金属元素改性后的液化石油气制芳烃催化剂性能评价

利用X射线衍射和红外光谱分别表征了金属元素改性的HZSM-5分子筛液化石油气芳构化催化剂,并且在反应温度510 ℃、进料空速0.25 h-1和系统压力0.1MPa的条件下,利用100 mL固定床实验装置考察了改性金属元素种类、改性金属元素含量和双金属元素改性对催化剂性能的影响.结果表明,HZSM-5分子筛经锌或锌-铝改性后物相基本没有变化,但是改性后催化剂B酸中心减少,L酸中心明显增加,并出现新的芳构化活性中心.在Zn/HZSM-5催化剂上,液化气芳构化的芳烃收率比HZSM-5催化剂提高22%,并且催化剂的稳定性明显改善;Zn-Al/HZSM-5芳构化催化剂不仅能进一步提高液化气芳构化的芳烃收率,还能有效延长催化剂的使用寿命;当Zn-Al/HZSM-5催化剂上锌含量为2.0%～4.0 %,铝含量为2.0%～3.0%时,催化剂表现出最好的活性及稳定性.     

裂解汽油在ZSM-5沸石上的芳构化

采用连续流动反应装置,考察了裂解汽油在HZSM-5与金属元素改性的HZSM-5上的芳构化反应,发现锌改性后提高了液体产物中芳烃的收率。为了克服裂解汽油中含硫含焦杂质的影响,提出了获取芳烃的有效工艺:蒸馏除焦-加氢预脱硫-氢气氛下芳构化反应-冷凝产物。用氨吸附的程序升温脱附法,将催化剂的酸性质与其催化芳构化作用进行关联,认为Zn改性后的HZSM-5催化剂具有较温和的酸中心,可能是其芳构化高活性与高选择性的原因。     

正己烷在ZnNi/HZSM-5上芳构化反应的研究

研究了HZSM-5负载型芳构化催化剂中的硅铝比，锌、镍金属质量分数等对正己烷芳构化反应的影响．结果表明：催化剂的硅铝比越大，其稳定性越好，但芳构化能力弱，造成芳烃和BTX收率低；催化剂镍质量分数为1．0％，锌质量分数达到3．0％时，芳烃和BTX收率最高，分别为31．45%6和30．24％，再增大锌的质量分数芳烃和BTX产率保持不变；锌质量分数为3．0％，镍质量分数高于1．0％的情况下芳烃和BTX收率反而下降．因而催化剂中锌、镍的最佳质量分数分别为3．0％和1．0％．此外，还对催化剂的酸性变化对正己烷芳构化的过程进行了初步探讨．     

炼厂气在Sb/HZSM-5沸石分子筛催化剂上芳构化的研究

本文对综合利用炼厂气以扩大芳烃来源探索了一条新的途径。研究用氧化锑改性HZSM-5与沸石分子筛催化剂对炼厂气芳构化催化活性的影响,以及活化温度和反应温度对产物分布的效应,并对炼厂气(主要是C_4、烃类)在Sb/EIZSM-5沸石分子筛健化剂上芳构化过程作了初步探讨。实验结果表明,炼厂气可作为制备芳烃的原料。在活化反应温度500℃,空速为60ml/min,总芳烃平均收率为92%,C_6—C_8芳烃收率为77%,液态非芳烃含量为7.5%,     

不同晶粒度HZSM-5沸石汽油降烯烃性能

考察了HZSM-5沸石晶粒度对降低FCC汽油(<70℃馏分)烯烃的影响.结果表明,在固定床反应器上,不同晶粒度的HZSM-5沸石都表现出很强的降烯烃能力,可使FCC汽油中烯烃体积分数从61%降至11%～17%,但辛烷值均不降低.HZSM-5沸石对汽油的降烯烃作用得益于其优异的芳构化、异构化和烷基化性能.HZSM-5沸石的晶粒度对其催化活性与稳定性影响很大,纳米级HZSM-5沸石的活性高、稳定性好.因其粒度小、微孔短、孔口多以及位于孔口和外表面的酸中心数量多,对烷基芳烃和异构烷烃等"胖分子"的扩散阻力小,从而减小了积碳对在纳米级HZSM-5沸石上芳构化、芳烃烷基化和直链烃异构化反应的影响.HZSM-5沸石作为汽油降烯烃催化剂,须经过适当的改性以调节产品油的组成,其纳米晶体是理想的催化剂改性母体.     

ZSM—5分子筛上液化石油气芳构化反应的研究

采用常压连续流动微反装置，考察了液化石油气在HZSM－5分子筛及各种改性分子筛上的芳构化反应，并对抑制积炭延长分子筛活性稳定性方面做了研究。根据测得的催化剂样品上的吡啶吸附红外光谱及氨的TPD结果，提出了芳构化的活性中心是由B酸与L酸共同构成，B酸与L酸应有适宜配比的观点。     

改性Mo/HZSM-5在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中的性能

硅铝摩尔比(nSi/nAl)不同的HZSM-5(Hydrogen Zeolite Socony Mobile-Five)制备的催化剂在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中的性能不同。实验表明:nSi/nAl=40的Mo/HZSM-5在苯选择性、稳定性和苯生成速率等方面均优于其他硅铝摩尔比的催化剂;同时,对载体改性可以提高催化剂在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中的性能。对比不同的改性方法发现,先碱处理再酸处理改性的wMo=0.03的Mo/HZSM-5较其他催化剂具有更好的催化性能,改性后的催化剂具有更好的稳定性以及使反应具有更高的苯选择性和苯生成速率。     

锌改性的ZSM-5分子筛催化C_4烃类芳构化

用Zn盐对ZSM-5分子筛进行改性,考察其在混合C_4烃类芳构化上的催化效应和工艺条件。实验表明,Zn-ZSM-5催化芳构化的性能优于ZSM-5催化剂。在反应温度520～530℃、重量空速1.0h~(-1)以及常压不临氢条件下,连续反应8h,C_4～C_8芳烃的收率逸42%(wt),液态烃中芳烃含量高达99%(wt)。催化剂累计反应160h,每反应8h后用空气再生2h,其催化活性仍可保持不变。     

丙烷在ZSM-5催化剂上的芳构化反应

研究了在HZSM-5及其Zn改性的催化剂上、在不同反应条件下、丙烷芳构化反应的活性和选择性。试验结果表明,锌改性后的Zn-ZSM-5催化剂与HZSM-5相比,在同样的反应条件下,可提高丙烷转化率与芳烃选择性。在520℃,丙烷重量空速为0.74h~(-1)条件下,在Zn-ZSM-5上丙烷转化率达94.3%,芳烃收率达50.4%。实验中还应用TPD技术以NH_3为吸附质研究了Zn-ZSM-5催化剂表面酸性的改变对其活性和选择性的影响。     

正戊烷在HZSM－5及ZnHZSM－5上芳构化反应的研究

本文研究了锌改性前后ＨＺＳＭ－５沸石上正戊烷芳构化反应性能，考察了锌含量、沸石硅铝比、反应温度和空速对芳构化性能的影响规律，并用ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ方法表征了锌改性前后沸石的表面酸性质。结果表明，硅铝比低的沸石芳烃产量高且反应稳定性差。较适宜的反应温度为５４０～５６０℃，空速１．５～２．５小时－１。锌改性后改变了沸石表面的酸量和酸分布。同时对锌改性后提高芳烃产量的原因进行了讨论。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that