基于自组织竞争网络的黄河和长江物源判别

利用黄河和长江在地质历史时期的沉积物与现代黄河长江沉积物应具有一定的相似性这一原理,＂将今论古＂,以现代黄河和长江入海沉积物中部分常量元素的百分含量作为基准数据建立自组织竞争网络,对来自不同时代的黄河和长江的沉积物进行判别和验证,可靠性达到94.4%,并规定了其相应置信度下的置信区间.以此为基础,对南黄海NT2孔的物质来源进行了判别,结果表明钻孔中0～19.36m、28.07～52.88m深度范围内的沉积物为长江沉积物,19.36～28.07m、52.88～70.28m深度范围内以及表层沉积物为黄河沉积物.     

邻硝基苯酚在黄河沉积物和水相间的平衡分配

研究了邻硝基苯酚在黄河沉积物和水相间的分配行为,计算出中性分子和离子形态的分配系数Kd,Kdi以及总分配系数Kdo,结果表明,分配行为与体系的pH值有关,中性分子的分配系数Kd随pH增大而增大,中性分子和离子形态的总分配系数Kdo在pH大于6.12时减小,当pH大于5.08时,吸附态分数在0.85以上。     

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in surface sediments of the Yangtze and Yellow River Estuaries, China

The concentrations and congener profiles of poly-chlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in surface sediment samples collected from the Yangtze and Yellow River Estuaries were inves-tigated. PCN congeners (from MoCNs to OCN) were determined by isotope dilution/high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS). The total concentrations of PCNs were 34.3-303.0 pg/g (dry weight, dw) in the Yangtze Estuary samples and 6.2-408.0 pg/g (dw) in the Yellow River Estuary samples, which were lower compared with that in other sediments reported by previous studies. In addition, the remarkably different homologue or congener profiles of PCNs have been obtained in this study. Samples dominated with MoCNs to TrCNs might be attributed to atmospheric deposition and global fractionation, while in other samples taken from the surrounding industrial areas the enrichment of higher chlorinated homologues suggested that the industrial and human activities should be the main potential sources.     

长江中下游河流沉积物磁性特征初探

通过多参数磁性测量分析,探讨长江中下游干、支流河流沉积物的磁性特征,为研究长江水沙环境积累基础资料.研究结果表明,长江中下游干、支流河流沉积物中,磁性矿物类别均以磁铁矿为主,晶粒均以假单畴-多畴为主.与干流相比,支流沉积物中不完整反铁磁性物质含量较多,晶粒较细,Χ值仅是干流的1/10.随着支流泥沙的汇入,入江口以下江段沉积物的磁性特征相应发生变化.支流泥沙物源贡献的研究是探讨长江中下游干流沉积物环境特征的主要因子.     

Response of soil heat-water processes to vegetation cover on the typical permafrost and seasonally frozen soil in the headwaters of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers

The response of soil temperature and moisture to vegetative cover in the active layer of permafrost and seasonally frozen soil were assessed and compared. Soil temperature and moisture, under a range of vegetation covers (92%, 65% and 30%) in the permafrost and vegetation covers (95%, 70%―80%, 40%―50% and 10%) in the seasonally frozen soil, were measured on a daily basis. A decline in vege-tation cover led to a decrease in the integral of freezing depth of active permafrost layer, but an in-crease in seasonally frozen soil. The maximum invasion depth and duration of the negative isotherm during the frozen period and of the positive isotherm during the non-frozen period clearly increased when vegetation cover declined. With a reduction of vegetation cover, the soil moisture in the active layer of the permafrost decreased for depths of 0.20―0.60 m, but increased for depths of 0.60―0.80 m, while for seasonally frozen soil, soil moisture of the entire profile (0.10―1.20 m) increased. Variation in vegetation cover alters soil heat-water processes, but the response to it is different between permafrost and seasonally frozen soil.     

南黄海表层沉积物中生源要素的分布规律及其环境意义

【目的】研究南黄海表层沉积物中生源要素的分布规律及其影响因素。【方法】通过测定南黄海82个站位表层沉积物样品中生源要素的含量及表层沉积物的平均粒径,分析研究区表层沉积物中生源要素和沉积物粒径的分布特征,并从表层沉积物中有机质来源、沉积物粒度、水动力作用和环境等因素探讨其对生源要素分布的影响。【结果】南黄海表层沉积物中生源要素总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)及总磷(TP)的含量与平均粒径存在显著的相关关系,近岸沉积物粒度较大,对应生源要素的含量较低,在南黄海中部海区的沉积物粒度较细,各生源要素的含量较高。【结论】表层沉积物的粒度是影响生源要素含量分布的主要因素,即粒度越细,表层沉积物中生源要素含量越高。同时,有机质来源和水动力作用在一定程度上也影响和控制着表层沉积物粒度及生源要素的分布。生源要素TP分别与TOC、TN之间相对较弱的相关关系和近岸河口等地生源要素的高值表明,可能存在其他外部环境因素也会对其含量造成影响。     

Impact on the Yangtze (Changjiang) Estuary from its drainage basin: Sediment load and discharge

This paper focuses on the sediment transport and freshwater discharging from upper Yangtze drainage basin downstream, primarily on the basis of multiyear hy-drological data collected from three major hydrological gauge stations (Yichang, Hankou and Datong). Data indicate highest sediment load in Yichang (5.6×108 t/a), lowest in Hankou (5.1×108t) and second highest in Datong (5.4×108 t). This fluctuations are identical with what has been observed from the annual flood season. About one thirds of the sediment load are trapped in the middle Yangtze River course, where meandering river pattern prevails; rest of them are directly transported to the river mouth area via lower Yangtze River channel, where the river is typically confined by the exposed base rock and almost none is being trapped, instead, minor being drained to the mainstream from the local tributaries. To recognize this sediment delivery and river flow media is vital, because it can highlight morphologic/topographic correlation between the upper drainage basin and the estuary and the erosion and siltation in the river mouth area, where extensive coast has been exclaimed and or being exclaimed, and new navigation channel and port is being constructed. It is particularly crucial for monitoring the impact on estuarine change after 3-Gorges dam being closed in 2009. Data also indicate an increase in freshwater discharging downstream (>7.7×1111 m3/a), of which -50% derived from the upstream and another half concentrated from the local tributaries. The result shows that this numerous freshwater has constantly flowed into the river mouth area to support the estuarine aquaculture and ecosystem, where it is confronted with huge amount of tidal prism (>10 times more than that of the annual runoff) transforming from offshore. Thus, a great concern for saltwater intrusion especially during the dry season is aroused, largely due to the intense upstream agriculture irrigation and large water transfer project, such as the well-planned South-North Water Transfer project.     

Analysis on River Sediment Changes of the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River

The sediment load and river sedimentation of the upper reaches of Yangtze River has been undergoing constant changes as complex landformlarge mountain area and plentiful precipitation make the drainage area of Yangtze River very vulnerable to water erosion and gravity erosion. Through analyzing the hydrological and sediment load statistics recorded by major hydrological stations along Yangtze River since 1950s, and editing the accumulation graph of annual runoff volume and annual sediment load, we find out that the suspended-sediment of Yangtze river has been decreasing year by year in Wulong Hydrological Station on Wujiang River, Beibei Hydrological Station on Jialingjiang River, Lijiawan Hydrological Station on Tuojiang River and Gaochang Hydrological Station on Minjiang River, Yichang Hydrological Station, Cuntan Hydrological Station along Yangtze River mainstream share the same experience too. But the statistics obtained at Pingshan Hydrological Station on Jinshajiang River shows the sediment load there has increased. Taking ecological construction, hydraulic engineering construction and precipitation changes into consideration, the thesis analyses the cauls for the sediment load decrease of Jialingjiang River, Tuojiang River, Minjiang River and Wujiang River and provides us both scientific foundation for further study of river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yangtze River, and measures to control river sedimentation.     

安徽长江主要支流悬浮物重金属元素分布特征及其指示意义

文章在安徽省境内的长江主要支流采集了枯水期和丰水期的悬浮物样品,测定其中重金属质量比。结果表明,这些河流的悬浮物中重金属元素富集现象明显,相对于流域土壤平均含量,悬浮物中重金属元素的富集系数为Cd>Cu>Zn>Hg>Pb>Ni,其中Cd的富集系数超过30倍。这些悬浮颗粒在下游冲积平原成为成土母质的重要成分,使之具有较高的重金属背景含量。沿江地区土壤Cd的富集较其他元素更为显著,与Cd在悬浮物中的富集系数大于其他元素有关。     

人类活动对河流入海流量下降的影响——以长江黄河为例

近几十年来随着我国经济的飞速发展，人类活动日益加剧且对水资源的需求急剧增加，众多河流的人海流量迅速下降甚至断流，这使得我国水资源私有制的状况日益严重。该文简述我国两大河流长江和黄河的径流量变化情况，主要分析了人类活动地河流入海流量下降的影响。     

黄河沉积物中重金属离子的形态转化及释放研究

以黄河包头段上游清洁河段的沉积物为吸附剂,以Pb^2 、Cu^2 、Zn^2 、Cd^2 等多离子溶液为吸附质,开展了重金属离子被黄河沉积物吸附后的再释放,以及吸附作用对重金属形态转化的影响等实验研究．结果表明,重金属离子被黄河沉积物吸附后,各元素均不转入残渣态,Cu^2 和Zn^2 主要向碳酸盐结合态及铁锰氧化物结合态转化,Pb^2 主要向碳酸盐结合态和可交换态转化;Cd^2 主要转入可交换态和碳酸盐结合态．吸附后的赋存形态决定了Cd^2 的释放量及释放能力远远大于其它3种重金属离子,由Cd^2 排放引起的污染不易消除且影响长久．     

Elemental composition in surface snow from the ultra-high elevation area of Mt. Qomolangma （Everest）

A total of 14 surface snow （0-10 cm） samples were collected along the climbing route （6500-8844 m a.s.h） on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma in May, 2005. Analysis of elemental concentrations in these samples showed that there are no clear trends for element variations with elevation due to redistribution of surface snow by strong winds during spring. In addition, local crustal aerosol inputs also have an influence on elemental composition of surface snow. Comparison between elemental concentration datasets of 2005 and 1997 indicated that data from 2005 were of higher quality. Elemental concentrations （especially for heavy metals） at Mt. Qomolangma are comparable with polar sites, and far lower than large cities. This indicates that anthropogenic activities and heavy metal pollution have little effect on the Mt. Qomolangma atmospheric environment, which can be representative of the background atmospheric environment.     

黄河三角洲河流水环境容量研究

目前水污染物排放总量控制制度正由目标总量控制向容量总量控制过渡,而摸清纳污水域的环境容量是实行容量总量控制的基础。本文根据山东省河流水文、水质特征,建立了符合当地实际的水环境容量数学模型,确定了模型参数的设计方法;并建立了将水域环境容量转换为陆上污染源最大允许排污量的估算方法。以黄河三角洲内各条河流为研究对象,计算了在满足水环境功能区划条件下的水环境容量及最大允许排污量,从而为制定水污染物削减方案提供了科学依据。     

黄河下游原阳段沉积物粒度特征与沉积环境分析

为探究现代黄河下游沉积环境演化,在原阳段钻取了两个钻孔岩芯(YHX-1、YHX-2),通过对钻孔沉积物粒度测试与分析,运用沉积物粒度参数、频率曲线与概率累积曲线,结合沉积物岩性及周边钻孔年代信息,划分研究区钻孔地质年代,揭示研究区沉积水动力条件及环境演化历史。结果表明：YHX-1分为7个沉积段,YHX-2钻孔为11个阶段,中更新世时期,两根钻孔以中细砂为主,沉积相以河床亚相为主;晚更新世时期,钻孔经历短暂河漫滩微相,进入漫长的河床相沉积;全新世早期,YHX-1钻孔由湖泊沼泽沉积转变为河漫滩沉积,YHX-2钻孔为河漫滩沉积;全新世晚期,黄河改道流入当今河道,两根钻孔河床沉积相对比分析表明,改道后黄河主河道经历由北向南的变迁过程。     

黄河调水调沙实践

黄河水少沙多,水沙不协调．通过水库联合调度、泥沙扰动和引水控制等手段塑造协调的水沙关系,有利于下游河道减淤甚至冲刷．开展全程原型观测和分析研究,检验调水调沙调控指标的合理性,进一步优化水库调控指标,探索调水调沙生产运用模式,为黄河下游防洪减淤和小浪底水库运行方式提供重要参数和依据．2002-2007年,黄河水利委员会进行了3次黄河调水调沙原型试验和4次调水调沙生产运行,效果显著,成果丰富,取得了巨大社会效益和经济效益．     

Elemental composition method for computation and analysis of simultaneous chemical and phase equilibrium

An elemental composition method for computation and analysis of simultaneous chemical and phase equilibrium (CPE) of non-ideal mixtures is proposed. The concept of element is defined, the relationship between component composition and elemental composition is derived, and the concept of elemental potential and its physical meaning are further cleared from the view point of thermodynamics. The relationship between chemical potential and elemental potential is derived in the thermodynamic principles, and the computation equations for CPE problem are obtained based on elemental potential. A simple form of necessary and sufficient condition in terms of elemental composition for reactive azeotropes is derived, which takes the same functional form as the condition for azeotropes in non-reactive systems. The element in this note may be atoms, molecules or group radicals. The presented method is applicable to CPE problem of non-ideal mixtures, and the computation can be simplified by the dimension reducing method. The presented method was supplied to compute and analyze CPE problem of several examples and it is found that it is a robust and efficient method.     

长江口北槽悬沙输移机理分析

运用通量机制分解法对长江口北槽深水航道的实测水文泥沙资料进行了分析,将悬沙通量分解成了8个动力项,从平流输沙、潮泵效应输沙和垂向净环流输沙三方面综合分析了长江口北槽的悬沙输移特征。研究结果表明:在水文资料实测年份时,北槽输沙主要来源于上游来沙;平流输沙项占总体净输沙的比重最大;潮泵输沙所占比例较小;航道内的各测点的垂向净环流输沙主要受欧拉余流控制;深水区悬沙含量垂向变化明显,河口浅水区,表底余流方向不同,垂向净环流输沙作用增强。     

人类活动对长江泥沙特性的影响

随着长江流域水资源开发利用程度的提高,长江泥沙特性在一定程度上也发生了变化.为分析水资源开发利用对长江泥沙特性的影响,以长江万县、宜昌、汉口、大通、白河、仙桃6个水文站为研究对象,以丹江口、葛洲坝及三峡水库关闸蓄水时间划分研究阶段,利用各站近50 a的日含沙量资料对比分析了各研究阶段长江年、汛期、非汛期、月输沙量变化特性.结果表明,不同历时的输沙量均呈显著减少趋势.该研究成果为评价人类活动对长江生态系统健康与稳定性的影响提供了参考.