等热流圆管内潜热型功能热流体层流换热的内热源模型及应用

从对流与导热的相似性出发, 揭示了潜热型功能热流体强化换热的物理机制. 针对平均比热容模型的局限, 发展了内热源模型, 优化了其数值计算方法, 对影响速度充分发展的等壁温圆管内该类流体层流流动换热强化的各因素进行了敏感性分析, 弄清了影响换热强化的主要因素及其强化换热的机理, 提出了表征功能热流体换热强化程度的修正Nu数.     

深层油气藏水力压裂裂缝扩展数值模拟

深层油气藏水力压裂过程中的岩石变形,不仅要考虑弹性变形还要考虑塑性变形的问题,以往的裂缝扩展数值模拟都没有考虑塑性变形.文章基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则和相关联的流动法则建立了弹塑性水力裂缝扩展的数学模型.模型使用润滑理论描述裂缝内流体流动,耦合岩体变形,采用内聚力模型对裂缝扩展过程进行描述.基于有限元方法编制了数值求解器,通过与经典模型计算结果比较,验证了数学模型和算法的正确性.研究结果表明:相比于弹性水力裂缝,在流体注入量相同时,弹塑性水力裂缝长度短,裂缝宽度大,扩展时需要更高的流体压力.由于塑性应变的存在,缝内流体返排后,弹塑性水力裂缝不会完全闭合.随着岩石摩擦角的增大,弹塑性水力裂缝的宽度减小,所需流体压力增大.相对于理想弹塑性,硬化岩石介质中的水力裂缝宽度较小,所需流体压力较大.     

阶梯溢流坝水流数值模拟及特性分析

针对Mixture模型,考察了Realizable k-ε模型,SSTk-ω模型,v2-f模型,LES模型等4种湍流模型对阶梯溢流坝水流数值模拟的适用性.通过对非掺气区域坝面平均流速、旋度大小、边界层厚度的计算,并与实验结果进行分析比较,结果表明：Realizable k-ε模型考虑了流体微团的旋转效应,提高了对较大曲率流动、旋流流动和涡旋运动的计算精度,对阶梯溢流坝有很好的适用性.以Realizable k-ε模型计算结果为基础,进一步分析了边界层内的速度分布、阶梯面压力分布等坝面水流特性.     

旋涡泵高扬程工况结构变化数值模拟研究

为深入了解高扬程工况旋涡泵内部流体的流动机理,获得进出口结构参数变化对旋涡泵性能的影响规律,建立了固定流道的旋涡泵三维流动模型,借助ANSYS FLUENT研究了旋涡泵进出口几何参数变化的基本特征,对比分析旋涡泵内部流场、场程等随几何参数的变化规律.选取典型的闭式双支撑结构旋涡泵的流动区域建立模型,研究不同进出口结构的旋涡泵内部压力场和速度场的分布情况,提出了在固定流道结构下进出口参数对旋涡泵效率提高的设计思路,对优化旋涡泵接口设计有一定的参考价值.     

一种表征煤储层压力与流体饱和度关系的数学模型

目前,针对生产过程中煤储层内部气、水两相渗流的研究尚薄弱,已建立的煤层气产能预测模型或产能分析方法中,一部分假设煤储层内部为单相渗流即单相水或单相气,一部分忽略流体饱和度和压力变化梯度,另一部分通过物质平衡方程建立平均地层压力与平均含水饱和度间关系,进而研究储层饱和度分布对气井产能的影响,但平均含水饱和度无法表征储层内部的饱和度分布.故现有模型均未考虑储层流体饱和度分布特征对气井产能的影响,导致现有产能模型预测值与实际煤层气井产出动态始终存在较大误差.鉴于此,根据气、水两相渗流微分方程,考虑应力敏感、基质收缩与气体解吸效应,建立了一种能够表征煤储层压力与流体饱和度间关系的数学模型.结合气、水两相相渗曲线与各生产时刻的储层压力分布曲线,提出迭代算法求解该模型,得到各生产时刻的流体饱和度分布规律.该模型的可靠性通过与商业数值模拟软件结果对比得到验证.该模型的提出填补了目前煤层气开发理论的空白,有助于准确计算气、水两相拟压力,为煤层气藏产能的准确预测奠定理论基础.     

铜-水纳米流体流动与对流换热特性

建立了测量纳米流体流动与传热性能的实验系统, 测量了不同粒子体积份额的Cu-水纳米流体在层流与湍流状态下的管内对流换热系数和摩擦阻力系数, 详细讨论了Reynolds数和纳米粒子体积份额对纳米流体对流换热系数和摩擦阻力系数的影响. 实验结果显示, 在液体中添加纳米粒子显著增大了液体的管内对流换热系数, 而纳米流体的阻力系数并未增大. 例如, 在水中添加2.0%体积份额的Cu纳米粒子, 相同Reynolds数条件下, 纳米流体的对流换热系数比水增大了约60%. 综合考虑影响纳米流体对流换热的多种因素, 提出了计算纳米流体对流换热系数的关联式, 通过比较关联式的计算结果与实验数据, 表明关联式正确地描述了纳米流体对流换热过程, 可以用来计算纳米流体的对流换热系数.     

微重力环境下的不对称内角流动研究

研究了用解析计算方法分析液体在线段和圆弧构成的不对称内角的流动.提出了等效内角的概念,把复杂的不对称内角模型转化为对称内角模型,并建立内角流动控制方程,对内角流动过程进行了计算.通过利用该方法,对带有外侧导流板的板式表面张力贮箱内的内角流动过程进行了分析.本文的工作将对板式表面张力贮箱的设计提供有益的参考.     

页岩气储层微观渗流机理研究

页岩气储层孔隙结构复杂,纳米孔隙所占比例大,而纳米孔内部气体流动机理不同于宏观流体流动,因此认识页岩气在纳米孔隙中的流动机理对页岩气的高效开采具有重要的科学意义.页岩气开采过程中,纳米孔的吸附解吸、应力敏感效应及滑脱效应使渗透率发生显著变化.为此,基于毛细管模型耦合考虑吸附变形修正应力应变的渗透率模型,在此基础上,考虑滑脱效应影响,建立页岩表观渗透率模型来描述气体流动.通过试验数据验证其合理性,并对模型相关参数对表观渗透率的影响进行讨论.研究结果表明,新建页岩表观渗透率模型能够合理地描述页岩气真实储层条件下气体的流动,考虑了吸附变形、应力敏感及应力变化下纳米孔气体滑脱效应等微观机理.在围压恒定条件下,新建模型计算出的曲线均与实测值吻合较好;随孔隙压力升高,页岩表观渗透率呈指数函数降低.两种气体的表观渗透率随平均分子自由程的增大而增大;孔径越大,在压力区间内渗透率越高,且随孔隙压力升高,渗透率逐渐降低.页岩表观渗透率对弹性模量较为敏感,弹性模量增大会导致在其压力阶段内有较高的渗透率;在孔隙压力升高过程中,裂隙压缩系数越小,渗透率越高;随温度的升高,页岩表观渗透率呈上升趋势.所建模型能为页岩气生产动态分析、产能预测和生产制度制订提供指导.     

致密砂岩气水相对渗透率模型

致密砂岩富含微米级孔隙,其气、水两相流动复杂,如何建立可靠的相对渗透率模型是目前亟待解决的问题.基于流体单管流动方程耦合二阶滑移模型,结合分形理论,建立了致密砂岩储层气、水相对渗透率模型,该模型考虑了气体滑脱效应、孔喉结构参数、含水饱和度分布,模型的可靠性通过多个已发表的气水相对渗透率实验数据验证.结果表明:1)建立的模型可用以描述致密砂岩储层微米尺度孔隙中的流体流动行为; 2)压力和含水饱和度增加都会减小滑脱效应对气相相对渗透率的提高作用,当压力小于1 MPa时,气相相对渗透率对压力极为敏感;温度对气相相对渗透的影响有限,可忽略; 3)孔径分布分形维数和孔隙迂曲度分形维数增加,有利于气相相对渗透率的提高,但会降低水相相对渗透率,且孔径分布分形维数的影响更大.     

基于模拟有限差分的嵌入式离散裂缝数学模型

嵌入式离散裂缝模型划分网格时不需要考虑油藏内的裂缝形态,只需对基岩系统进行简单的网格剖分,可以大大降低网格划分的复杂度,从而能够提高计算效率.并且该模型可以将现有成熟的油藏数值模拟技术和离散裂缝网络模型有机地结合起来,能精细地模拟流体在裂缝性油藏中的流动.本文模型求解采用模拟有限差分方法,该方法基于单个网格的节点和面信息构造数值计算格式,理论上适用于任何复杂网格系统,且具有良好的局部守恒性,将其推广到嵌入式离散裂缝模型后,克服了该模型基于有限差分方法求解时不能有效处理全张量形式的渗透率以及不适用于复杂边界形状裂缝性油藏的局限性.最后通过实际算例验证了本文方法的正确性和优越性.     

Estimation and Prediction Tests of Cash Flow Forecast Accuracy

Recently, analysts' cash flow forecasts have become widely available through financial information services. Cash flow information enables practitioners to better understand the real operating performance and financial stability of a company, particularly when earnings information is noisy and of low quality. However, research suggests that analysts' cash flow forecasts are less accurate and more dispersed than earnings forecasts. We thus investigate factors influencing cash flow forecast accuracy and build a practical model to distinguish more accurate from less accurate cash flow forecasters, using past cash flow forecast accuracy and analyst characteristics. We find significant power in our cash flow forecast accuracy prediction models. We also find that analysts develop cash flow‐specific forecasting expertise and knowhow, which are distinct from those that analysts acquire from forecasting earnings. In particular, cash flow‐specific information is more useful in identifying accurate cash flow forecasters than earnings‐specific information.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Long‐run forecasting in multicointegrated systems

We extend the analysis of Christoffersen and Diebold (1998) on long‐run forecasting in cointegrated systems to multicointegrated systems. For the forecast evaluation we consider several loss functions, each of which has a particular interpretation in the context of stock‐flow models where multicointegration typically occurs. A loss function based on a standard mean square forecast error (MSFE) criterion focuses on the forecast errors of the flow variables alone. Likewise, a loss function based on the triangular representation of cointegrated systems (suggested by Christoffersen and Diebold) considers forecast errors associated with changes in both stock (modelled through the cointegrating restrictions) and flow variables. We suggest a new loss function based on the triangular representation of multicointegrated systems which further penalizes deviations from the long‐run relationship between the levels of stock and flow variables as well as changes in the flow variables. Among other things, we show that if one is concerned with all possible long‐run relations between stock and flow variables, this new loss function entails high and increasing forecasting gains compared to both the standard MSFE criterion and Christoffersen and Diebold's criterion. This paper demonstrates the importance of carefully selecting loss functions in forecast evaluation of models involving stock and flow variables. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanisms of circulatory homeostasis and response inAplysia

This review concerns the organization and function of arterial vasculature inAplysia californica, especially the vasomotor reflexes that support circulatory homeostasis, and fixed patterns of response that may reroute blood flow during changes in behavioral state. The observations presented here raise three hypotheses for further study: 1)Arterial vasculature is functionally organized with precisely structured, independently regulated subdivisions; these are most evident for arterial systems serving digestive and reproductive processes; 2) arterial musculature is inherently responsive to local pressure changes, having both static and dynamic reflexes that promote efficient, evenly-distributed flow of blood; and 3) complex, long-lasting behaviors like egg laying have, as part of their makeup, equally prolonged and stereotypical changes in the pattern of circulation. Taken together, these observations support the view that maintenance and adjustment of blood flow in gastropod molluscs is an unexpectedly complex and highly integrated component of behavior.     

离心压缩机的扩压器内部流场分析及其结构优化

首先对等宽型无叶扩压器内部流动情况进行了较为详细的分析,在此分析基础上进行了两处改进：1）将等宽型无叶扩压器改为收缩型无叶扩压器;2）在原等宽无叶扩压器中加装导向叶片,并利用CFD软件（FLUENT）对改进后的扩压器内部流场进行数值模拟。从模拟结果上看：改进后的扩压器其内部流动不均匀情况得到明显改善,拥有了良好的气动性,从而有效地提高了压缩机整体性能。     

Mechanisms of circulatory homeostasis and response in Aplysia.

This review concerns the organization and function of arterial vasculature in Aplysia californica, especially the vasomotor reflexes that support circulatory homeostasis, and fixed patterns of response that may reroute blood flow during changes in behavioral state. The observations presented here raise three hypotheses for further study: 1) Arterial vasculature is functionally organized with precisely structured, independently regulated subdivisions; these are most evident for arterial systems serving digestive and reproductive processes; 2) arterial musculature is inherently responsive to local pressure changes, having both static and dynamic reflexes that promote efficient, evenly-distributed flow of blood; and 3) complex, long-lasting behaviors like egg laying have, as part of their makeup, equally prolonged and stereotypical changes in the pattern of circulation. Taken together, these observations support the view that maintenance and adjustment of blood flow in gastropod molluscs is an unexpectedly complex and highly integrated component of behavior.     

Synergistic effect of acute hypoxia on flow-induced release of ATP from cultured endothelial cells

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in primary cultures were perfused under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. These cells were stimulated twice for 3 min by increased flow (from 0.5 to 3.0 ml/min). Under hypoxic conditions the basal release of ATP was the same as under normoxic conditions, but during increased flow the release was greater (0.58±0.07>0.32±0.04 pmoles/ml/10⁶ cells (+78%), for the first period of stimulation; 0.39±0.05>0.22±0.03 pmoles/ml/10⁶ cells (+79%) for the second period). Further experiments with sequential increments in flow rate showed that under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, a positive correlation existed between ATP release and the rate of flow but there was always more ATP released under hypoxic conditions regardless of the flow rate.HUVECs in secondary culture (second passage) were similarly stimulated. No differences were observed between normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In both cases, the quantity of ATP released during high flow (0.050±0.004 pmoles/ml/10⁶ cells) was significantly smaller than the quantity of ATP released during low flow (0.09±0.01 pmoles/ml/10⁶ cells).To conclude, since hypoxia alone did not affect ATP release, there appears to be a synergistic relationship between increased shear stress and hypoxia in the stimulation of ATP release from HUVECs. Moreover, the release of ATP under these conditions seems to be a property of highly differentiated endothelial cells.     

Experimentelle Untersuchungen über eine röntgenkymographische Methode zur Messung der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Blutes

Summary The röntgenokymographical measurement of the speed of flow of the blood is based on the observation that, with the Stumpf kymograph, progressive movements taking place longitudinally can be recorded with the same ease as periodically recurrent, sinusoid movements. From the time during which the kymograph operates, which can be read off the time relay, and a few measurable stretches of the kymogram defined in detail in the text, the speed of propagation of a directed process of movement can be calculated. If a drop of iodized oil traverses the vessel at the same speed as the blood, the speed of flow of the blood can be ascertained. In numerous tests on models not only was the practicability of the method as such proved, but more specialized conditions of flow in tubes of irregular lumen or having aneurysmal sacculations were examined. In this connection vortical formations are very clearly shown. The particular merit of this new röntgenokymographical method (flow kymography) is seen to reside in the fact that the cycle of speeds can be followed along a considerable length of vessel, and also that circumscribed alterations in speed within the part-sections examined can be anatomically localized. Experiments in the use of the method on human subjects are in preparation.     

Pollen carryover and neighbourhood inRanunculus bulbosus

The pattern of gene flow has a major influence on the spatial scale of evolutionary processes. In plant populations pollen carryover will influence the pattern of gene flow. InRanunculus bulbosus L. pollen carryover was found to occur over a maximum of 5 flowers, with seed set per flower decreasing in a curvilinear fashion with increasing visit number in a sequence of visits by a bee after pollen pick-up from a donor plant. The effect of pollen carryover is to increase both neighbourhood area and neighbourhood size by two-fold.     

Potassium transfer from brain to blood during sustained hyponatraemia in the newborn calf

Summary The effect of dilutional hyponatraemia on cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption, and net transfer of K⁺ to the circulation from brain tissue drained by the sagittal sinus was investigated in anaesthetized calves. Cerebral blood flow decreased, and net transfer of K⁺ to the circulation increased during hyponatraemia.Acknowledgments. The expert assistance of Miss B.N. O'Connor, Miss D. McNaughton and Mr P.M.M. Bircham is gratefully acknowledged.     

Einfluss der Passagegeschwindigkeit auf die Resorption von Glucose im Dünndarm der Ratte

Summary Loops of rat's small intestine have been perfused with 5% glucose solution at different flow rates. The absorption of glucose has been investigated. The results showed that, with increasing flow rates, absorption rate of glucose is also increased. Therefore contact time seems to be no limiting factor in intestinal absorption.

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Mit Unterstützung des Österr. Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Projekt Nr. 650.