半年平均雨量106．4mm,年降水离差系数较大,冬、春两季降水不稳定,年降水日数偏少且季节分配差异明显,冬、春季无降水日数长;多年平均干燥度为1．97,属于半干旱区,年平均风速为4．6m／s,全年大风日数达30d以上,大风日数以冬半年较多。     

AO与ENSO对云南冬春季降水分布的影响

利用1961—2012年云南124个气象观测站资料、北极涛动(AO)指数及Nio34区海温指数资料,分析了AO及海温异常对云南冬春季降水分布的影响,表明1冬季AO指数处于正位相时,云南冬季降水全省一致偏多;当AO处于负位相时,云南冬季降水全省一致偏少.AO处于正位相时,云南大部分地区春季降水以偏多为主;当AO处于负位相时,云南大部地区春季降水一致偏少.2Nio34区海温处于正位相时,云南冬季降水东部偏少其余大部偏多;当Nio34区海温处于负位相时,云南冬季降水全省一致偏少.Nio34区海温处于正位相时,云南春季降水几乎一致偏少;当Nio34区海温处于负位相时,云南春季降水一致偏多.3海温和AO对云南冬春季的联合影响分析也表明冬季降水受AO的影响较明显,而春季降水受海温异常影响较明显.4ENSO暖事件有利于AO对云南冬季降水的影响,AO与云南冬季降水成显著正相关.ENSO冷事件时AO对云南冬季降水几乎没有影响.ENSO事件发生时AO对云南春季降水的影响都不显著.这说明ENSO在AO对云南冬季降水的调制作用较春季明显.5在冬春季降水预测时,冬季可能应该主要关注北极涛动(AO)多于海温;春季可能应该着重于海温异常多于AO.     

汉中市2007年7月降水异常偏多成因分析

2与历史对比分析从以上降水概况可以看出，汉中市今年7月份除留坝、略阳、宁强降水比历史平均值略偏少外，其余各县区降水分别偏多l成至1．储。全市有8县区月总降水量达到200mm以上，有5县区月总降水量达到300mm以上，有3县区月总降水量达到400mm以上。     

地统计方法在黑河上游气象分析中的应用比较

选取黑河上游研究区内的气象站,再逐渐增加其周围的站点,通过计算增加站点前后的误差效果,确定最优观测站点集为上游区域内的观测站点.应用3种不同的地统计方法对黑河上游气象要素进行插值,并比较其优劣.结果表明:无论是气温插值还是降水插值,改进的反距离倒数加权法的插值效果均比其他两种方法好;3种方法对气温数据的拟合效果较好,对山区降水事件的拟合能力均不理想.但当仅需要对降雨总量进行预测、计算时,改进的反距离倒数加权法效果较好.     

甘肃陇中安家沟小流域日降水格局

利用1981-2009年生长季日降水资料,对陇中黄土高原安家沟小流域日降水格局及脉动特征进行研究.结果表明:生长季年均降水量为271.56 mm,年际变异系数为29.14%.降水事件以≤5 mm的降水为主,占全年降水事件的44.55%;≥10 mm的降水频率很低,但对年降水的贡献大,占降水总量的64.87%.0～10d降水间隔期(无降水日)所占比例最大,为年无降水期的87.03%;>10d降水间隔期呈增加趋势.近30年来,≤5 mm/d的降水呈下降趋势,而≥10 mm/d的降水略有上升,年内总降水日数与降水量均呈下降趋势.     

楚雄州汛期极端降水时空分布特征

利用1961-2010年中国地面降水日值格点数据集,采用百分位阈值、小波分析和MK检验等方法,对楚雄州汛期极端降水的时空分布特征进行了分析.结果表明:1极端降水阈值、极端降水总量及极端降水强度的空间分布具有一致性,呈现由东北-西南连线分别向西北及东南部递减,东北-西南一线呈现由东北及西南两端向中部递减的趋势;极端降水日数呈现出由南部及东北部向北部及西北部递减的趋势.2极端降水总量及极端降水日数具有较为显著且一致的年际波动特征,而极端降水强度年际波动特征不明显.3极端降水总量及极端降水强度均呈不明显上升趋势,而极端降水日数无明显变化.4极端降水总量、极端降水日数及极端降水强度均存在25年左右的主震荡周期,且极端降水总量与极端降水日数周期变化较为一致.     

浅析2007年北疆棉区棉花产量下降的原因及对策

<正>1北疆棉区棉花减产原因分析1.12007年北疆棉区棉花减产的主要原因。春季持续低温多雨,是植棉以来降水量最多的一年(见表1),4月中旬至5月末总降水量84.2mm,降水天数     

祁连山北部流域水文相似性与出山径流总量的估计

祁连山北部河流的出山径流对河西走廊水资源的形成具有决定性作用.过去对大型出山河流的水文观测和分析基本确定了祁连山北部的降水产流模式,但由于小型河流缺少观测,对出山径流总量的估计仍然存在很大的不确定性.本文根据疏勒河流域、黑河流域和石羊河流域山区水文观测和气象数据,采用统计模型分析了祁连山北部流域降水-径流关系的相似性.结果表明流域出山流量与汇水面积呈现非线性增加趋势,而蒸散系数随干旱指数增大按照一定的非线性趋势下降.高程效应使得流域出山流量近似取决于平均降水量的单一函数,由此估算出祁连山北部的全部出山流量可达(72.3~84.3)×10~8 m~3·a~(-1),其中石羊河流域、黑河流域的计算结果都大于前人估计值.疏勒河流域的蒸散作用偏强,径流估计值需要进行校正.流域水文相似性有利于减轻水文和气象观测不足造成的影响.     

近50年黄淮海平原极端降水时空变化及其对农业的影响

气候变化下由极端降水引起的农业灾害频发,严重威胁我国的农业生产和粮食安全.以黄淮海平原63个气象站点逐日降水数据为基础,分析了1963-2012年降水事件频次和强度的时空变化、年际变化趋势的时空变化,并采用Pearson相关系数揭示极端降水对农业的影响.结果表明:(1)从空间分布来看,大雨总量、暴雨总量和大雨日数均呈现自东南向西北递减的特点,大雨强度的空间分布相对较均匀;山东省的暴雨雨量分布特征与总体不一致,自西南向东北递减.(2)从时间变化来看,大雨日数、暴雨日数和暴雨强度减少趋势均不显著,大雨强度上升趋势不显著.各指标年际变化趋势空间分布差异较大,呈增加趋势的站点少于呈减少趋势的站点.(3)从对农业的影响来看,河南省农业水灾面积与极端降水指标存在显著的正相关,降水日数的影响程度大于降水强度;冬小麦单位面积产量与全年和生育期内大雨日数和大雨总量均存在显著负相关;冬小麦单位面积产量与5-6月降水总量和降水强度呈显著正相关,与极端降水指标和连阴雨指标均呈显著负相关,不同降水指标对冬小麦产量的负效应表现为大雨>连阴雨>暴雨.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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