超深层裂缝性致密砂岩气藏水侵动态特征分析——以库车坳陷克深2气田为例

为了研究水侵对超深层裂缝性致密砂岩气藏生产的影响,把库车坳陷克深2气田为对象,利用日常生产数据,采用现代气井生产动态分析方法,通过分析该类气藏/气井的水侵动态特征,从而建立产水预警模式。根据气井产气指数变化特征,将产水气井生产划分为清井期、无水侵期、水侵初期和产水期四个阶段。在水侵初期,产气指数因能量补给而明显增大,成为水侵预警的标志,水侵一旦突破井底,产气指数将快速降低。位于气藏不同部位的气井,其各阶段持续时间不同,水气比、产水指数等亦有差别。与氯离子浓度监测、地面气水分离计量等方法相比,产气指数判别法能够更早识别气藏/气井水侵,并且经济方便,这对及时调整开发对策、保障气田控水稳产具有积极作用。     

基于水侵预警的边水气藏动态预测模型

对于水驱气藏,水侵可以起到维持地层压力、保持气井产量的正面作用。但当水锥突破至井底后,受气水两
相渗流的影响,气相渗透率急剧降低,严重影响气井生产。如何准确预测边水推进距离,做到水侵的提早预警,对于气
藏开发技术对策调整具有重要的意义。基于体积平衡原理、以边水气藏水侵圆环为研究对象,建立的边水气藏水侵预
警方程能预测气藏的可能见水井及其见水时间,可实现水侵气藏的早预警、早调整;并结合产量预测、压力预测和水侵
量预测模型,建立了一种新的基于水侵预警的边水气藏动态预测模型,应用于PG 气田水侵气藏的见水井、见水时间和
相关开发指标的动态预测,与实际生产对比表明,该模型预测结果基本吻合,能够指导气藏的水侵预警与及时调整。     

龙门气田石炭系气藏产水特征分析

文章从气田开发现状、气藏储层特征、产水机理及气藏内生产井的生产动态特征等几个方面分析了龙门气藏的产水特征。为该气藏的开发提供了十分重要的动态资料,并提出了预测和治理石炭系气藏地层水水侵和产水的主要措施,对现场生产具有重要的指导意义。     

有水气藏开发早期动态储量计算方法研究

某地区须家河组有水气藏开发早期气水关系复杂,气井普遍产水,动态储量一直难以确定。根据低渗有水气藏生产动态及渗流特征,分析应用弹性二相法、压降法不能计算其动态储量。气井产水使气藏供气能力不足,气井生产制度不合理,造成用弹性二相法计算的动态储量偏低;产水气井和水淹井测得地层压力值偏低,导致压降法计算的动态储量必然误差较大。针对两种方法的缺点,建立了更适合产水特征的物质平衡方程,提出了计算有水气藏动态储量新方法——产量不稳定分析法,在计算过程中避免了"假拟稳态"的出现和实时测量井底流压的困难。通过实例分析研究表明,该方法计算简单、实用、准确,为气井的合理配产提供依据,对有水气藏的开发具有重要意义。     

ZB气田Xu-2藏水侵方向研究新方法

气井水侵将会造成气井产能大幅下降,影响气藏的开发动态。水侵方向的确定和预测是水侵气藏动态分析和预测的一项重要内容。以往学者是主要结合气藏数值模拟和示踪剂监测,了解整体的侵入趋势,该方法只能对整个气藏水侵分析出主体方向。针对水侵气藏开发中后期水侵方向不确定的问题,本文对须二气藏的水侵方向通过势的叠加原理,引入水侵势函数用以描述气井水侵,计算出每口井的水侵方向。结果表明,水侵方向与前面两个研究的结果一致;且该方法可以一定地预测出小部分水体地入侵方向,并可以运用在其它类似气藏。     

异常高温气井凝析水产出机理及动态研究

基于油气水多相相平衡理论,模拟了异常高温气藏地层原始条件和生产过程中地层和井筒的烃水相态变化特征,分析了气井凝析水的采出过程和机理.计算了不同温度压力条件下凝析气中饱和凝析水含量,得出了气井凝析水产出动态规律曲线.最后对两口实例凝析气井早期产水规律和产水来源进行了分析.结果表明,凝析水产出机理是烃水在不同温度压力条件下的多相平衡,凝析水产水规律可用于气井产水来源和气井产水动态的初步判定和分析.这对于正确认识高温气井产水规律,编制合理的气田开发方案具有重要现实意义.     

ZB气田Xu-2气藏水侵方向研究新方法

气井水侵将会造成气井产能大幅下降,影响气藏的开发动态。水侵方向的确定和预测是水侵气藏动态分析和预测的一项重要内容。以往学者是主要结合气藏数值模拟和示踪剂监测,了解整体的侵入趋势,该方法只能对整个气藏水侵分析出主体方向。针对水侵气藏开发中后期水侵方向不确定的问题,对ZB气田Xu-2气藏的水侵方向通过势的叠加原理,引入水侵势函数用以描述气井水侵,计算出每口井的水侵方向。结果表明,水侵方向与前面两个研究的结果一致;且该方法可以一定地预测出小部分水体的入侵方向,并可以运用在其他类似气藏。     

预测裂缝型有水气藏早期水侵动态的新方法

四川盆地气藏地质情况复杂,储集层具有明显的低孔低渗特征,非均质性强,裂缝发育程度差异较大,气井产量大幅降低并出现水淹现象。利用气藏开发早期的试采数据来研究水体的性质及早期水侵动态,基于物质平衡原理建立了水侵动态预测模型,通过计算水侵强度系数得出气藏的水侵动态指标,避免了直接计算水侵量,运用非线性最优化方法进行求解并给出了相应的解法。针对实际气藏,利用该模型计算了反映水侵动态的各项指标。研究表明,该方法可以准确获得非均质气藏水体性质和水侵动态,其结果对提出早期控水措施很有帮助。对有水气藏的开发中实施早期控水措施具有重要的实际意义。     

基于数值模拟的生物礁气藏地层水分布研究

对气水分布的正确认识是气井产水预测、气藏开发调整的关键，非均质性强的生物礁有水气藏气水分布通常很复杂，现有测井解释、地震解释等方法在对地层水分布的刻画方面均存在一定的局限性，数值模拟作为一种能充分结合地质静态认识及生产动态资料的技术，为研究地层水分布提供了一个重要手段。首先，对水侵活跃性参数进行分析、量化，并基于考虑储层非均质性的气藏三维模型进行水侵机理研究，分析气井生产指标对各参数的敏感程度；然后，结合地质认识及生产动态资料辨识出地层水赋存状态的最大可能情况，同时采用J函数精细描述地层水分布；最后，获得与实际气藏更相符的精细数值模拟模型。研究加深了对元坝长兴组复杂生物礁气藏地层水分布的认识，研究思路也适用于其他各种类型的、非均质程度不同的有水气藏。     

X气藏气井的合理配产分析

x气藏处于开发初期阶段,但由于气藏的开发过程,任何气井的生产,都是在一段时期的稳产之后进入递减生产阶段.因此,我们为了获取最大的经济利益就需要最大限度维持气井稳产的时期.这就需要根据气藏的地质条件和气井前期的生产资料,对气井进行合理配产.本文结合X油藏气井的生产资料,分经验法、节点法和采气曲线法分析了X气藏气井的合理配产产量,主要分析了采气曲线法,最后综合三种方法,确定了X气藏前期布置的气井合理配产产量.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with