不同填料对城市污泥堆肥过程中氮素转化的影响

以稻草、木屑、树叶为填料，采用人工翻堆好氧堆肥工艺，通过测定堆肥过程中的温度、pH、TN、NH4^＋N和NO3^--N的变化，研究了填料对堆肥过程中氮的转化及损失的影响．结果表明：以稻草、木屑＋稻草作填料，堆体的温度升高快，高温期持续的时间长，有利于污泥堆肥的快速腐熟和灭菌；堆肥初期，堆体NH4^＋-N含量逐渐升高，14d时达最大值，然后迅速下降，在堆肥结束时达到一个较低的水平，NO3^--N含量在14d后逐渐升高，仅以木屑或树叶作填料的堆体，其水溶性NH4^＋N，NO3^-—N含量均较以稻草、木屑＋稻草作填料的堆体低；堆肥后堆体的全氮含量降低，仅以稻草为填料的堆体，其氮损失率最高，木屑能降低氮素的损失；氮素的损失80％发生在堆肥的前期28d，此阶段应采取措施降低氮素的损失．     

微生物菌剂对城市污泥堆肥过程中氮素转化的影响研究

以稻草、木屑为填充料,分别添加EM原露、腐秆灵、金宝贝生物发酵剂、阿姆斯生物发酵剂和纤维素分解菌5种微生物菌剂,采用人工翻堆好氧堆肥工艺,进行城市污泥堆肥试验,通过测定堆肥过程中温度、pH值及NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和总氮含量,研究了5种微生物菌剂对城市污泥堆肥进程及氮素转化的影响,结果表明:添加微生物菌剂后堆体达到高温期和最高温度的时间较对照提前了1～2 d,降温阶段的降温速率提高了0.54～0.74℃/d,达到室温时间提前了5～6 d;各堆体50℃以上均保持了7 d以上,满足堆肥卫生学指标.添加微生物菌剂能促进有机氮的分解,促进硝化细菌的生长,有利于NH_4~+-N向NO_3~--N的转化和堆肥的腐熟进程.由于添加微生物菌剂提高了堆体升温速率、延长了高温期的维持时间和增加了堆体的pH值,导致更多的氮素损失.堆肥结束时,堆体氮含量降低39.8%～44.8%,较未添加微生物菌剂的堆体降低量多9.8%～14.8%.综合各项指标,金宝贝生物发酵剂和阿姆斯生物发酵剂具有较好的应用前景.     

污泥/木屑混合配料强制通风堆肥的研究

在强制通风条件下,研究了污泥与木屑配比为2∶1情况下污泥堆肥过程中温度、含水率、pH值、总氮、VS等参数的变化规律。在堆肥过程中,有机物含量(VS)和氨氮的含量降低,且堆体温度在55℃条件下保持了3天以上,确保了堆肥产品无害化、资源化和减量化的要求。     

碳与氮质量比对鸡粪与玉米秸秆混合堆肥的影响

以新鲜鸡粪和玉米秸秆为堆肥原材料,调节堆体初始碳与氮质量比分别为14(堆体1)、18(堆体2)和30(堆体3),采用连续强制通风方式进行混合堆肥.研究温度、pH、电导率(EC)、有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、阳离子交换量(CEC)和种子发芽指数(GI)等与堆肥产品质量和腐熟度密切相关的指标关系,并以此评价不同碳与氮质量比对堆肥产品质量和腐熟度的影响.结果表明:堆体3温度高于50℃的时间可维持5d,较堆体1(2 d)和堆体2(4 d)的高温时间长;堆体3的最终EC和CEC分别为1 070 μs/cm和1.456 mol/kg,与堆体1和2相比,其堆肥质量更佳;堆肥结束时,堆体1,2和3的OM含量下降约30％,而TN和TP含量未发生显著变化;堆体1,2和3的最终GI分别为61％,70％和82％.因此,初始碳与氮质量比为30的鸡粪和玉米秸秆混合堆肥(堆体3)能获得质量和腐熟度更好的堆肥产品.     

微生物添加剂对烟草废弃物堆肥进程理化指标的影响

为优化废弃烟叶堆肥工艺,提高堆肥发酵温度,降低烟碱含量,本试验通过添加不同微生物菌剂分析其对堆肥温度及理化指标变化的影响.研究结果表明,添加微生物菌剂可促进堆体发酵温度升高,延长发酵时长;堆肥结束后各处理烟碱含量大幅降低,最大降幅高达77.81%,且不同处理间烟碱含量差异较小;氯、钾、还原糖含量及pH值均有所增加.综上所述,添加不同微生物菌剂具有相同的烟碱降解水平,添加3‰发酵菌剂可使堆肥在65℃以上高温维持7 d,因此以废弃烤烟为主要原料开展堆肥的最佳微生物添加剂为3‰的发酵菌.     

外源物质调控好氧堆肥氮损失研究进展

好氧堆肥是处理有机垃圾的常用手段,但在堆肥过程中存在高温、高pH值以及局部厌氧等情况,导致含氮物质以NH₃、N₂O、N₂等形式逸出体系,从而降低了堆肥产品品质并污染了环境。通过改善堆体环境、提高微生物活性、调控堆体氮循环反应,生物炭、磷镁添加剂、微生物菌剂等外源物质显著降低了堆肥氮损失。介绍了好氧堆肥氮循环的基本机理,综述了近年来物理、化学、生物3类添加剂在控制好氧堆肥氮损失方面的研究成果,总结了外源添加剂对堆肥氮素转化代谢过程的影响机制,最后展望了氮循环路径以及添加剂与基质相互作用方面的研究潜力。     

餐厨垃圾和污泥联合好氧堆肥中的氮素转化及损失

采用强制通风静态好氧堆肥工艺,对餐厨垃圾和污泥进行联合堆肥化处理,探究二者不同配比对堆肥氮素转化及氮素损失的影响.以w(C)/w(N)=15~40的5组餐厨垃圾和污泥作为堆肥基质,以木屑作为调理剂进行堆肥试验.结果表明:所有堆体温度均先升高后降低,最高温度为78℃,w(C)/w(N)越高,堆体的最高温度越低,且达到最高温度的时间越长,pH先降低后升高至8.5趋于平缓,总有机碳质量分数不断降低.各堆体全氮和有机氮质量分数先升高后显著降低,铵态氮质量分数先增加后略有减少,硝态氮质量分数很低且变化不大.二者联合堆肥中氮损失27.8%~48.4%,且与投加的污泥含量呈正相关关系,氨挥发占氮损失的52.6%~80.4%,氨挥发是氮损失的主要途径,且随着堆体w(C)/w(N)的增加呈减少趋势.     

餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥过程参数的变化规律分析

为了探明餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥机理,促进好氧堆肥技术在我国餐厨垃圾处理领域的应用和推广,通过理论分析和实验研究,对餐厨垃圾堆体温度、pH值、可溶性碳氮比、含水率和有机质等好氧堆肥过程参数随时间的变化规律进行了研究.结果表明,堆制过程中,餐厨垃圾堆体温度先升后降,升温阶段较短,高温期维持了6 d,基本可以满足灭菌要求;堆体pH值产生一定波动,但总体仍保持在4.5~8.0;堆肥初期,堆体碳氮比相对较高,随着生物反应的加快,碳源消耗较快,碳氮比开始正常下降.另外,堆体含水率和有机质含量的变化和控制对于堆肥效果具有显著意义.     

生物强化堆肥降解菲

以多环芳烃为碳源对活性污泥进行驯化.选取未受污染的土壤、农业植物废物、树叶和锯屑加入菲配成模拟含菲堆制原料,分别采用添加经驯化的活性污泥和不添加活性污泥2种方法进行实验室规模的堆制,通过测定菲的残留率、堆体pH值、挥发性固体含量及种子发芽率研究了2个过程中菲的降解及堆肥过程的进展.结果表明:添加驯化的活性污泥大大加快了堆肥过程和菲的降解过程,并进一步降低了堆料中的菲含量:添加经驯化的活性污泥的堆体堆制20 d后菲的残留率可降至4.3%,堆制31 d后菲的残留率可降至1.5%;而未添加经驯化的活性污泥的堆体堆制31 d后菲的残留率才降至4.5%.本实验条件下,堆制31 d后,基本消除了堆料及菲对植物的毒害作用;不需额外调节pH、有机物含量,堆肥过程可正常进行.     

鸡粪中四环素类抗生素的降解研究

以鸡粪中四环素类抗生素为研究对象,在堆肥发酵过程添加降解剂对四环素类抗生素进行降解,研究木屑和高锰酸钾对四环素类抗生素的降解效果.在本实验条件下,以木屑为辅料,在堆肥发酵降温期添加高锰酸钾对鸡粪中四环素类抗生素的降解率达到89%.在堆肥发酵初期加入高锰酸钾会提高堆肥发酵过程的温度,结果发现高锰酸钾在堆肥高温期会发生分解产生氧气,增加堆肥过程的氧气通量,提高反应温度.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that