浙江沿海大风的天气气候特征

利用浙江嵊泗、嵊山、大陈、北麂、南麂站建站以来的风速资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对浙江省沿海发生的大风天气进行了分析.研究发现浙江省沿海的大风发生频率较高,全年有1/3为大风日;浙北沿海大风日数要略多于浙中南沿海;大风主要集中在秋冬季(每年11月至翌年3月),其次是夏季(每年的7-9月),冬半年大风多为冷空气大风,春季...     

基于镭同位素示踪方法的大风江河口水体滞留时间估算

为评估广西北部湾沿岸的重要入海河流河口区——大风江河口的水体更新速率,本研究对大风江河口水体中的²²⁴Ra和²²³Ra放射性活度进行测定,基于短长半衰期镭同位素的活度比值,对大风江河口的水体滞留时间进行估算,得出大风江河口枯季的平均水体滞留时间为(8.36±2.88) d。整体来讲,大风江河口的水体更新速率相对较慢,在其遭受陆源污染时应在相应时间尺度上进行污染防控,以期为大风江河口水体的物质交换和输运提供基础信息。     

1617超强台风“鲇鱼”大风成因和预报分析

2016年第17号台风"鲇鱼"正面袭击福建省,并于9月26~29日期间给福建带来了严重的风雨灾害,尤其是大风带来的破坏影响非常严重。该文对1617"鲇鱼"台风大风的成因进行分析,得出结论:(1)"鲇鱼"外围螺旋雨带较台风本体先行逼近以及台湾海峡的狭管效应导致台风大风提早出现,且强风多集中在福建中北部沿海。(2)"鲇鱼"影响福建前期,地面冷空气自中偏东路向南补充,使得福建中北部沿海气压梯度明显增大,这是造成该地区起风时间提早、大风强度强、大风维持时间长的原因之一。(3)对流能量释放造成的大风与台风环流带来的大风叠加产生的增幅效应,也可能是"鲇鱼"在福建造成大范围、长时间强风的一个原因。(4)预报员根据积累的台风大风预报经验并结合丰富的观测资料,对数值模式输出的产品进行订正,将有利于做出准确率更高的大风预报。     

2013—2019年福建中北部沿海风的时空分布特征

将沿海各代表站所在区域分为A(港湾)、B(沿岸)、C(海岛)、D(外海)四类,分析福建中北部(福州、宁德、平潭、莆田)沿海风的时空分布特征。分析表明,年盛行风向以东北风为主,其次为西南风; 6～8月的盛行风向为西南风,其余月份都为东北风。南北向对比,时最大风速、日最大风速、时极大风速、日极大风速的平均值和5个分位值以及日极大风≥8级和≥10级的大风日数都呈现南大北小的分布特征,长乐南部到莆田(以下简称南部)一带沿海风力明显大于福鼎到长乐中部沿海(以下简称北部)的风力。东西向对比,北部区域的上述风速特征值都呈现东大西小的分布,但南部区域海岛站的部分特征值大于浮标站;北部区域≥8级的大风日数最多为外海的浮标站,南部少数海岛站≥8级的大风日数多于浮标站;南、北两个区域≥10级大风日数的大值区都在海岛站。日极大风≥8级和≥10级的大风频数都呈双峰型分布,4～6月都是低谷阶段;≥8级大风多发于10月～次年2月,≥10级大风主要出现在下半年。南部全部代表站、北部C类站、D类站和部分B类站全年都有≥8级大风,北部A类站和部分B类≥8级的大风集中在夏季。多数站≥10级大风集中于7～10月,但南部的部分海岛站冬季≥10级大风频数比7～10月更高。     

青藏高原东北部地面风时空分布特征研究

青藏高原东北部地区对全球变化异常敏感,系统研究该区地面风时空分布特征对理解青藏高原乃至北半球的大气环流演变具有重要意义.本文通过分析青藏高原东北部20个气象台站1982~2011年的年、季平均风速和年、季平均最大风速,2004~2011年大风日数、极大风以及最大风的风向、风频发现:(1)青藏高原东北部年平均风速和年平均最大风速总体呈下降趋势,春季的平均风速和平均最大风速在四季中最大.(2)2004~2011各台站累计大风(17m/s)日数总体呈上升趋势,2010年达到一个极大值;托勒、野牛沟、冷湖3台站大风较多,冷湖、茫崖、刚察、兴海次之,海拔较低的西宁最少;台站春季多大风.(3)各个台站极大风速的风向和最大风速的风向较为一致;青藏高原东北部总体上风向可分为四种类型:WNW,W,WNW、NW,总体以偏西风为主.     

江苏副高型强对流天气特征及环境参数分析

副热带高压控制下的强对流天气常常漏报和错报。为了提高此类天气的预报准确率,利用2007—2016年常规地面和高空观测资料以及地面区域自动站资料,运用统计分析方法,对苏南地区56例副高型强对流的天气特征和环境参数特征进行分析。结果表明:副高型强对流主要有短时强降水、雷暴大风、冰雹雷暴大风和强降水混合型,其中混合型出现频率最高(66%),雨强在30～79.9 mm/h的短时强降水频率(68%)最高,雷暴大风的风力多为8～9级(61%);强对流触发时间峰值在12:00—14:00时。静力稳定度方面,850与500 hPa的温差ΔT_(85)和沙氏指数S_I的中位值分别为25℃和-1℃左右,3种类型强对流的差异不大;混合型强对流的对流有效位能C_(APE)的中位值(2 510 J/kg),远大于短时强降水(1 570 J/kg)和雷暴大风(1 220 J/kg);而对流抑制有效位能C_(IN)的中位值则是雷暴大风(160 J/kg)的最高。3种类型强对流低层水汽条件相似,1 000 hPa露点T_d的中位值均在25℃左右;水汽条件差异主要在中层,中层大气越干、露点垂直递减率越大,越利于雷暴大风的发生,反之,则利于短时强降水的发生,混合型强对流介于两者。K指数的中位值,雷暴大风(32℃)、混合型(34℃)到短时强降水(36℃)是逐渐增大的。自由对流高度L_(FC)和抬升凝结高度T_(CL),雷暴大风的25%值分别为650、910 hPa,远小于短时强降水的900、970 hPa,混合型强对流则位于两者。差异明显的环境参数,对副高型强对流天气的分类预报有一定的指导意义。     

鄂尔多斯市春季大风、沙尘暴变化特征与高原季风的关系

利用1958～2001年600hPa高度场格距为2.5°×2.5°和1989～2008年600hPa高度场格距为1.5°×1.5°的ECMWF逐月再分析资料,以及1980～2006年鄂尔多斯市4个气象观测站春季大风日数和沙尘暴日数资料,分析了鄂尔多斯市春季大风、沙尘暴变化特征与高原季风的关系.结果表明,1980～2006年鄂尔多斯市春季大风、沙尘暴日数的时间总体呈减少趋势.进一步研究表明,鄂尔多斯市来年春季大风、沙尘暴的变化特征与高原季风的气候变化特征密切相关,来年春季大风日数与7月高原季风指数呈负相关关系,来年春季沙尘暴日数与5个月(1,5,7,11,12月)的高原季风指数平均值呈负相关关系.     

吉安一次雷暴大风的中小尺度特征

利用常规气象观测资料、地面自动加密站资料、探空资料、雷达资料及闪电定位资料等对2020年3月22日吉安雷暴大风天气的中小尺度系统演变特征进行分析.结果表明:1)强的位势不稳定层结,中低层(0～6 km、0～3 km)强的环境风垂直切变(≥20 m/s)以及中层干冷、低层暖湿的环境场特性有利于强风暴发生发展;2)边界层、地面中尺度辐合线和弱冷锋是此次强风暴天气的主要触发机制;3)较强的下沉对流有效位能(DCAPE)对强风暴出现的预测具有较强指示意义,短时阵性大风发生前后20 min内地面气象要素场变化具有明显的中小尺度系统特征;4)飑线回波整体移动迅速,强风暴天气发生于飑线前部中尺度对流系统中,大风发生在"弓形"回波前部凸起对流不稳定区;5)此次雷暴大风过程以负地闪为主,正地闪不明显,且负地闪频数在阵性大风出现前呈爆发性增长,大风则出现在负地闪频数最大时刻,该时刻较地面阵性大风出现提前20 min左右,负地闪开始下降时刻与地面强降水开始时刻对应.     

溪洛渡水电站坝区大风主要影响天气系统分型

经过对溪洛渡水电站坝区2007—2010年发生的40个一般性大风日和20个灾害性大风日的高、低层环流配置进行分析,根据大风发生的背景天气系统,将溪洛渡坝区大风分为地面低压(西南低压)、冷锋寒潮(冷高压扩散)型、低涡切变型、西风槽型、低空急流型、副高扰动型等6大类.提炼出各型大风预报着眼点,分析其形成机制,为预报员提高溪洛渡水电站坝区大风预报预警能力,确保溪洛渡水电站坝区工程施工期人员和设备安全、工程质量、降低风险、节约成本提供参考.分析发现溪洛渡水电站坝区大风日天气影响系统单一不多,而是多种影响系统并存,特别是灾害性大风日,影响系统更为复杂.其形成机制分为地面系统直接影响型、西风带动量下传型和高空动力不稳定型3类.     

大风江典型工程流场变化特征及悬浮泥沙扩散数值模拟

悬浮泥沙扩散会导致局部海域悬浮物增加,对区域海洋生态环境造成一定影响。本研究以大风江大桥为例,基于MIKE21模型分析了大风江潮流场变化和悬浮泥沙扩散特征。结果表明,大风江以往复流为主,涨急时最大流速为0.80m/s,落急时最大流速为0.89m/s,落急流速(平均流速为0.42m/s)大于涨急流速(平均流速为0.28m/s)。大桥建设对大风江的流场影响有限,主要影响范围为桥的东北端海域。当悬浮泥沙在低潮释放时,落潮期间浓度10mg/L的包络面积(10.11km²)远大于涨潮期间的包络面积(1.10km²)。同时落潮时最远扩散距离为7.15km,涨潮时最远扩散距离为2.69km。悬浮泥沙的扩散会对周边海域的水质造成一定影响,因此建议控制施工规模并采取防污帘等措施来减少悬浮泥沙扩散。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the