水稻对白叶枯病菌抗性与活性氧关系的研究

以 3种水稻白叶枯病菌和 4个抗、感水稻品种为样品 ,研究了水稻对白叶枯病菌抗性与白叶枯病菌细胞保护酶以及氧自由基的关系。研究结果表明 :接种 15d的水稻SOD、POD显示活性 ,而CAT无活性 ;用水稻叶片酶解液培养 3种病原菌 ,菌体显示SOD和CAT活性 ,但未测出POD活性。抗、感水稻对白叶枯病菌的影响不同 ,感病水稻使病原菌SOD和CAT活性升高 ,抗病水稻使白叶枯病菌SOD、CAT活性降低。而抗、感水稻对白叶枯病菌氧自由基的影响 ,正好与对酶的影响相反。     

水稻Xa7基因抗白叶枯病应答中的活性氧代谢分析

白叶枯病是由革兰氏阴性黄单孢菌水稻变种（Xanthomonas oryzae pv．Oryzae,Xoo）所引起的一种世界性水稻细菌病害．水稻Xa7基因是一个具有广谱抗性的显性抗白叶枯病基因．通过对水稻抗病品种IRBB7（含Xa7）和感病对照IR24接种白叶枯菌PX086,发现：在叶片的病原菌侵染部位,IRBB7比IR24的活性氧（H2O2和O2-）积累更快且含量更高;与活性氧代谢相关的酶,如超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和过氧化物酶的活性也更高．推测活性氧的代谢调节可能在Xa7基因介导的抗病反应中起作用．     

水稻白叶枯病菌1个毒性相关基因的鉴定

我们曾报道了来自水稻白叶枯病菌真基文库的重级质粒ｐＧＸＮ３０００中含有一个能互补甘蓝黑腐病菌ｒｐｆＧ致病因子调控基因突变全的基因，并通过转座子诱变获得子转座子插在ｐＧＸＮ３０００中的这一基因的转座子插重组质粒，本研究利用这些转座子插入重组质粒，通过标记置换方法构建了不稻白叶枯病菌这一基因的突变菌株，植株试验结果表明，突变株虽然在水稻中仍能正常生长繁殖，但毒性严重降低，说明水稻白叶枯病菌的这一基因在     

稻白叶枯菌弱毒株诱导的系统抗性——兼论与防御酶活性的变化

2 个品种(余水糯, 浙辐802)的水稻幼苗经白叶枯菌( Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) 弱毒株75-1处理后,均获得了对白叶枯菌强毒株 76-25 的系统抗性,超氧化物歧化酶( SOD) 、 过氧化氢酶( CAT) 活性下降, 脂氧合酶( LOX)、 丙二醛含量升高Ti ron 削弱了75- 1对上述指标的诱导作用,导致75-1对余水糯和浙福 802 的互作由非亲和性类型转变为类似亲和性性类型.提示 O^{- .}₂ 等活性氧介导的脂膜过氧化损伤及防御酶系统的活性变化与水稻幼苗对稻白叶枯病的系统性抗性有关.     

水稻-白叶枯病菌互作中过氧化氢酶的研究

以3种水稻白叶枯病菌和3个抗、感水稻为样品,研究了水稻-白叶枯病菌互作中过氧化氢酶的变化.研究结果表明:接种15d的水稻CAT无活性,CAT同工酶电泳也未显示酶带,对照组CAT则显示活性;在NB培养基中生长的白叶枯病菌显示CAT活性;用水稻酶解液培养了3种病原菌,菌体显示CAT活性,抗、感水稻对白叶枯病菌的影响不同,抗病水稻使病原菌CAT活性降低,感病水稻使CAT活性升高.     

Comparison of the genomes of two Xanthomonas pathogens with differing host specificities

The genus Xanthomonas is a diverse and economically important group of bacterial phytopathogens, belonging to the gamma-subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) causes citrus canker, which affects most commercial citrus cultivars, resulting in significant losses worldwide. Symptoms include canker lesions, leading to abscission of fruit and leaves and general tree decline. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) causes black rot, which affects crucifers such as Brassica and Arabidopsis. Symptoms include marginal leaf chlorosis and darkening of vascular tissue, accompanied by extensive wilting and necrosis. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is grown commercially to produce the exopolysaccharide xanthan gum, which is used as a viscosifying and stabilizing agent in many industries. Here we report and compare the complete genome sequences of Xac and Xcc. Their distinct disease phenotypes and host ranges belie a high degree of similarity at the genomic level. More than 80% of genes are shared, and gene order is conserved along most of their respective chromosomes. We identified several groups of strain-specific genes, and on the basis of these groups we propose mechanisms that may explain the differing host specificities and pathogenic processes.     

疣粒野生稻抗白叶枯病相关基因ME196半定量RT-PCR分析

以从疣粒野生稻受白叶枯病菌诱导所建的差减文库中筛选出的一个具有丝氨酸一苏氨酸激酶抗病结构域的基因（克隆号为ME-196）,用半定量RT-PCR法,以肌动蛋白（β-actin）基因为内参,研究疣粒野生稻抗白叶枯病相关基因ME196基因mRNA的表达水平。通过ME196基因与β-actin基因PCR产物的灰度之比,确定ME196为诱导性表达,并进一步推测其为疣粒野生稻抗白叶枯病相关基因,甚至为抗病基因。     

Widespread distribution and fitness contribution of Xanthomonas campestris avirulence gene avrBs2

Disease-resistance genes introduced into cultivated plants are often rendered ineffective by the ability of pathogen populations to overcome host resistance. The bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pathovar vesicatoria causes bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper, and this pathogen has been shown to overcome disease resistance in pepper (Capsicum annuum) by evading the recognition and defence response of the host plant. Numerous resistance genes to bacterial spot have been identified in pepper and its wild relatives, each providing resistance to specific races of X.c. vesicatoria. The resistance gene Bs1, for example, provides resistance to X.c. vesicatoria strains expressing the avirulence gene avrBs1; Bs2 provides resistance to stains expressing avrBs2 and so on. We now report that avr Bs2 is highly conserved among strains of X.c. vesicatoria, and among many other pathovars of X. campestris. Furthermore, we find that avrBs2 is in fact needed for full virulence of the pathogen on susceptible hosts. This implies that plants carrying Bs2 can recognize an essential gene of the bacterial pathogen, which may explain why Bs2 confers the only effective field resistance to X.c. vesicatoria in pepper.     

R gene expression induced by a type-III effector triggers disease resistance in rice

Disease resistance (R) genes in plants encode products that specifically recognise incompatible pathogens and trigger a cascade of events leading to disease resistance in the host plant. R-gene specificity is dictated by both host R genes and cognate avirulence (avr) genes in pathogens. However, the basis of gene-for-gene specificity is not well understood. Here, we report the cloning of the R gene Xa27 from rice and the cognate avr gene avrXa27 from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Resistant and susceptible alleles of Xa27 encode identical proteins. However, expression of only the resistant allele occurs when a rice plant is challenged by bacteria harbouring avrXa27, whose product is a nuclear localized type-III effector. Induction of Xa27 occurs only in the immediate vicinity of infected tissue, whereas ectopic expression of Xa27 resulted in resistance to otherwise compatible strains of the pathogen. Thus Xa27 specificity towards incompatible pathogens involves the differential expression of the R gene in the presence of the AvrXa27 effector.     

基因聚合品种对云南水稻白叶枯病的抗性分析

研究含多个抗性基因的聚合品种和单个抗性基因的近等基因系对云南省水稻白叶枯病菌的抗性差异.基因聚合品种对水稻白叶枯病菌的抗性达到高抗至免疫水平,病斑长度比单基因品系明显缩短,表明聚合抗病基因提高了水稻品种的抗性.单个抗性基因的近等基因系对这些菌株的抗性均不高,对我省生产中的主要白叶枯病菌株多表现为中感;这一研究结果为培育具有持久抗性的品种提供了新思路,它在实践应用方面将具有重要的意义.     

白蚁链霉菌ACT-2菌株抗菌谱及其发酵液抑菌稳定性分析

测定了白蚁链霉菌（Streptomyces termitum）ACT-2菌株的抗菌谱．结果表明：ACT-2菌株对细菌类病原体有较强的拮抗能力,对真菌类病原菌抑菌效果不显著．以水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv．oryzae）P6生理小种为指示菌,分析了ACT-2菌株发酵液的抑菌稳定性．ACT-2菌株发酵液抑菌稳定性实验显示：在温度低于80℃,4000lx光照强度下,ACT-2菌株发酵液能保持稳定的抑菌能力;温度高于90℃时,其发酵液的抑菌能力开始降低;经酸碱处理后,其发酵液的抑菌能力出现了明显的降低．     

Pathogenicity of EPS-deficient mutants (gumB-, gumD and gumE - ) of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Three extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) -deficient mutants of the pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, gumB - , gumD - and gumE- were constructed by Tn5 gusA5 mutagenesis in this study. The results of pathogenicity bioassay showed that three mutants had the obviously decreased pathogenicity on radish ( Raphanus sativus L. ) leaves. Because dead body of the bacteria still caused symptoms, it seemed that some unknown factors on the bac terial cell surface might play certain roles in the pathogenicity of the pathogen. The extracted raw EPS could lead to the chlorotic symptom on radish leaves, and its virulence was increased with the increase of EPS dosage, which suggested that EPS was a main component that caused the danage on radish leaves.     

Regulation of eight avr genes by hrpG and hrpX in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and their role in pathogenicity

Eight putative avirulence genes in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) strain 8004 were characterized by Tn5gusA5 mutagenesis and gene expression analysis. The virulence test of mutants on Chinese radish showed that all mutants in individual avr genes except avrBs2 mutant were not significantly different from the wild type in virulence. The avrBs2 mutant showed reduced virulence and bacterial growth in planta. Gene expression analysis using β-glucuronidase as reporter indicated that avrBs1.1，avrBs1，avrXccB，avrXccC，avrXccE1 were regulated by hrpG, whereas avrXccA1, avrXccA2 and avrBs2 were not. RT-PCR analysis showed that all hrpG-regulated genes except avrBs1 were also regulated by hrpX. In addition, it was demonstrated that avrBs1　 was responsible for elicitation of a type III dependent hypersensitive reaction (HR) on nonhost plant pepper ECW-10R, and wild type Xcc 8004 was unable to cause HR on pepper ECW-20R.     

Characterization and molecular marker screening of a rice bacteria-resistant gene Xa-min(t)

To test the resistant spectrum of the Xa-min(t) gene introgressed from Oryza minuta, thirty-four isolates of different bacterial blight pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), from 11 countries were used to inoculate the Xa-min(t) introgression line 78-15. Four rice cultivars, IR24, C64 (IRBB21), Nipponbare and Zhonghua 11 were used as controls. The results showed that the Xa-min(t) gene was broad-spectrum and highly resistant to diverse Xoo isolates. The methods of bulk segregant analysis (BSA), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) were used to analyze F2 individuals of the hybrid IR24×78-15 and molecular genetic markers linked to Xa-min(t) gene were identified. A total of 800 arbitrary decamer oligonucleotide primers were used for RAPD analysis. Two RAPD markers, BE05300 and BE061400, produced by primers BE05 and BE06 respectively, were closely linked to the Xa-min(t) gene. Based on the sequences of these two markers, sequence specific primers were designed and used to screen all F2 plants. One RAPD marker, BE05300, was converted into a stable SCAR marker (ScBE05300). Linkage analysis was carried out using markers ScBE05300 and BE061400 on 948 and 719 F2 individuals of the hybrid IR24×78-15. Our results indicate that the genetic distances from Xa-min(t) to ScBE05300 and BE061400 are 2.2 cM and 3.7 cM respectively on the same side. This study may facilitate the construction of the fine physical map of the Xa-min(t) gene.     

水稻白叶枯病拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及发酵液稳定性分析

从稻田土壤、水稻植株、昆虫肠道等环境中分离纯化得到88株菌株,以水稻白叶枯病菌生理小种P6菌株为指示菌,通过琼脂块法和牛津杯法从中筛选得到了对水稻白叶枯病菌具有明显拮抗作用的12号菌株,其抑菌圈直径为6.09 cm.根据12号拮抗菌株菌落和菌丝形态特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析结果,鉴定该菌株为Streptomyces gramineus.该拮抗菌发酵液具有较强的热稳定性、酸碱稳定性和光照稳定性,将其作为生物农药具有一定的应用价值和开发前景.     

植物病原细菌应急反应研究进展

细菌生活在营养匮乏的环境时,为了能够适应这种恶劣的环境,细菌自身会产生应急反应。细菌的应急反应至今仍是生物学研究热点之一,实施这一应急反应的是胞内的信号分子(p)ppGpp,其能与RNA聚合酶结合,调控许多细胞过程,包括病原细菌致病过程,可以作为防治动植物细菌性病害的药物靶点。植物病原细菌分布范围很广,能引起植物的许多重要病害发生,对许多农作物造成了重大经济损失。本文综述了植物病原细菌解淀粉欧文氏菌(Erwinia amylovora)、丁香假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas syringae)、黑腐果胶杆菌(Pectobacterium atrosepticum)、柑橘黄单胞菌柑橘亚种(Xanthomonas citri subsp.citri)和十字花科黑腐病菌(X.campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)中应急反应的研究进展,为全面、深入地了解植物病原细菌的应急反应,有效防治植物细菌性病害提供参考。     

Analysis of Salicylic Acid Induced Proteins in Rice

ＳｉｎｃｅＷｈｉｔｅｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄｔｈａｔｓｐｒａｙｉｎｇｔｏｂａｃｃｏｐｌａｎｔｓｗｉｔｈｓａｌｉｃｙｌｉｃａｃｉｄ (ＳＡ)ｏｒａｃｅｔｙｌｓａｌｉｃｙｌｉｃａｃｉｄｉｎｄｕｃｅｄｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅｔｏｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｔｏｂａｃｃｏｍｏｓａｉｃｖｉｒｕｓ[1] ,ｍａｎｙｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓｈａｖｅｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄｔｈａｔＳＡｐｌａｙｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｏｌｅｉｎｐｌａｎｔｄｉｓｅａｓｅｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ ,ａｃｔｉｎｇａｓａｎｅｎｄｏｇｅｎｏｕｓｓｉｇｎａｌｍｏｌｅｃ…     

利用AFLP-银染法筛选与抗甘蓝黑腐病性状连锁的分子标记

利用ＡＦＬＰ－银染法在一对花椰菜抗、感黑腐病的近等基因系中筛选到四个与抗黑腐病性状、一个与感黑腐病性状连锁的ＤＮＡ 分子标记．对其中一个４００ｂｐ 的抗病标记进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ 杂交检测,结果表明该标记在抗病品系中存在明显的杂交信号,而在感病品系中无杂交信号．该标记测序后,通过Ｇｅｎｂａｎｋ 进行同源性检测,发现其与拟南芥菜ＢＡＣ克隆Ｆ７Ｎ２２ 部分序列有７５％ 的同源性．该ＢＡＣ克隆位于拟南芥菜５ 号染色体的黑腐病抗性基因（ｒｘｃ２）附近．这意味着该标记可能与甘蓝黑腐病抗性基因紧密连锁．     

突变野油菜黄单胞菌α-淀粉酶基因在酿酒酵母中的整合表达

用定向进化的一种新方法,对野油菜黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris)的α-淀粉酶基因(XAMY)进行PCR体外诱变后获得了一个编码的酶活性提高的突变基因,将其克隆到由rDNA序列介导的酵母整合型表达载体pHBM368上,得到重组质粒pHBM368XA.将pHBM368XA转化酿酒酵母S.cerevisiae INVScⅠ,获得了整合型分泌表达α-淀粉酶的酵母重组菌株XA01.对选择的3个工程菌α-淀粉酶表达的稳定性进行了检测,结果表明在完全培养基中连续培养80代,淀粉酶的酶活性仍然保持稳定.在淀粉酶自身信号肽引导下,胞外分泌效率可达50%.