两种不同地域东南景天的重金属积累性研究

对两种不同地域的野生东南景天进行了分析。发现不同地域的东南景天在重金属积累性上存在显著差异。姚王矿区东南景天生物量约是上台门矿区的4倍。姚王矿区东南景天地上部分积累Zn最高达7850 mg/kg,上台门矿区东南景天为1623 mg/kg。积累Cd最高达到222mg/kg,上台门为37.5 mg/kg。对Pb的积累,两种景天都主要聚集在根部。对Cu的积累表现为正常植物水平。     

东南景天组培苗对锌、镉及其复合污染土壤的修复效能分析

东南景天（Sedum alfredii Hance）是一种典型的Zn、Cd、Pb的超积累植物,也是一种极佳植物修复材料．本文采用盆栽实验方法,研究东南景天组培苗在几种不同Zn、Cd污染土壤上的生长情况,及其对土壤Zn、Cd的去除效果．预期研究结果可为今后利用东南景天组培苗治理Zn、Cd污染提供一些理论依据．取得主要研究结果:1）东南景天组培苗完整地保留了扦插苗对于重金属的耐受性,并且对于高质量分数的Zn、Cd的环境适应性更强．在3#污染土壤（w（Zn）约2 000 mg·kg?1）中,组培苗地上部分生物量是对照组的2.3倍;在4#污染土壤（w（Cd）约1344 mg·kg?1）中,组培苗地上部分生物量相比于对照组的生物量增加了16.4%．2）东南景天组培苗对复合污染土壤中的Zn、Cd有很强的吸收积累能力．在1#和2#复合污染土壤中,组培苗对Zn的富集系数分别达到9.69和11.09,对Cd的富集系数分别达到12.67和85.36．3）复合污染土壤中的Zn、Cd会发生一定的交互作用,从而影响东南景天组培苗对Zn、Cd的吸收和富集．土壤中低质量分数的Cd会促进植物对Zn的吸收,但Zn却会抑制植物对Cd的吸收富集．此外,生长在复合污染土壤中的东南景天组培苗体内Zn、Cd重金属的分布也会受到影响．      

Differential generation of hydrogen peroxide upon exposure to zinc and cadmium in the hyperaccumulating plant specie （Sedum alfredii Hance）

Sedum alfredii Hance has been identified as zinc （Zn） and cadmium （Cd） co-hyperaccumulator. In this paper the relationships of Zn or Cd hyperaccumulation to the generation and the role of H2O2 in Sedum alfredii H. were examined. The results show that Zn and Cd contents in the shoots of Sedum alfredii H. treated with 1000 μmol/L Zn^2＋ and/or 200 μmol/L Cd^2＋ increased linearly within 15 d. Contents of total S, glutathione （GSH） and H2O2 in shoots also increased within 15 d, and then decreased. Total S and GSH contents in shoots were higher under Cd^2＋ treatment than under Zn^2＋ treatment. However, reverse trends of H2O2 content in shoots were obtained, in which much higher H2O2 content was observed in Zn^2＋ -treated shoots than in Cd^2＋-treated shoots. Similarly, the microscopic imaging of H2O2 accumulation in leaves using H2O2 probe technique showed that much higher H2O2 accumulation was observed in the Zn^2＋-treated leaf than in the Cd^2＋ -treated one. These results suggest that there are different responses in the generation of H2O2 upon exposure to Zn^2＋ and Cd^2＋ for the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii H. And this is the first report that the generation of H2O2 may play an important role in Zn hyperaccumulation in the leaves. Our results also imply that GSH may play an important role in the detoxification of dissociated Zn/Cd and the generation of H2O2.     

东南景天结合赤泥改良Cd污染土壤对油麦菜生长影响效果研究

通过盆栽试验研究东南景天结合化学措施改良Cd污染土壤对油麦菜生长的影响.结果表明,种植东南景天或者施用赤泥均能降低土壤中全Cd含量,促进油麦菜的生长.各处理油麦菜的株高、根系鲜重及干重、地上部鲜重及干重均显著高于对照,而植株中Cd的含量显著低于对照.赤泥的主要作用是降低土壤中酸可提取态Cd的含量;而东南景天则是由于其本...     

河道沉积物中重金属的生态修复及根际细菌的原位检测

调查分析了哈尔滨某排污河道化工区段表层沉积物中的重金属（Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Ni、Cu和Cd）含量,通过盆栽试验研究了4种当地具有金属耐性的植物（玉米、酸模叶蓼、龙葵和酸模）对受污染的河道沉积物中重金属的修复效果,进而调查了这4种植物对重金属赋值形态的影响、富集能力及重金属的转运能力.结果显示,排污河道沉积物受到多种重金属的复合污染.表层沉积物中重金属经过两季植物修复后,7种重金属的残渣态均有不同程度的减少,并且金属形态逐渐向铁锰氧化态及可交换态转化,结果说明供试植物能够调节沉积物中重金属的生物有效性.重金属在沉积物中与在植物体内具有相同的总含量趋势：Zn＞Pb＞Ni＞Cr＞Cu＞As＞Cd,该趋势也反映出4种供试植物的生物监测潜能.植物对重金属表现出不同的吸收特性,4种植物对Zn和Ni的富集量相对较大,而Cu在植物地上部分的含量普遍较低,Zn和Ni在植物组织中的含量范围分别为108.4~543.92 mg/kg和36.8~246.91 mg/kg.总体来说,这4种植物主要将金属元素积累在根部,而非地上部分,表现出对重金属的耐受性.酸模叶蓼、酸模和龙葵这3种植物的地上部分分别积累了高浓度的Pb、Zn和Cd,并且具有较高的转运系数（TF>1）,反映出这3种植物对相应的重金属具有植物提取的潜力.采用荧光原位杂交（fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH）技术,分析对照和经过栽培试验后根际沉积物中真细菌的数量和空间分布,结果表明植物对沉积物中的细菌有明显的活化作用.     

A newly-discovered Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L.

Phytoremediation emerged in early the 1980s is animportant technology for remedying contaminated sites.One of the most promising phytoremediation technologiesis phytoextraction using hyperaccumulators to removeheavy metals from contaminated soils. The ter…     

Response of ATP sulfurylase and serine acetyltransferase towards cadmium in hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance

We studied the responses of the activities of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) sulfurylase (ATPS) and serine acetyltransferase (SAT) to cadmium (Cd) levels and treatment time in hyperaccumulating ecotype (HE) Sedum alfredii Hance, as compared with its non-hyperaccumulating ecotype (NHE). The results show that plant growth was inhibited in NHE but promoted in HE when exposed to high Cd level. Cd concentrations in leaves and shoots rapidly increased in HE rather than in NHE, and they became much higher in HE than in NHE along with increasing treatment time and Cd supply levels. ATPS activity was higher in HE than in NHE in all Cd treatments, and increased with increasing Cd supply levels in both HE and NHE when exposed to Cd treatment within 8 h. However, a marked difference of ATPS activity between HE and NHE was found with Cd treatment for 168 h, where ATPS activity increased in HE but decreased in NHE. Similarly, SAT activity was higher in HE than in NHE at all Cd treatments, but was more sensitive in NHE than in HE. Both ATPS and SAT activities in NHE leaves tended to decrease with increasing treatment time after 8 h at all Cd levels. The results reveal the different responses in sulfur assimilation enzymes and Cd accumulation between HE and NHE. With increasing Cd stress, the activities of sulfur assimilation enzymes (ATPS and SAT) were induced in HE, which may contribute to Cd accumulation in the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance.     

草酸联合东南景天修复镉污染土壤实验研究

为了解草酸淋洗联合东南景天修复镉污染土壤的效果,选取矿山生态型东南景天根系分泌物中的草酸作为淋洗剂,联合矿山生态型东南景天进行镉污染土壤修复的实验.通过4种浓度的草酸分别对土壤进行了4次淋洗后,可以看出草酸浓度达到25 mmol/L时,东南景天干重最大,地上部镉含量最多,总去除量最大,去除效率可以达到51.34%,与不淋洗组对比高35个百分点.实验表明草酸浓度在25 mmol/L时联合东南景天修复镉污染土壤的效果达到最佳.实验证明使用草酸淋洗联合矿山型东南景天修复镉污染土壤,镉的去除效果比较显著,且生态型东南景天生长健康,从而为草酸联合东南景天修复镉污染技术的推广和应用提供了科学依据.     

Effect of phosphorus on arsenic accumulation in As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and its implication

Pot experiment was conducted to understand the effect of phosphorus on arsenic accumulation in As-hyperaccumulator Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.). It is shown that arsenic concentrations in the fronds and rhizoids, the arsenic bioaccumulation factor, and the total arsenic in the fronds were not influenced significantly under low levels of phosphorus (≤400 mg/kg) and increased sharply under high levels of phosphorus (>400 mg/ kg). The discovery implies that the efficiency of arsenic removal in phytoremediation using the hyperaccumulating plant can be greatly elevated by the phosphorus addition at high rates. The interaction between the accumulation of phosphorus and that of arsenic in plant was stimulated mutually. The result represents that Chinese brake is a good material for plant physiologist to conduct comparative and mechanism studies on the uptake behaviors of phosphorus and arsenic, and phosphorus is also a potential accelerator for phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.     

东南景天DNA提取方法的比较

以超积累生态型、非超积累生态型东南景天（SedumalfrediiHance）的嫩叶为材料，采用CTAB法、SDS法、尿素法、柠檬酸钠法提取DNA，比较不同方法提取DNA的效率．结果表明，采用4种方法提取超积累生态型东南景天和非超积累生态型东南景天的DNA，其OD260／OD280的比值在1．8～2．0之间；除柠檬酸钠法外，其余3种方法提取的DNAOD26。／OD230的比值均大于2．0；其DNA浓度和得率都是尿素法〉CTAB法〉SDS法〉柠檬酸钠法，从琼脂糖凝胶电泳图来看，也是尿素法效果最好．因此，认为尿素法适合于超积累生态型和非超积累生态型东南景天DNA的提取．     

植物修复重金属-有机物复合污染河道疏浚底泥的研究

针对目前国内普遍存在的排污河道污染问题,通过盆栽试验研究了玉米、印度芥菜、超积累油菜、紫花苜蓿在施用不同配比的排污河道疏浚底泥上对重金属-有机物复合污染的修复情况及超积累的机理.结果表明,随着底泥配比的增加,植物发芽率的抑止程度也增加;适应底泥中高浓度复合污染的植物,底泥施用能促进其生长,提高植物体内的叶绿素含量.植物体内积累的重金属Zn、Pb、Cd以生长在底泥与土壤比为2:1的印度芥菜为最大,分别为1 521 mg/kg、453 mg/kg和11.7 mg/kg;Cu、Ni积累量以生长于底泥中的玉米为最大,分别为128 mg/kg和89.1 mg/kg.在本实验条件下,底泥中有机物以种植玉米的底泥为最大,为76.89%.通过环境扫描电子显微镜及配套的能谱分析发现,重金属在植物体内的聚集存在;经X荧光光谱仪和X射线衍射仪分析,确证了配合体之间及重金属和配合体相互形成架桥而聚集成团,形成重金属结合物积累在植物体内,且在植物根部发现积累了Cu的有机氯化物.种植前后底泥的X射线衍射对比表明,种植后重金属的晶格结构和存在形态发生了变化.     

Effect of phosphorus on arsenic accumulation in As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and its implication

Pot experiment was conducted to understand the effect of phosphorus on arsenic accumulation in As-hyperaccumulator Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.). It is shown that arsenic concentrations in the fronds and rhizoids, the arsenic bioaccumulation factor, and the total arsenic in the fronds were not influenced significantly under low levels of phosphorus (≤400 mg/kg) and increased sharply under high levels of phosphorus (＞400 mg/ kg). The discovery implies that the efficiency of arsenic removal in phytoremediation using the hyperaccumulating plant can be greatly elevated by the phosphorus addition at high rates. The interaction between the accumulation of phosphorus and that of arsenic in plant was stimulated mutually. The result represents that Chinese brake is a good material for plant physiologist to conduct comparative and mechanism studies on the uptake behaviors of phosphorus and arsenic, and phosphorus is also a potential accelerator for phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.     

基于重金属积累特征的城市绿化树种配置模式研究

用原子吸收法测定了芜湖市城区干道土壤与植物重金属(Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu)的平均含量,并分析了植物的重金属富集系数.结果表明:芜湖市城区已受到重金属的不同程度污染,土壤重金属元素的污染程度以Cd、Cu为最高,其次为Pb,污染程度最轻的为Zn.各绿化树种对重金属的积累特征表现为器官差异和金属差异性,即叶>茎及Cu>Zn>Pb>Cd.就所研究树种的综合富集系数而言,红枫是提取城市生态系统中重金属较为理想的树种之一.在重金属Cd污染较严重的区域宜栽种红枫、鸡爪槭、桂花等;Pb污染区可选择栽种红枫、鸡爪槭、银杏;Cu污染区可栽种红枫、女贞;Zn污染区可以选择龙柏和黄杨等.     

Chelators effect on soil Cu extractability and uptake by Elsholtzia splendens

Phytoremediation is emerging as a potential cost-effective solution for remediation of contaminated soils, and bioavailability of metal in the soil for plant uptake is an important factor for successful phytoremediation.This study aimedat investigating the ability of EDTA and citric acid for enhancing soil bioavailability of Cu and phytoremediation by E1sholtzia splendens in two types of soils contaminated with heavy metals [i.e. mined soil from copper mining area (MS), and paddy soil (PS) polluted by copper refining].The results showed that addition of 2.5 mmol/kg EDTA significantly increased the H2O extractable Cu concentration from 1.20 to 15.78mg/kg in MS and from 0.26 to 15.72mg/kg in PS,and that shoot Cu concentration increased 4-fold and 8-fold as compared to the control.There was no significant difference between the treatment with 5.0mmol/kg EDTA and that with 2.5mmol/kg EDTA, probably because that 2.5mmol/kg EDTA was enough for elevating Cu bioavailability to the maximum level.As compared with the control, citric acid had no marked effect on both soil extractable Cu and shoot Cu concentration or accumulation. The results indicated that EDTA addition can increase the potential and efficiency of Cu phytoextraction by E.splendens in polluted soils.     

Pb uptake, accumulation, subcellular distribution in a Pb－accumulating ecotype of Sedum alfredii （Hance）

Lead concentrations in roots, stems and leaves of accumulating and non-accumulating ecotypes of Sedum alfredii (Hance) were studied through a hydroponic experiment with different Pb concentrations sup-plied as Pb( NO3 )2 .Lead concentrations in leaves and stems of the accumulating ecotype were 4-9 times and 3-5 times those of the non-accumulating ecotype, and Pb-accumulated amounts in stems and leaves of theaccumulating ecotype were 4-9 times and 8-1l times higher than those of the non-accumulating ecotype,respectively. The results indicated that the accumulating ecotype had better ability to transport Pb from roots toshoots. The subeellular distributions of Pb in the root, stem and leaf tissues were studied using sucrose differ-ential centrifugation. Approximately 50% of Pb contents was found to be associated with the cell wall fractionin stems of the accumulating ecotype and the percentage increased to 80％ both in roots and leaves, no matter when plants were grown with different levels of Pb. The results indicated that the distribution of Pb on cell walls of the accumulating ecotype could mainly account for the high tolerance to Pb.     

郑州市典型城市土壤剖面Zn、Ni分布特征分析

为探讨城市土壤重金属的分布、成因及迁移特征,选取郑州市不同功能区土壤9个典型剖面,2个城郊对照剖面,对Zn、Ni含量及其剖面分布进行分析.结果表明:郑州市城市土壤Zn含量与城郊对照土壤存在显著差异;城市土壤Zn含量变幅为17.05～1 400.72 mg/kg,空间变异非常大,平均值为306.67 mg/kg,高于土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准,存在一定程度的Zn污染;城市土壤Ni含量变幅为6.70～22.33 mg/kg,平均值为12.41 mg/kg,均低于土壤背景含量,不存在Ni污染.城市土壤Zn、Ni含量的剖面分布比较复杂;土壤Zn的剖面分布与居民生活、工业以及交通等人类活动关系密切,具有在表层和亚表层累积的特点;土壤Ni含量大小主要受成土母质影响,垂直分布及迁移主要受城市人类活动扰动的制约而无一定规律.土壤中Zn含量与土壤理化性质不存在相关关系,而Ni含量与土壤粘粒、阳离子交换量等具有显著的正相关关系.     

厦门湖里工业区土壤重金属污染特征及淋溶特性分析

通过美国EPA颁布的酸消解方法和浸出毒性(Toxcity Characteristic Leaching Procedure,TCLP)法及荷兰能源研究中心提出的潜在可淋洗性方法对厦门市湖里工业区中土壤重金属污染进行综合评价.结果表明:该区域部分土壤中有不同程度的Cu、Zn、Hg积累,其有效含量分别在3.6~477.65 mg/kg、33.2~215.6 mg/kg、0.17~7.76 mg/kg之间,局部地区Cu和Cr污染程度比较严重;TCLP法提取的重金属量同EPA消解法测得的重金属含量基本保持成正比关系,且其浓度分布状况大致相同.此外,通过模拟酸性降雨对金属污染物毒性释放影响的测算结果表明:强酸性降雨能较大程度地促进土壤中重金属的释放,在制定城市环境污染防治对策中需要对此给予足够的重视.     

Viola baoshanensis, a plant that hyperaccumulates cadmium

This paper reports upon the finding of Viola baoshanensis, a cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator through field survey and greenhouse experiments. Average Cd concentration in the shoots and roots of V. baoshanensis growing on Baoshan lead/zinc mine in Hunan Province, China, was 1168 and 981 mg/kg, respectively, varying from 456 to 2310mg/kg in the shoots, and from 233 to 1846 mg/kg in the roots.The ratio of Cd concentration in shoot to root (DW) and that in plant shoots to total concentration in surface soil was 1.32 and 2.38, respectively. Under nutrient solution culture, biomass (DW) of V. baoshanensis exposed to 0-30 mg/L Cd insolution increased with Cd supply increasing and reached a maximum at 30 mg/L Cd. Further increase of Cd concentration (40, 50 mg/L) in solution significantly reduced biomass.Cd concentration in the shoots was positively correlated with Cd concentration in the culture medium. Cd concentration in the shoots reached 4825 mg/kg at 50 mg/L Cd solution. Theratio of Cd concentration of shoots to roots in V. baoshanensis was greater than 1 at all Cd treatments, with an average of 1.67 (1.14-2.22). The results indicate that V. baoshanensis is a Cd hyperaccumulator plant.     

土壤Pb、Cd污染对5种植物生理指标和修复能力影响的研究

为了筛选出修复重金属铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)污染土壤的植物,用盆栽的方法选取白菜(Chinese Cabbage)、甘蓝(Brassica oleracea)、野菊花(Chrysanthemu mindicum)、鸡冠花(Celosia cristata L)和紫苏(Perilla frutescens)为试验材料,模拟重金属Pb、Cd污染,Pb处理浓度为0.600mg/kg,Cd处理浓度为0.60mg/kg,采用感应耦合等离子体等方法研究了Pb、Cd污染对5种植物鲜重和干重的影响,以及5种植物对Pb、Cd污染土壤的修复能力.结果表明:白菜、甘蓝和菊花在污染土壤中植物形态上呈现健康生状态,鸡冠花、紫苏处理后叶片变黄,出现轻微的萎焉状态.Pb 600mg/kg和Cd 60mg/kg均显著增加白菜、甘蓝、菊花鲜重和干重,但减少了紫苏和鸡冠花的鲜重和干重.5种植物对于Pb的吸收能力由强到弱依次为白菜、甘蓝、菊花、鸡冠花、紫苏.5种植物对Cd的吸收能力由强到弱依次为白菜、甘蓝、菊花、鸡冠花、紫苏.Pb的积累指数由大到小依次为白菜、菊花、鸡冠花、甘蓝、紫苏.Cd的积累指数由大到小依次为白菜、菊花、鸡冠花、紫苏、甘蓝.白菜在5种植物中积累指数最高,说明它对于Pb、Cd的吸收积累能力较强,对Pb、Cd污染土壤具有较强的修复能力.     

施用IBA对枫香幼苗吸收土壤Cd2+的影响

采用盆栽实验研究了施用IBA对枫香(Liquidambar formosana Hance)1年生实生苗生物量及吸收、富集和转运重金属Cd2+的影响。结果表明,施用适宜浓度的IBA不仅显著提高枫香幼苗根、叶生物量,且对枫香幼苗各器官吸收Cd2+具有促进作用。IBA处理下,枫香幼苗根、叶生物量分别为对照组的1.57倍和2.09倍,且差异显著(p<0.05);枫香根、叶中的Cd2+含量显著增加(p<0.05),达对照组的2.36和2.03倍。IBA对Cd2+在枫香幼苗体内的富集、转运也有积极影响。利用隶属函数法进行的综合评价结果表明,采用600 mg/L IBA溶液浸根处理后枫香幼苗吸收土壤Cd2+的作用更显著。