外延Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3薄膜中畴生长与所加脉冲的关系

采用柱状畴的理论模型,研究了用原子力显微镜的探针在外延Pb(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃薄膜中形成的纳米畴的生长与所加脉冲的关系。指出在PZT薄膜中畴的半径随所加脉冲的持续时间的增加以对数方式增大,随脉冲电压的增加而线性增大。理论计算与试验结果相吻合。     

AlGaInP/GaInP多量子阱MOCVD外延片光学特性测试

利用金属有机物化学气相沉积(MOCVD)生长了不同周期的四元合金半导体材料AlGaInP/(GaInP多量子阱(MQW)外延片,通过实验找到了在周期数和阱/垒宽度比等结构参数上生产AlGaInP/GaInP MQW的比较理想的结果.对常温下AlGaInP/GaInP MQW外延片的光学性质进行深入的分析和实验研究,发现当阱/垒宽度比a=0.56时,出光强度趋于饱和,当周期数目N=20时,FWHM减小到11.9 nm,可在一定程度上达到改善MQW结构设计和提高材料生长质量的目的.     

铜基底上外延生长金刚石薄膜的密度泛函理论研究

基于密度泛函理论对铜上外延生长的金刚石薄膜的几何结构及其能量特征进行了计算,计算结果表明外延生长金刚石薄膜的几何参数与体金刚石的几何参数相似(特别是(111)面);在铜多晶基体的<111>方向更有利于金刚石薄膜的外延生长.     

Diffraction-unlimited all-optical imaging and writing with a photochromic GFP

Lens-based optical microscopy failed to discern fluorescent features closer than 200?nm for decades, but the recent breaking of the diffraction resolution barrier by sequentially switching the fluorescence capability of adjacent features on and off is making nanoscale imaging routine. Reported fluorescence nanoscopy variants switch these features either with intense beams at defined positions or randomly, molecule by molecule. Here we demonstrate an optical nanoscopy that records raw data images from living cells and tissues with low levels of light. This advance has been facilitated by the generation of reversibly switchable enhanced green fluorescent protein (rsEGFP), a fluorescent protein that can be reversibly photoswitched more than a thousand times. Distributions of functional rsEGFP-fusion proteins in living bacteria and mammalian cells are imaged at <40-nanometre resolution. Dendritic spines in living brain slices are super-resolved with about a million times lower light intensities than before. The reversible switching also enables all-optical writing of features with subdiffraction size and spacings, which can be used for data storage.     

Synthesis and characterization of cerium sulfide thin film

Cerium sulfide(Cex Sy)polycrystalline thin film is coated with chemical bath deposition on substrates(commercial glass).Transmittance,absorption,optical band gap and refractive index are examined by using UV/VIS.Spectrum.The hexagonal form is observed in the structural properties in XRD.The structural and optical properties of cerium sulfide thin films are analyzed at different p H.SEM and EDX analyses are made for surface analysis and elemental ratio in films.It is observed that some properties of films changed with different p H values.In this study,the focus is on the observed changes in the properties of films.The p H values were scanned at 6–10.The optical band gap changed with p H between 3.40 to 3.60 e V.In addition,the film thickness changed with p H at 411 nm to 880 nm.     

外推长度对铁电存储材料BaTiO_3薄膜极化分布的影响

基于朗道-德文希尔（Landau-Devonshire）平均场热力学理论,计算并阐述了在非对称的边界条件下外延生长的铁电存储材料BaTiO3薄膜的极化特性,特别研究了外推长度在薄膜由顺电相到铁电相的相变中所表现出来的重要作用,得出铁电薄膜的极化特性及其分布强烈地依赖于外推长度的取值,揭示了外推长度在铁电薄膜的铁电相变中的物理本质.     

Structural and optical properties of Cr doped ZnO crystalline thin films deposited by reactive electron beam evaporation technique

ZnO and Cr-doped ZnO thin films are grown on to glass substrates using reactive electron beam(e-beam) evaporation technique.Variation of structural,morphological,and optical properties with Cr doping is investigated.X-ray diffraction(XRD) studies show that the films are polycrystalline in nature with single phase.Energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) results demonstrate that Cr ions are substitutionally incorporated into ZnO.Atomic force microscopy(AFM) reveals that the films present a compact surface and root mean squared(RMS) roughness increased with Cr contents.The optical band gap energy Eg of the films has been determined using Transmission data by spectrophotometer and ellipsometry.The band gap energy found to be decreased with increasing Cr doping concentration.The optical constants(refractive index,extinction coefficient) are calculated using ellipsometry and found to increase with Cr doping concentration.     

低临界入射光功率的光学双稳态

从热传导理论、法布里-珀罗(F-P)腔和光学双稳态理论出发,推导出产生光学双稳态的临界入射光功率的公式。讨论了F-P腔反射镜R_F及R_B的最佳选择,同时也讨论了F-P腔夹层的非线性介质材料、腔长等的选择。理论上可使产生光学双稳态的临界入射功率小到几微瓦。     

有机太阳能电池无铟透明电极的光电性能研究

以氧化锌铝陶瓷靶为溅射源,采用射频磁控溅射方法制备了铝掺杂氧化锌(AZO)无铟透明导电薄膜,通过X射线衍射仪、分光光度计和四探针仪等测试分析,研究了基板温度对薄膜晶体结构、力学和光电性能的影响.结果表明:所制备的AZO薄膜均为六角纤锌矿结构,并具有(002)择优取向,其晶体结构、残余应力、方块电阻、光学带隙以及优良指数等都与基板温度相关,当温度为400℃时,AZO薄膜的优良指数最大(0.40-Ω1),具有最好的光电综合性能.     

Tristable nematic liquid-crystal device using micropatterned surface alignment

It has long been appreciated that liquid-crystal (LC) devices in which the LC molecules adopt multiple stable orientations could drastically reduce the power consumption required for high-information-content displays. But for the commonly used nematic LCs, which are intrinsically uniaxial in symmetry, no industrially feasible multi-stable LC device has been realized. Recently we demonstrated how bistability can be robustly engineered into a nematic LC device, by patterning a substrate with an orientational chequerboard pattern that enforces orthogonal LC alignment in neighbouring square domains. As a result of the four-fold symmetry of the pattern, the two diagonal axes of the chequerboard become equally stable macroscopic orientations. Here we extend this symmetry approach to obtain a tristable surface-aligned nematic LC. A microscopic pattern exhibiting six-fold symmetry is inscribed on a polyimide surface using the stylus of an atomic force microscope. The hexagonal symmetry of the microscopic orientational domains in turn gives rise to three stable macroscopic LC orientations, which are mutually switchable by an in-plane electric field. The resulting switching mode is surface driven, and hence should be compatible with demanding flexible display applications.     

外加电场作用下层状铁电多晶材料板的模拟

建立了一个模拟在外加电场作用下的层状铁电多晶板的模型．该模型认为铁电材料的能量密度函数是变形和电位移的非凸函数以及引入了畴变对材料行为的影响．为了满足各晶粒间的运动学约束及电位移场的连续性条件,模型认为每个晶粒具有某种混合构形．通过常应力和常电场强度假设及利用加载过程中须满足的连续性条件,该模型将求解板对外加电场的响应问题转化为求解各晶粒中的应力及各晶界上的电位势的代数方程组的问题．同时,该模型利用两电畴的Ｇｉｂｂｓ自由能之差作为畴变的方向的判据,由要求板的Ｇｉｂｂｓ函数最小来确定畴变量的大小．     

Au/BaTiO3/SrRuO3异质结的制备与电致电阻效应研究

异质结的高低阻态可以分别代表逻辑＂0＂和＂1＂,从而实现二进制数据存储.采用磁控溅射法制备Au/BaTiO3/SrRuO3异质结.研究结果表明在不同工艺条件下制备的BaTiO3薄膜均具有（002）择优取向.电学测试表明：在较低气压下制备的薄膜,异质结中可以实现可逆的单极性到双极性电阻转变;在较高气压下制备的薄膜,异质结中可以实现不可逆的非对称双极性电阻转变.这些实验结果可以用界面调制的随机断路器网络模型统一解释.     

Mantle superplasticity and its self-made demise

The unusual capability of solid crystalline materials to deform plastically, known as superplasticity, has been found in metals and even in ceramics. Such superplastic behaviour has been speculated for decades to take place in geological materials, ranging from surface ice sheets to the Earth's lower mantle. In materials science, superplasticity is confirmed when the material deforms with large tensile strain without failure; however, no experimental studies have yet shown this characteristic in geomaterials. Here we show that polycrystalline forsterite + periclase (9:1) and forsterite + enstatite + diopside (7:2.5:0.5), which are good analogues for Earth's mantle, undergo homogeneous elongation of up to 500 per cent under subsolidus conditions. Such superplastic deformation is accompanied by strain hardening, which is well explained by the grain size sensitivity of superplasticity and grain growth under grain switching conditions (that is, grain boundary sliding); grain boundary sliding is the main deformation mechanism for superplasticity. We apply the observed strain-grain size-viscosity relationship to portions of the mantle where superplasticity has been presumed to take place, such as localized shear zones in the upper mantle and within subducting slabs penetrating into the transition zone and lower mantle after a phase transformation. Calculations show that superplastic flow in the mantle is inevitably accompanied by significant grain growth that can bring fine grained (≤1?μm) rocks to coarse-grained (1-10?mm) aggregates, resulting in increasing mantle viscosity and finally termination of superplastic flow.     

适用于DC/DC 变换器的预测函数控制优化策略

针对使用预测函数控制(Predictive Function Control, PFC)的 DC / DC 变换器在负载切换时产生的扰动对变 换器响应速度有较大影响的问题,提出通过设计观测器观测扰动来优化预测函数控制算法的控制效果;相对于其 他提高系统抗扰动的方法,通过设计观测器来提高变换器抗扰动的方法的优点是实现简单、优化后控制效果好等; 设计 Luenberger 观测器对负载切换时产生的扰动进行观测,将观测值反馈给预测函数控制算法进行最优化分析, 并结合仿真结果对目标函数进行调整,优化后的目标函数能更好地响应扰动并尽快达到稳态;最后将优化后的控 制算法与 PI 双闭环控制方法进行比较,结果显示优化后的控制算法在受到扰动后比双 PI 控制方法动态性能更 好,实现了应对负载切换时提高系统动态性能的目标,增强了 DC / DC 变换器的抗干扰能力;优化后的算法只考虑 了负载切换时的扰动对于系统其他方面的扰动没有考虑进去,可以通过设计整个系统的观测器来进一步提高 DC / DC 变换器抗扰动的能力。     

Hg1—xCdxTe液相外延薄膜的貌相分析

用扫描电子显微镜、能量散射Ｘ－射线分析及金相显微镜等方法，研究了Ｈｇ１－ｘＣｄｘＴｅ液相外延薄膜的表面形貌与衬底沾污等的关系，以及外延层夹杂和晶界存在的影响。结果表明，衬底沾污及晶界的存在会使外延薄膜的貌相变差；生长前衬底表面覆盖可以减轻其表面沾污，用适当的回熔ＬＰＥ工艺，可以改进外延层表面形貌及质量     

溅射时间对掺镓氧化锌透明导电薄膜特性的影响

采用射频磁控溅射方法在玻璃衬底上沉积掺镓氧化锌（GZO）透明导电薄膜,通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）、分光光度计和四探针仪等测试分析,研究了溅射时间对薄膜的晶体结构、光学和电学性能的影响.结果表明：GZO薄膜的性能与溅射时间密切相关.所制备的GZO薄膜均具有良好的c轴择优取向,可见光波段的平均透过率均高于87.97%;溅射时间越长,薄膜厚度越大,相应的晶粒尺寸减小,同时衍射峰强度呈现出先增大再减小的变化趋势,当溅射时间为25 min时,GZO薄膜的衍射峰强度最大,对应的电阻率最小（1.05×10-3Ω.cm）.     

Transparent anatase titania films: A critical study on optical properties

Titania thin films are prepared by electron beam evaporation and deposition conditions are optimized.X-ray diffraction studies have shown a polycrystalline nature of the films with anatase phase.The pr...     

Negative intrinsic resistivity of an individual domain wall in epitaxial (Ga,Mn)As microdevices

Magnetic domains, and the boundaries that separate them (domain walls, DWs), play a central role in the science of magnetism. Understanding and controlling domains is important for many technological applications in spintronics, and may lead to new devices. Although theoretical efforts have elucidated several mechanisms underlying the resistance of a single DW, various experiments report conflicting results, even for the overall sign of the DW resistance. The question of whether an individual DW gives rise to an increase or decrease of the resistance therefore remains open. Here we report an approach to DW studies in a class of ferromagnetic semiconductors (as opposed to metals) that offer promise for spintronics. These experiments involve microdevices patterned from monocrystalline (Ga,Mn)As epitaxial layers. The giant planar Hall effect that we previously observed in this material enables direct, real-time observation of the propagation of an individual magnetic DW along multiprobe devices. We apply steady and pulsed magnetic fields, to trap and carefully position an individual DW within each separate device studied. This protocol reproducibly enables high-resolution magnetoresistance measurements across an individual wall. We consistently observe negative intrinsic DW resistance that scales with channel width. This appears to originate from sizeable quantum corrections to the magnetoresistance.     

多孔阳极氧化钛反射光学性质的研究

利用直流磁控溅射沉积钛膜,以硫酸为电解液进行不同时间的阳极氧化,获得多孔阳极氧化钛(PATO)薄膜.用X射线衍射仪、扫描子显微镜、原子力显微镜分别表征PATO薄膜的结构和形貌特征,用分光光度计测量样品的反射光谱.结果表明,制得的氧化钛薄膜是多晶的Ti10O18;样品的表面有明显的孔洞结构,且粗糙度随着氧化时间的增加而增大.随着氧化时间从10min增加到40,60,90,120min,样品的颜色相应地由蓝色逐渐过渡到黄色、橙色、紫红色和淡紫色.氧化时间为120min的PATO薄膜的在可见光区的折射率低于2.0,孔隙率约为0.32;粗糙的表面及薄膜内部的孔洞增强了光的散射,导致其消光系数大于0.1.     

TiN/Si3N4界面结构对Ti-Si-N纳米晶复合膜力学性能的影响

采用多层膜模拟的方法研究了Ti-Si-N纳米晶复合膜中Si3N4界面相的存在方式,以探讨纳米晶复合膜的超硬机制。研究结果表明：Si3N4层厚对TiN／Si3N4多层膜的微结构和力学性能有重要影响。当Si3N4层厚小于0．7nm时,因TiN晶体的“模板效应”,原为非晶态的Si3N4晶化,并反过来促进TiN的晶体生长,从而使多层膜呈现TiN层和Si3N4层择优取向的共格外延生长。相应地,多层膜产生硬度和弹性模量升高的超硬效应,最高硬度和弹性模量分别为34．0GPa和352GPa．当层厚大于1．3nm后,Si3N4呈现非晶态,多层膜中TiN晶体的生长受到Si3N4非晶层的阻碍而形成纳米晶,薄膜的硬度和弹性模量亦随之下降。由此可得,Ti-Si-N纳米晶复合膜的强化与多层膜中2层不同模量调制层共格外延生长产生的超硬效应相同。