Direct observation of the alignment of ferromagnetic spins by antiferromagnetic spins

The arrangement of spins at interfaces in a layered magnetic material often has an important effect on the properties of the material. One example of this is the directional coupling between the spins in an antiferromagnet and those in an adjacent ferromagnet, an effect first discovered in 1956 and referred to as exchange bias. Because of its technological importance for the development of advanced devices such as magnetic read heads and magnetic memory cells, this phenomenon has received much attention. Despite extensive studies, however, exchange bias is still poorly understood, largely due to the lack of techniques capable of providing detailed information about the arrangement of magnetic moments near interfaces. Here we present polarization-dependent X-ray magnetic dichroism spectro-microscopy that reveals the micromagnetic structure on both sides of a ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic interface. Images of thin ferromagnetic Co films grown on antiferromagnetic LaFeO3 show a direct link between the arrangement of spins in each material. Remanent hysteresis loops, recorded for individual ferromagnetic domains, show a local exchange bias. Our results imply that the alignment of the ferromagnetic spins is determined, domain by domain, by the spin directions in the underlying antiferromagnetic layer.     

Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions

Magnetic resonance imaging and optical microscopy are key technologies in the life sciences. For microbiological studies, especially of the inner workings of single cells, optical microscopy is normally used because it easily achieves resolution close to the optical wavelength. But in conventional microscopy, diffraction limits the resolution to about half the wavelength. Recently, it was shown that this limit can be partly overcome by nonlinear imaging techniques, but there is still a barrier to reaching the molecular scale. In contrast, in magnetic resonance imaging the spatial resolution is not determined by diffraction; rather, it is limited by magnetic field sensitivity, and so can in principle go well below the optical wavelength. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging has recently been improved enough to image single cells, and magnetic resonance force microscopy has succeeded in detecting single electrons and small nuclear spin ensembles. However, this technique currently requires cryogenic temperatures, which limit most potential biological applications. Alternatively, single-electron spin states can be detected optically, even at room temperature in some systems. Here we show how magneto-optical spin detection can be used to determine the location of a spin associated with a single nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond with nanometre resolution under ambient conditions. By placing these nitrogen-vacancy spins in functionalized diamond nanocrystals, biologically specific magnetofluorescent spin markers can be produced. Significantly, we show that this nanometre-scale resolution can be achieved without any probes located closer than typical cell dimensions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of a single diamond spin as a scanning probe magnetometer to map nanoscale magnetic field variations. The potential impact of single-spin imaging at room temperature is far-reaching. It could lead to the capability to probe biologically relevant spins in living cells.     

具有稳定性Ising模型局部场系数h和耦合项系数J的量子退火分布式整数分解研究

分解大整数的困难程度是RSA公钥密码的安全基础,量子退火破译RSA密码与Shor算法有着本质性的不同,将整数分解问题转化为组合优化问题,利用D-Wave量子退火特有的量子隧穿效应跳出局部亚优解.本文提出一种新的分布式量子退火整数分解算法,将任意整数转变为D-Wave量子计算机可执行的稳定性Ising模型的框架.Ising模型局部场系数h、耦合项系数J的稳定性和取值范围是影响到整数分解成功率的重要因素,与普渡大学Jiang等人的算法相比,本文算法在降低使用的逻辑比特数的同时,参数h,J降低程度达到60%和40%以上,且Ising模型系数取值范围稳定;与洛克希德·马丁公司Warren的算法相比,在保证可以达到Ising模型稳定的情况下,本文算法参数h,J从10^6降低到10^2数量级.此外,Warren为了证明其提出的算法的正确性,遍历分解1000以内的整数,本文的算法遍历10000以内的整数,均成功分解.本文算法实验结果超过了目前Shor算法、普渡大学Jiang等人和洛克希德·马丁公司Warren公开文献最大分解规模.     

产品性能与加工表面质量设计

文章针对产品性能与加工表面质量间的关系进行分析,指出加工表面质量具有保证产品质量和功能的双重性,同时实现表面形貌设计是解决该问题的有效途径。表面形貌设计需要以面向功能的表面表征为基础,并与考虑表面结构特性的粗糙表面摩擦学分析相结合,通过一些定量表征分析,研究了平均流量模型的不足和对表面表征的需要,对目前在这两个方面的研究现状以及存在的问题进行了深入的探讨。     

机制砂率和石粉对人工砂砂浆抗渗性能的影响

为了机制砂能高性能应用,取水粉比为0.42,使用不同机制砂率的混合砂,采用掺入石粉取代水泥的方法设计人工砂砂浆的配合比,对人工砂砂浆的抗渗性能进行试验研究,并通过孔径分布和平均孔径揭示其机理.研究表明:随着机制砂率及石粉掺量的增大,人工砂砂浆的抗渗性先提高后降低;机制砂率为66.7%、石粉掺量为10%的人工砂砂浆抗渗性最好.     

Coherent manipulation of single spins in semiconductors

During the past few years, researchers have gained unprecedented control over spins in the solid state. What was considered almost impossible a decade ago, in both conceptual and practical terms, is now a reality: single spins can be isolated, initialized, coherently manipulated and read out using both electrical and optical techniques. Progress has been made towards full control of the quantum states of single and coupled spins in a variety of semiconductors and nanostructures, and towards understanding the mechanisms through which spins lose coherence in these systems. These abilities will allow pioneering investigations of fundamental quantum-mechanical processes and provide pathways towards applications in quantum information processing.     

Engineered two-dimensional Ising interactions in a trapped-ion quantum simulator with hundreds of spins

The presence of long-range quantum spin correlations underlies a variety of physical phenomena in condensed-matter systems, potentially including high-temperature superconductivity. However, many properties of exotic, strongly correlated spin systems, such as spin liquids, have proved difficult to study, in part because calculations involving N-body entanglement become intractable for as few as N?≈?30 particles. Feynman predicted that a quantum simulator--a special-purpose 'analogue' processor built using quantum bits (qubits)--would be inherently suited to solving such problems. In the context of quantum magnetism, a number of experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach, but simulations allowing controlled, tunable interactions between spins localized on two- or three-dimensional lattices of more than a few tens of qubits have yet to be demonstrated, in part because of the technical challenge of realizing large-scale qubit arrays. Here we demonstrate a variable-range Ising-type spin-spin interaction, J(i,j), on a naturally occurring, two-dimensional triangular crystal lattice of hundreds of spin-half particles (beryllium ions stored in a Penning trap). This is a computationally relevant scale more than an order of magnitude larger than previous experiments. We show that a spin-dependent optical dipole force can produce an antiferromagnetic interaction J(i,j) proportional variant d(-a)(i,j), where 0?≤?a?≤?3 and d(i,j) is the distance between spin pairs. These power laws correspond physically to infinite-range (a = 0), Coulomb-like (a = 1), monopole-dipole (a = 2) and dipole-dipole (a = 3) couplings. Experimentally, we demonstrate excellent agreement with a theory for 0.05???a???1.4. This demonstration, coupled with the high spin count, excellent quantum control and low technical complexity of the Penning trap, brings within reach the simulation of otherwise computationally intractable problems in quantum magnetism.     

Dynamical decoupling of electron spins in phosphorus-doped silicon

Quantum coherence is an important enabling feature underpinning quantum computation. However, because of couplings with its noisy surrounding environment, qubits suffer from the decoherence effects. The dynamical decoupling (DD) technique uses pulse-induced qubit flips to effectively mitigate couplings between qubits and environment. Optimal DD eliminates dephasing up to a given order with the minimum number of pulses. In this paper, we first introduce our recent work on prolonging electron spin coherence in γ-irradiated malonic acid crystals and analyze different decoherence mechanisms in this solid system. Then we focus on electron spin relaxation properties in another system, phosphorous-doped silicon (Si:P) crystals. These properties have been investigated by pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). We also investigate the performance of the dynamical decoupling technique on this system. Using 8-pulse periodic DD, the coherence time can be extended to 296 μs compared with 112 μs with one-pulse control.     

机制砂取代率及石粉掺量对人工砂砂浆流动度与力学性能的影响

通过使用不同机制砂取代率的人工砂、采用掺入石粉部分替代水泥的方法,研究人工砂砂浆流动度及力学性能的变化规律.研究表明:随着机制砂取代率的增大,人工砂砂浆的流动度优于天然砂砂浆,且其7、28 d抗压和抗折强度随着机制砂取代率的增大而增大.掺入5%的石粉可以提高人工砂砂浆的流动度及7 d抗压和抗折强度,28 d抗压和抗折强度降低幅度在10%之内.综合考虑人工砂砂浆的流动度及力学性能,建议采用机制砂取代率为66.7%及石粉掺量为5%的人工砂.     

具有电磁场的单圈量子宇宙波函数

本文运用有限维微扰方法，计算了在Bianchi-I型度规下电磁场的单圈贡献，给出了Hartle-Hawking单圈量子宇宙波函数。     

量子线与量子点中的量子态

本文简要地介绍了量子线与量子点的概念，并说明可利用电容测量研究低维系统的性质。     

The vector alignments of asteroid spins by thermal torques

Collisions have been thought to be the dominant process altering asteroid rotations, but recent observations of the Koronis family of asteroids suggest that this may be incorrect. This group of asteroids was formed in a catastrophic collision several billion years ago; in the intervening period their rotational axes should have become nearly random because of subsequent collisions, with spin rates that follow a maxwellian distribution. What is seen, however, is that the observed family members with prograde spins have nearly identical periods (7.5-9.5 h) and obliquities between 42 and 50 degrees, while those with retrograde spins have obliquities between 154 and 169 degrees with periods either <5 h or >13 h. Here we show that these non-random orientations and spin rates can be explained by 'thermal torques' (arising from differential solar heating), which modify the spin states over time. In some cases, the asteroids become trapped in spin-orbit resonances. Our results suggest that thermal torques may be more important than collisions in changing the spin states (and possibly shapes) of asteroids with diameters <40 km.     

Retrograde spins of near-Earth asteroids from the Yarkovsky effect

Dynamical resonances in the asteroid belt are the gateway for the production of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). To generate the observed number of NEAs, however, requires the injection of many asteroids into those resonant regions. Collisional processes have long been claimed as a possible source, but difficulties with that idea have led to the suggestion that orbital drift arising from the Yarkovsky effect dominates the injection process. (The Yarkovsky effect is a force arising from differential heating-the 'afternoon' side of an asteroid is warmer than the 'morning' side.) The two models predict different rotational properties of NEAs: the usual collisional theories are consistent with a nearly isotropic distribution of rotation vectors, whereas the 'Yarkovsky model' predicts an excess of retrograde rotations. Here we report that the spin vectors of NEAs show a strong and statistically significant excess of retrograde rotations, quantitatively consistent with the theoretical expectations of the Yarkovsky model.     

Solving geometric constraints with genetic simulated annealing algorithm

This paper applies genetic simulated annealing algorithm (SAGA) to solving geometric constraint problems. This method makes full use of the advantages of SAGA and can handle under-/over- constraint problems naturally. It has advantages (due to its not being sensitive to the initial values) over the Newton-Raphson method, and its yielding of multiple solutions, is an advantage over other optimal methods for multi-solution constraint system. Our experiments have proved the robustness and efficiency of this method.     

采用退火遗传算法的配电网优化方法

在分析多约束多目标配电网优化模型基础上,针对传统遗传算法求解时静态稳定性和鲁棒性不强、爬坡能力弱、收敛速度慢等问题,引入网络拓扑简化方法,决策变量多参数编码和退火动态罚因子处理约束,提出了基于退火遗传算法的配电网模型求解方法。通过实际农网决策工程验证表明,退火遗传算法适应度爬坡能力明显加强,稳定于1的几率提高,收敛于全局最优次数增多,运行时间缩减,而且综合费用比传统遗传优化方案减少了近50万元,从而达到了进一步优化的目的。     

耦合量子线-量子点体系中的Fano效应

利用非平衡格林函数方法,研究了耦合量子线-量子点体系的相干电子输运性质.研究发现:对于旁耦合一个2能级量子点的量子线的线性电导呈现有趣的电导降中带电导峰的现象;而对于耦合2量子点体系,线性电导表现为有趣的多共振现象.由于Fano干涉,上述电导峰电子的线型不是洛仑兹型的.     

利用超导量子电路中的宏观量子相干性测量弱磁场

超导量子电路可以被等效地看作人造原子,其内部能级结构随外磁场而变化.这里根据这些超导量子电路中的宏观量子相干性,设计了一种新型的磁强计.这种磁强计不仅体积小,而且具有低耗散和高灵敏度的优点.正因为此,它在读取诸如超导磁通量子比特等量子纳米设备方面,具有很大的应用前景.     

不同替代率下机制砂混凝土弹性模量试验研究

为了研究不同替代率下机制砂混凝土弹性模量的变化规律,以选用的机制砂配制C50混凝土,在水泥用量和砂率保持不变的情况下,改变机制砂对天然砂的取代率(0%、30%、50%、70%、100%)。试验发现,机制砂混凝土的弹性模量大于天然砂混凝土的弹性模量,且随着替代率的增大和龄期的增长,机制砂混凝土的弹性模量呈现增大的趋势,但以是替代率为50%的弹性模量最大,说明该机制砂对天然砂的最佳替代率为50%左右。通过分析发现,高强机制砂混凝土的弹性模量与抗压强度之间的拟合关系与普通混凝土的不同,用普通混凝土的拟合方程计算值偏小。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of railway wheels manufactured with low-medium carbon Si-Mn-Mo-V steel

The suitability of carbide-free bainite steel as railway wheel materials was investigated. The low-medium carbon Si-Mn-Mo-V steel was designed to make railway wheels by forging and rolling. The slack quenching with water was conducted on the tread of rim section by programmed control to simulate isothermal heat treatment after being austenitized. Microstructures and mechanical properties have been studied. The results indicate that the microstructure of the rim is mainly carbide-free bainite, and the mixed microstructure of bainitic ferrite and granular bainite is observed in web and hub. The mechanical properties are superior to both the standard requirements and the commercial production, such as CL60 plain carbon. The Charpy impact energy is relatively high at room and/or subzero temperatures. The force-displacement curves and fractographies reveal the excellent ability of resistance to crack initiation and propagation.