挤压、剪切作用在增稠现象中的作用研究

学者们一般认为浓厚颗粒悬浮液的稠化现象与颗粒间的剪切作用有关,然而有研究者发现,在冲击试验中,颗粒间的挤压作用可能是悬浮液的稠化主要原因。为了区分挤压和剪切行为在浓厚颗粒悬浮液稠化现象中的作用,本文设计了拖球、拖片的对比试验,并且考虑了围压及加载速率的影响。研究结果表明,在稠化过程中,颗粒间的挤压作用占据了主导地位,即颗粒间的挤压作用比剪切作用更容易造成浓厚悬浮液的增稠。围压的存在会影响挤压和剪切的作用力,围压的增大对增稠现象有明显的促进作用;相比于剪切作用,挤压作用对加载速率的促进作用更加敏感。     

氧化铝微粉—水浓悬浮液流变行为的研究

对文题研究表明：氧化铝微粉浓悬浮液属于非聚集性微粉浓悬浮液的胀性流体,随氧化铝微粉浓度增加,临界剪切速率γｃ向低剪切速率方向移动,由于假凝出现剪切中断现象。据该微粉浓悬浮液具有的正负双触变环,表明系统既具有触变性又具有粘弹性。小振幅振荡剪切实验证明,系统粘弹性随浓度增加而增强。借助分子运动论解释了贮能模量Ｇ′和耗能模量Ｇ″与频率ω的关系。     

水性聚氨酯分散体的绿色增稠流变剂——纳米纤维素晶须

涂料助剂的绿色化是涂料绿色化的关键之一,制备并表征水性聚氨酯分散体的新型、绿色增稠流变二合一助剂:纳米纤维素晶须悬浮液.研究纳米纤维素晶须的含量、温度对其悬浮液黏度的影响,考察了悬浮液的Ostwade幂方程模型,发现其具有增稠和触变作用.比较不同条件下在水性聚氨酯分散体中加入纳米纤维素晶须悬浮液后纳米纤维素晶须的含量、温度对混合悬浮液黏度的影响,纳米纤维素晶须的加入能降低混合悬浮液体系的粘流活化能、增加混合悬浮液体系的触变性.研究表明纳米纤维素晶须对水性聚氨酯分散体具有增稠和触变作用,能降低体系粘流活化能,增加触变度,是一种新型的、非石油的、生物高分子的精细化工功能助剂.     

Texturing of the Earth's inner core by Maxwell stresses.

Elastic anisotropy in the Earth's inner core has been attributed to a preferred lattice orientation, which may be acquired during solidification of the inner core or developed subsequent to solidification as a result of plastic deformation. But solidification texturing alone cannot explain the observed depth dependence of anisotropy, and previous suggestions for possible deformation processes have all relied on radial flow, which is inhibited by thermal and chemical stratification. Here we investigate the development of anisotropy as the inner core deforms plastically under the influence of electromagnetic (Maxwell) shear stresses. We estimate the flow caused by a representative magnetic field using polycrystal plasticity simulations for epsilon-iron, where the imposed deformation is accommodated by basal and prismatic slip. We find that individual grains in an initially random polycrystal become preferentially oriented with their c axes parallel to the equatorial plane. This pattern is accentuated if deformation is accompanied by recrystallization. Using the single-crystal elastic properties of epsilon-iron at core pressure and temperature, we average over the simulated orientation distribution to obtain a pattern of elastic anisotropy which is similar to that observed seismologically.     

Dynamics of sediment resuspension and the conceptual schema of nutrient release in the large shallow Lake Taihu,China

On the basis of investigations in situ, it was found that mass exchange on the water-sediment interface occurred chiefly on the superficial sediment within 5-10 cm. The spatial physicochemical character of sediment was distributed uniformly. The observation of lake currents and waves indicated that the dynamic sources, which act on the interface of water and sediment, came mainly from waves under strong wind forcing, while the critical shear stresses     

剪切条件下中浓纸浆的流动特性和能量耗散

对中浓纸浆悬浮液在剪切室内的流动特性和能量耗散进行了研究.结果表明中浓纸浆悬浮液在高剪切应力下可以达到流体化状态,此时其流动特性与水类似;根据中浓纸浆在流体化过程中的温度变化可以计算其能量耗散值;由于中浓纸浆中纤维之间存在着较大的摩擦力,因此耗散的能量与输入能量的比值很高,这对于中浓纸浆的泵送是很不利的;当中浓纸浆质量分数为13.2%时,其在流体化状态下的能量耗散值为498.96 kW/m3,表观粘度为7.94 Pa·s,所耗散的能量占输入能量的45.62%,且随着纸浆质量分数的升高而增大.     

Rheology of aqueous BeO suspension with NH4PAA as a dispersant

The effects of dispersant amount and solids loading on rheological behaviors of aqueous BeO suspensions were investigated. The relationship of viscosity and solids loading determined experimentally was compared with five various existing models. BeO aqueous suspensions exhibited a shear dependent behavior from shear thinning to shear thickening with the increasing of shear rate. The rheological behaviors of the suspensions are in reasonable accord with the model proposed by Liu, and are basically consistent with the Dabak model and Chong model, but are discrepant to other two models proposed by Krieger–Dougherty and Kitano. The maximum solids loading is estimated to be 0.577.     

沥青路面剪应力粘弹性响应分析

对典型沥青路面结构建立了粘弹性三维有限元模型,分析了半正弦荷载作用下路面结构内剪应力粘弹性响应的变化规律,并研究了温度、深度等因素对剪应力的影响.结果表明在半正弦荷载作用的末期,路面结构承受的剪应力由正向变为反向,在循环荷载作用下,路面结构承受正向和反向剪应力的重复作用,剪应力和剪应变随深度先增加后减小.在同一深度,剪应力随温度的增加而减小,但剪应变随温度的增加而增加.     

高竖向应力作用下海砂直接剪切特性研究

随着近海工程项目的日益增多,海砂可作为经济性建筑材料,但关于高应力作用下海砂的剪切特性研究未见相关文献。通过研究高竖向应力作用下中等粒径海砂的直剪特性,探究了剪切速率对强度指标的影响,得出以下主要结论:(1)随着竖向应力的增大,海砂应力-位移曲线的软化特性越来越突出。(2)海砂达到峰值应力时的位移大致呈现随竖向应力的增大而逐渐增大的趋势。(3)剪切过程中,竖向位移逐渐减小并趋于稳定,表现出剪胀特性。(4)竖向位移-剪切位移关系曲线在初始过程呈现出轻微的剪缩过程,表现为一个较长的稳定阶段,主要是与材料选择与高竖向应力有关。(5)剪切速率对高竖向应力作用下摩尔-库伦曲线的斜率有一定影响,近似可认为随剪切速率的增大,表现为内摩擦的降低。研究成果对近海工程项目建设有一定的参考价值。     

Fabrication of Unidirectional Fibrous Crystal Reinforced Super High Strength Steel Wire

提出了将连续定向凝固技术与低温强塑性加工相结合,制备连续纤维晶强化超高强度钢丝的思想,并在实验室成功地制备了具有单向柱状晶组织的铸铁与不锈钢铸棒,证实了连续定向凝固技术用于钢铁材料是可行的。     

CSP结晶器内钢液流动及凝固的数值模拟

应用数值模拟方法,建立CSP漏斗型结晶器内钢液流动及凝固传热耦合模型。针对结晶器内铸坯角部受到强冷的特点,对结晶器内热流密度采用修正方程进行计算,分析热流密度修正系数对铸坯凝固坯壳表面温度计算精度的影响。通过比较不同拉坯速率下结晶器内钢液凝固的特点,研究凝固坯壳对结晶器内钢液流动行为的影响。结果表明,采用热流密度修正系数后,铸坯凝固坯壳角部温度的计算值与实际情况更相符;提高拉坯速率可使铸坯凝固坯壳厚度减小;拉坯速率较大时凝固坯壳厚度随铸坯距弯月面距离的增大基本呈线性增长,拉坯速率为3m/min时,凝固坯壳在生长过程中厚度的增长有短暂的停滞现象;凝固坯壳对钢液流动的影响较大,主要是由钢液有效流动区域减少及两相区额外动量阻损造成的。     

Modified expression for the effective viscosity in the semi dilute shear flows of fiber suspension

The available expressions for the effective viscosity can not provide good predictions compared with the experiment data measured in the semi-dilute shear flows of fiber suspension with small aspect ratio. The departure of the theoretical prediction from the measured data increases with the decrease of the fiber aspect ratio. Therefore, by experiment for the fiber with 20 μm diameter, a new expression for the effective viscosity in the semi-dilute shear flows of fiber suspension with small aspect ratio is proposed, the relationship between the shear viscosity of fiber suspensions and the fiber concentration is given. The results show that the effective viscosity is not a linear function of the fiber concentration.     

大型推土机刀板冲击应力研究

对大型推土机的推土刀板在冲击力作用下的应力分析状态以及应力的时间历程的研究在国内尚无人详细探讨过。本文采用模态试验的方法获取刀板大工作状态下的各阶模态参数，进而用理论模态综合的方法，求得不同冲击力函数作用在刀板不同部位时刀板的位移响应，最后应用有限单元法的板单元分析法，求得了矩形单元中心的应力时间历程，这样，刀板在冲击力作用下应力的空间分布和时间历程都可救是，这种实验与理论结合的方法使动应力计算的     

双层均布荷载作用下混凝土悬臂箱梁抗弯性能试验研究

对大比例混凝土悬臂箱梁在弹性范围内的抗弯性能进行试验研究与分析,重点研究该混凝土悬臂箱梁的悬臂部分在双层均布荷载或单层均布荷载作用下,其荷载-挠度曲线、顶板纵向应变的横向分布情况以及顶板剪力滞系数的横向分布情况.研究结果表明：双层均布荷载或单层均布荷载作用下,支座截面处存在正剪力滞现象,离支座1/2悬臂长度截面处存在负剪力滞现象;荷载量级的增加对剪力滞系数没有影响;该混凝土悬臂箱梁在顶板均布加载作用下产生的剪力滞效应相对于其在顶板、底板同时均布加载作用下产生的剪力滞效应较为明显.     

Elastic turbulence in a polymer solution flow

Turbulence is a ubiquitous phenomenon that is not fully understood. It is known that the flow of a simple, newtonian fluid is likely to be turbulent when the Reynolds number is large (typically when the velocity is high, the viscosity is low and the size of the tank is large). In contrast, viscoelastic fluids such as solutions of flexible long-chain polymers have nonlinear mechanical properties and therefore may be expected to behave differently. Here we observe experimentally that the flow of a sufficiently elastic polymer solution can become irregular even at low velocity, high viscosity and in a small tank. The fluid motion is excited in a broad range of spatial and temporal scales, and we observe an increase in the flow resistance by a factor of about twenty. Although the Reynolds number may be arbitrarily low, the observed flow has all the main features of developed turbulence. A comparable state of turbulent flow for a newtonian fluid in a pipe would have a Reynolds number as high as 10(5) (refs 1, 2). The low Reynolds number or 'elastic' turbulence that we observe is accompanied by significant stretching of the polymer molecules, resulting in an increase in the elastic stresses of up to two orders of magnitude.     

Dilatant shear bands in solidifying metals

Compacted granular materials expand in response to shear, and can exhibit different behaviour from that of the solids, liquids and gases of which they are composed. Application of the physics of granular materials has increased the understanding of avalanches, geological faults, flow in hoppers and silos, and soil mechanics. During the equiaxed solidification of metallic alloys, there exists a range of solid fractions where the microstructure consists of a geometrically crowded disordered assembly of crystals saturated with liquid. It is therefore natural to ask if such a microstructure deforms as a granular material and what relevance this might have to solidification processing. Here we show that partially solidified alloys can exhibit the characteristics of a cohesionless granular material, including Reynolds' dilatancy and strain localization in dilatant shear bands 7-18 mean crystals wide. We show that this behaviour is important in defect formation during high pressure die casting of Al and Mg alloys, a global industry that contributes over $7.3 billion to the USA's economy alone and is used in the manufacture of products that include mobile-phone covers and steering wheels. More broadly, these findings highlight the potential to apply the principles and modelling approaches developed in granular mechanics to the field of solidification processing, and also indicate the possible benefits that might be gained from exploring and exploiting further synergies between these fields.     

地应力和油藏压力对弱胶结砂岩油藏出砂的影响

借助岩石力学的基本理论,结合弱胶结油藏的岩石学特征,系统地分析了原地应力、生产压差等因素对弱胶结砂岩油藏出砂的影响,并对防砂技术和措施进行了讨论。结果表明:在弱胶结砂岩地层,地应力的非均匀性将导致某些方位地层先于其它方位地层剪切屈服、出砂,因此,对这些方位进行选择性避射将有助于防砂和延长油井开采寿命;当井筒内压力保持不变时,随着油藏压力衰竭,射孔孔眼发生剪切屈服、出砂的可能性增大;当地层压力恒定时,随着开采压差的增大,射孔孔眼发生剪切屈服、出砂的可能性随之增大。     

岩石单轴压缩Kaiser效应的试验研究

岩石材料在压缩过程中能量释放将产生大量的声发射现象。本文基于Kaiser效应理论及Kaiser点的确定方法,运用单轴压缩试验研究分析了岩石试件的Kaiser效应,结果表明：当岩石压应力达到或超过先期加载应力水平时,将首次出现大量的声发射事件,此处应力水平点即为Kaiser点,采用声发射确定的Kaiser效应点应力值比真实值大8%-8.7%。这表明,Kaiser效应法是一种简单、直观、经济的地应力测定方法。     

超空泡射弹的尾拍载荷与结构响应

通过对水下超空泡射弹的相关碰撞动力学理论的综合分析,给出了完整的尾拍力随时间变化的关系式.在此基础上,对射弹的结构响应进行有限元仿真计算.结果表明,尾拍碰撞时间与飞行时间成正比,尾拍力大小与飞行时间近似成反比.纵向和横向的加速度响应的主频律都在160 Hz附近.在飞行初始时刻,压应力极大,拉应力和剪应力则不大.主应力和...     

Electrorheological behavior of rare earth-doped barium titanate suspensions

Doping Y, La, Ce into barium titanate is found to be able to improve its electrorheological (ER) effect in DC electrical field. The yield stress of a typical doped barium titanate/silicone oil suspension is approximately 3.2 -*7〗kPa at 3.5 -*7〗kV/mm, which is 10 times larger than that of pure barium titanate/silicone oil suspensions. The ER effect increases with the decrease of ionic radius of rare earth (RE) dopant when RE concentration remains constant, and the suspensions exhibit a relatively high shear stress when Y, La, Ce mole fractions are 15%, 10%～15%, and 5%, respectively. Dielectric measurements show that the suitable doping with RE element increases dielectric loss of barium titanate and causes very marked dielectric relaxation at low frequency. By measuring X-ray diffraction patterns of doped barium titanate, it is considered that the occurrence of lattice distortion or defects may be responsible for the change of dielectric properties which results in the improvement of ER effect of barium titanate in DC electrical field.