Sideband cooling of micromechanical motion to the quantum ground state

The advent of laser cooling techniques revolutionized the study of many atomic-scale systems, fuelling progress towards quantum computing with trapped ions and generating new states of matter with Bose-Einstein condensates. Analogous cooling techniques can provide a general and flexible method of preparing macroscopic objects in their motional ground state. Cavity optomechanical or electromechanical systems achieve sideband cooling through the strong interaction between light and motion. However, entering the quantum regime--in which a system has less than a single quantum of motion--has been difficult because sideband cooling has not sufficiently overwhelmed the coupling of low-frequency mechanical systems to their hot environments. Here we demonstrate sideband cooling of an approximately 10-MHz micromechanical oscillator to the quantum ground state. This achievement required a large electromechanical interaction, which was obtained by embedding a micromechanical membrane into a superconducting microwave resonant circuit. To verify the cooling of the membrane motion to a phonon occupation of 0.34?±?0.05 phonons, we perform a near-Heisenberg-limited position measurement within (5.1?±?0.4)h/2π, where h is Planck's constant. Furthermore, our device exhibits strong coupling, allowing coherent exchange of microwave photons and mechanical phonons. Simultaneously achieving strong coupling, ground state preparation and efficient measurement sets the stage for rapid advances in the control and detection of non-classical states of motion, possibly even testing quantum theory itself in the unexplored region of larger size and mass. Because mechanical oscillators can couple to light of any frequency, they could also serve as a unique intermediary for transferring quantum information between microwave and optical domains.     

Cooling a nanomechanical resonator with quantum back-action

Quantum mechanics demands that the act of measurement must affect the measured object. When a linear amplifier is used to continuously monitor the position of an object, the Heisenberg uncertainty relationship requires that the object be driven by force impulses, called back-action. Here we measure the back-action of a superconducting single-electron transistor (SSET) on a radio-frequency nanomechanical resonator. The conductance of the SSET, which is capacitively coupled to the resonator, provides a sensitive probe of the latter's position; back-action effects manifest themselves as an effective thermal bath, the properties of which depend sensitively on SSET bias conditions. Surprisingly, when the SSET is biased near a transport resonance, we observe cooling of the nanomechanical mode from 550 mK to 300 mK--an effect that is analogous to laser cooling in atomic physics. Our measurements have implications for nanomechanical readout of quantum information devices and the limits of ultrasensitive force microscopy (such as single-nuclear-spin magnetic resonance force microscopy). Furthermore, we anticipate the use of these back-action effects to prepare ultracold and quantum states of mechanical structures, which would not be accessible with existing technology.     

用泛函Euler方程求解线性谐振子的基态能量和波函数

利用泛函数极值满足的Euler方程，解出了线性谐振子的基态能量和波函数，与传统的薛定谔方程相比，本方法运算简便，物理意义明确。     

失谐力光系统中的光子-声子转换和基态冷却

研究由辐射压力引起Fabry-Perot力光腔中动力学行为.从力光系统哈密顿量出发,探讨在失谐条件下力光腔中量子现象.引入散射矩阵方案来论证光子和声子以有效并且可逆方转换.这对于光学光子和微械阵子之间量子态转变提供了一个可行方案.光声转变预着一可行量子光学器件.同我们用量子郎之万方法和主方程方法这两方法推导最声子占有数来研究械振子态冷却,并且对这两方法进行了参数比较.出在么条件下哪方法更实用.     

量子谐振子与经典谐振子的比较

在Heisenberg表象,通过引入升降算符求解了量子谐振子,计算了任意初态情况下坐标、动量、动能、势能和哈密顿量的期望值,并同经典谐振子的相应力学量进行了比较,得出了量子谐振子只能在一定条件下趋近于经典谐振子而不可能等同。     

量子棒中强耦合磁极化子基态能量的磁场和温度依赖性

基于Huybrechts-Lee-Low-Pines变分法,研究量子棒中强耦合磁极化子基态能量的磁场和温度依赖性.结果表明:磁极化子基态能量的绝对值随温度参数的增加而增大,随电子-声子耦合强度的增加而增大,随磁场的回旋频率的增加而减小,随量子棒受限强度的增加而减小;磁极化子的基态能量随量子棒纵横比的变化规律呈""型曲线,并受到温度的显著影响.     

量子点的尺寸效应及声子对激子基态结合能的影响

利用变分法研究了有很小厚度圆盘形GaAs量子点模型中激子的基态结合能,及电子-空穴间距随量子点尺寸变化的规律．考察了电子-空穴的关联明显加强时及完全束缚发生时量子点的横向尺度,初步考虑了体纵光学声子对量子点中激子基态结合能的影响,得出一些定性的结论。     

双色激光场对运动原子的激光冷却

研究了双色激光场对运动三能级原子的激光冷却,通过数值计算,分别得到了在不同光强、不同频率、不同传播方向条件下,原子在双色场中冷却的最终温度与双光子失谐的关系.结果表明,当双色激光场的传播方向相同时,冷却原子可以得到更低的温度;当双光子跃迁过程加强时,原子可以实现较单光子过程更低的温度.     

N维各向同性谐振子的超对称量子力学

构造了一个特殊的超对称伙伴势V±(x),在形不变势条件下,用超对称量子力学(SQM)方法,得到了N维各向同性谐振子的能量本征值和本征函数.     

LaSrCoO_4 的基态研究

通过运用实空间的Recursion方法和Hartree -Fock近似 ,发现层状钙钛矿LaSr CoO4有三个可能的基态。当晶体场强度比较小 ,系统处于反铁磁高自旋态 ;随着晶体场强度10Dq的变大 ,系统处于铁磁高低自旋混合态 ;当晶体场强度继续增大时 ,系统处于无磁的低自旋态。根据LaSrCoO4在低温下的磁矩大约是 2 .6 μB ,推断LaSrCoO4基态应该是铁磁高低混合自旋态 ,这和光电导谱实验的结果是一致的     

Optical coherent state discrimination using a closed-loop quantum measurement

Quantum mechanics hinders our ability to determine the state of a physical system in two ways: individual measurements provide only partial information about the observed system (because of Heisenberg uncertainty), and measurements are themselves invasive-meaning that little or no refinement is achieved by further observation of an already measured system. Theoretical methods have been developed to maximize the information gained from a quantum measurement while also minimizing disturbance, but laboratory implementation of optimal measurement procedures is often difficult. The standard class of operations considered in quantum information theory tends to rely on superposition-basis and entangled measurements, which require high-fidelity implementation to be effective in the laboratory. Here we demonstrate that real-time quantum feedback can be used in place of a delicate quantum superposition, often called a 'Schr?dinger cat state', to implement an optimal quantum measurement for discriminating between optical coherent states. Our procedure actively manipulates the target system during the measurement process, and uses quantum feedback to modify the statistics of an otherwise sub-optimal operator to emulate the optimal cat-state measurement. We verify a long-standing theoretical prediction and demonstrate feedback-mediated quantum measurement at its fundamental quantum limit over a non-trivial region of parameter space.     

借助于推广Bell态实现两体量子态隐形传态

两比特量子隐形传态的实现直接关系到量子计算机的实现,因此提出一个任意两比特量子态的隐形传态方案,发送者能成功地将此量子态几率地传送给接收者.此方案中,16个推广的非最大纠缠Bell态(简称G态)之一充当量子信道.发送者通过实行推广的Bell态测量(G态测量),接收者通过引入一个辅助粒子并实施适当的么正变换和单粒子测量,能将此任意两比特量子态以一定的几率发送给接收者.此种隐形传态方案的成功几率由量子信道系数绝对值的最小值所决定.

Abstract：

Two-qubit quantum teleportation is closely related to quantum computation, so a teleportation protocol in which an arbitrary bipartite quantum state is perfectly teleported probabilistically from sender to receiver is proposed. One of 16 generalized non-maximally entangled Bell states (G states for simplicity) functions as quantum channel. The teleportation can be successfully realized with a certain probability if sender performs generalized Bell state measurements (G measurements) and receiver introduces an auxiliary particle and operates appropriate unitary transformations and single-qubit measurements. The probability of successful teleportation is determined by the smallest one among the coefficients' absolute values of the quantum channel.     

激光冷却囚禁亚稳态氪原子同位素

高效率地冷却和囚禁亚稳态惰性元素原子,可用以研究冷原子间的相互作用,以及通过对放射性同位素的检测实现样品年代测定．本文主要介绍在中国科学技术大学建设的激光冷却氪同位素原子实验装置．目前,我们利用这一装置已经成功地将氪原子的各个稳定同位素进行了激光冷却和囚禁,获得了高浓度的亚稳态冷原子团,并且有望进一步提高装载速率等重要指标,以达到高效率检测应用的需要．     

量子态的非局域关联性

在普遍的两个自旋1/2粒子量子态下证明了局域实在论与量子力学是不相容的,推广了Hardy在两个粒子非最大纠缠态下关于Bell 定理的证明.通过纠缠态下广义量子不可克隆定理中的正交条件的转移证明了量子力学非局域关联性.     

Entangled quantum state of magnetic dipoles

Free magnetic moments usually manifest themselves in Curie laws, where weak external magnetic fields produce magnetizations that vary as the reciprocal of the temperature (1/T). For a variety of materials that do not display static magnetism, including doped semiconductors and certain rare-earth intermetallics, the 1/T law is replaced by a power law T(-alpha) with alpha < 1. Here we show that a much simpler material system-namely, the insulating magnetic salt LiHo(x)Y(1-x)F(4)-can also display such a power law. Moreover, by comparing the results of numerical simulations of this system with susceptibility and specific-heat data, we show that both energy-level splitting and quantum entanglement are crucial to describing its behaviour. The second of these quantum mechanical effects-entanglement, where the wavefunction of a system with several degrees of freedom cannot be written as a product of wavefunctions for each degree of freedom-becomes visible for remarkably small tunnelling terms, and is activated well before tunnelling has visible effects on the spectrum. This finding is significant because it shows that entanglement, rather than energy-level redistribution, can underlie the magnetic behaviour of a simple insulating quantum spin system.     

氦原子基态解析波函数的研究

采用二元泛函变分的方法,求出氦原子基态能量和波函数．该方法比一元泛函变分法得到的结果更接近实验值．计算结果与实验值之差,比用传统方法缩小了１５％．     

苝四甲酸二酐PTCDA分子基态和激发态的密度泛函理论

利用密度泛函理论研究了PTCDA分子,计算并讨论了PTCDA分子的稳定几何构型、电子结构与前线轨道能级、激发态能隙（HOMO-LOMOgap）,并对于基态与激发态的能级做了一定的比较。结果表明,PTCDA是一种平面分子,其吸收光谱集中在紫外波段,HOMO、LUMO能隙约为2．5eV。     

一类环状球谐振子势Klein-Gordon方程的束缚态解

提出了一种新的环状球谐振子势. 在标量势与矢量势相等条件下,应用因子分解方法,求解了零自旋粒子在其中满足的Klein-Gordon方程,得到了束缚态解和能谱方程.归一化角向波函数和径向波函数分别以初等函数表示,并用笛卡尔符号法则讨论了能谱方程.结果表明,粒子在这一势场中惟一地具有正的分立能量本征值.     

Single crystals of an ionic anthracene aggregate with a triplet ground state

Crystalline supramolecular aggregates consisting of charged organic molecules, held together through metal-cluster-mediated Coulomb interactions, have attracted interest owing to their unusual structural, chemical and electronic properties. Aggregates containing metal cation clusters 'wrapped' by lipophilic molecular anions have, for example, been shown to be kinetically stable and soluble in nonpolar liquids such as saturated hydrocarbons. The formation of supramolecular aggregates can even be exploited to generate aromatic hydrocarbons that carry four negative charges and crystallize in the form of organic poly(metal cation) clusters or helical polymers. Here we report the anaerobic crystallization of an ionic organic aggregate--a contact ion septuple consisting of a fourfold negatively charged 'tripledecker' of three anthracene molecules bridged by four solvated potassium cations. Its electronic ground state is shown experimentally, using temperature-dependent electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, to be a triplet. Although the spins in this biradical ionic solid are separated by a considerable distance, density functional theory calculations indicate that the triplet ground state is 84 kJ mol(-1) more stable than the first excited singlet state. We expect that the successful crystallization of the ionic solid we report here, and that of a covalent organic compound with a triplet ground state at room temperature, will stimulate further attempts to develop new triplet-ground-state materials for practical use.     

Deleting a marked state in quantum database in a duality computing mode

In this article, we present a deletion algorithm in the duality computer that deletes a marked state from an even superposition of all basis-states with certainty. This duality computer deletion algorithm requires a single query, and this achieves exponential speedup over classical algorithm. Using a duality mode and recycling quantum computing, we provide a realization of this duality computer deletion algorithm in quantum computer.