广适水驱特征曲线的适用性及应用方法研究

水驱特征曲线法是利用生产资料预测水驱开发油田进入中高含水阶段以后水驱可采储量的重要手段之一,国内外学者提出并改进形成了70多种水驱特征曲线,但适用条件和预测精度各有千秋,制约着水驱特征曲线应用的效率及效果,行业标准中推荐的水驱特征曲线也在根据实践认识不断变化。本文首先通过分析广适水驱特征曲线及常用水驱特征曲线的物理意义,认为广适水驱特征曲线具有较强的适用性,提出了常用水驱特征曲线谱系图,进而建立了近似理论曲线、广适曲线、丙型曲线、丁型曲线之间内在关系的认识;接着基于丙型、丁型水驱特征曲线提出了广适水驱特征曲线的简易求解思路,建立了广适水驱特征曲线在层状水驱、底水驱或者两种方式并存油田中的应用方法,将具有唯一解的常用水驱特征曲线优选问题转化为广适水驱特征曲线与丙型、丁型曲线联合求取唯一解问题;最后以海上多个典型油田为例进行了应用,大幅提高了不同水驱方式下水驱可采储量预测精度及决策效率。     

广适水驱特征曲线的适用性及应用方法

水驱特征曲线法是利用生产资料预测水驱开发油田进入中高含水阶段以后水驱可采储量的重要手段之一,国内外学者提出并改进形成了70多种水驱特征曲线,但适用条件和预测精度各有千秋,制约着水驱特征曲线应用的效率及效果,行业标准中推荐的水驱特征曲线也在根据实践认识不断变化。首先通过分析广适水驱特征曲线及常用水驱特征曲线的物理意义,认为广适水驱特征曲线具有较强的适用性,提出了常用水驱特征曲线谱系图,进而建立了近似理论曲线、广适曲线、丙型曲线、丁型曲线之间内在关系的认识;接着基于丙型、丁型水驱特征曲线提出了广适水驱特征曲线的简易求解思路,建立了广适水驱特征曲线在层状水驱、底水驱或者两种方式并存油田中的应用方法,将具有唯一解的常用水驱特征曲线优选问题转化为广适水驱特征曲线与丙型、丁型曲线联合求取唯一解问题;最后以海上多个典型油田为例进行了应用,大幅提高了不同水驱方式下水驱可采储量预测精度及决策效率。     

两种新型水驱特征曲线系列

水驱特征曲线法是用来预测水驱油田的产量及可采储量的重要方法,目前国内外学者对水驱特征曲线的研究,已有几十种水驱特征曲线的表达式,由于油田开发的复杂性,各类曲线很难定量描述油田开发的全过程,而只适用于某一特定阶段。基于前人提出的几种水驱特征曲线,提出了第2种水驱曲线结合第10种水驱曲线的新型水驱特征曲线以及丙型与第10种类型结合的新型水驱特征曲线,和经典的水驱特征曲线完全等效的一种水驱特征曲线表达式,并对新型特征曲线的形状和性质做了研究。通过实例分析,所建立的新型水驱特征曲线与实际数据拟合相关性更强,结果更可靠。     

一种新型水驱特征曲线的研究与应用

常规水驱特征曲线多为单一曲线,适用范围较窄,人为选取直线段会引入误差,不利于开发效果评价。针对这一问题,结合两种常规水驱曲线,建立了一种新型水驱特征曲线。该曲线表现为"曲线簇",适用于不同类型的油藏,扩大了水驱特征曲线的适用范围。实例分析表明,新型水驱特征曲线不仅适用于中高含水期、不同原油物性的油藏,也适用于化学驱油藏,扩大了特征曲线的适用范围。利用非线性回归法对动态数据进行拟合,避免了人为选取数据所产生的误差,含水上升规律预测精度高。新型水驱曲线可以很好地评价不同类型油田开发效果,从而指导不同类型油田的开发调整。     

利用组合模型预测油田开发指标

将灰色理论GM(1,1)模型与水驱特征曲线结合起来,选取产量极差值最低的曲线作为GM(1,1)模型预测对象,在预测出未来产量的基础上,利用水驱特征曲线预测出其他开发指标.该方法既解决了GM(1,1)模型缺少水驱规律的问题,又解决了水驱曲线预测中缺少时间的问题.将该方法应用于火烧山H2油组,结果表明,该组合模型为一套切实可行的预测油田开发指标的方法.     

关于童氏乙型水驱特征经验公式的探讨

对目前广泛运用的童宪章水驱经验公式进行推导,在此基础上研究水驱特征曲线在矿场应用中存在的问题,对该经验公式进行修正,并提出计算水驱地质储量的新方法.根据中国3个油田共7个油藏的实际生产数据资料对提出的方法进行验证.结果表明:利用童宪章水驱经验公式预测的油藏最终采收率结果偏大,计算的水驱地质储量结果有误;利用修正后的方法计算的水驱地质储量更接近于用容积法计算的地质储量.     

注水开发油田进行注气开发的可行性研究

注水是油田开发中使用最为普遍的开采方式,但水驱采收率一般不高,探索水驱后如何提高采收率一直是广大科技工作者思考的问题。注气是一种较好的提高采收率技术,在水驱后油田注气潜力如何还不清楚。在此分析了国内外油田水驱后注气项目实施情况,并对我国一些油田实例进行了评价,对我国油田水驱后注气开发的实施有较好的指导意义。     

水驱砂岩油藏特高含水期开发动态预测方法

水驱油田进入特高含水期后含油饱和度进一步降低,引起油水渗流特性发生突变,使得在大多数水驱油田广泛使用的开发指标预测方法误差增大。本文在前人研究的基础上利用贝克莱水驱油理论和韦尔奇含水饱和度公式将渗流特征关系、产量递减规律与典型水驱特征曲线进行联合求解,推导出多种包含时间参数的特高含水期开发指标预测新方法,此方法包含了水驱特征曲线法和递减规律的优点。通过油藏数值模拟结果对比验证得出二次型模型准确度最高,预测误差在允许范围内并且简便易实现,对实际油田开发具有一定的实际指导意义。     

常规测井水淹层综合识别方法研究

油层水驱开采是提高采收率的一种方法,水淹层测井解释是注水开发油藏监测的关键技术,其解释精度直接影响油田开发效果.在水驱过程中油层的性质会发生一系列变化,这些变化在储层及测井曲线上有所显示.通过分析研究这些特征,对水淹层解释具有重要的指导意义.     

特高含水阶段水驱油藏开发指标计算方法研究

水驱油藏的含油饱合度在特高含水期进一步降低,引起油水渗流特性发生突变,使得在大多数水驱油田广泛使用的开发指标预测方法误差增大。在前人研究的基础上利用贝克莱水驱油理论和韦尔奇含水饱和度公式将渗流特征关系、产量递减规律与典型水驱特征曲线进行联合求解,推导出多种包含时间参数的特高含水期开发指标预测新方法;此方法包含了水驱特征曲线法和递减规律的优点。通过油藏数值模拟结果对比验证得出二次型模型准确度最高,预测误差在允许范围内并且简便易实现,对实际油田开发具有一定的实际指导意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that