2014年5月8-9日金昌沙尘暴天气过程分析

通过对2014年5月8日至9日发生在金昌的沙尘暴天气过程的环流背景、物理量场等进行了综合分析,发现此次沙尘暴天气过程是高空500hpa的气旋式风切变引起的气流辐合及北方冷空气下滑共同影响所致,揭示了该次沙尘暴天气过程的天气原因。分析认为利用micaps常规气象资料并结合天气学方法、数值预报产品,可以及时、准确预报出类似的天气过程,对灾害性天气临近预报有一定的指导意义。     

沙尘暴天气成因分析

近几年兰州地区区域性强沙尘暴天气时有发生。本文从环流、地面形势等方面对沙尘暴天气进行了分析，以了解它的形成原因，提高预报此类天气的能力，预防此类天气的发生，更好地为社会生产、生活服务。     

中国北方沙尘暴研究进展

沙尘暴是主要发生于干旱、半干旱地区的一种危害极大的灾害性天气。在分析我国北方地区沙尘暴研究现状的基础上，系统总结了沙尘暴的时空分布规律、形成原因、最新研究方法和手段以及预防治理沙尘暴的对策，指出我国北方沙尘暴发生发展的某些规律。     

4.23北方地区一次强沙尘暴成因分析

本文对2009年4月23日～24日发生在我国西北大部、华北西部等地的一次强沙尘暴天气过程从天气事实天气学成因等方面进行了分析和诊断指出这次沙尘暴过程发生是由于极地冷空气南下以及蒙古气旋共同影响下产生的。通过对内蒙古临河站沙尘暴发生前后各气象要素的变化进行对比分析,发现在沙尘暴发生前期,持续剧烈的升温为沙尘暴的发生提供了有利的热力条件,高空急流的变化导致了对流层中下层锋区的加强为沙尘暴的发生提供了有利的大尺度环流背景,而且高低层环境风对沙尘暴生命史的各阶段有较好的指示性。     

沙尘暴的成因及防治对策研究

沙尘暴是我国北方的灾害性天气之一，但近年来沙尘暴出现的频率不断增加，影响范围不断扩大，破坏程度逐年加剧，沙尘暴的频繁发生巳成为我国北方环境恶化的重要标志，本文研究了我国沙尘暴灾害现状，指出沙尘暴多发性的原因，分析了沙尘暴的动态演变，提出了防治沙尘暴的几点对策。     

近40年陕西省扬沙和沙尘暴天气

目的 对扬沙和沙尘暴进行分析，以便得出陕西省沙尘天气的时空分布特征；为进一步研究沙尘天气发生的物理机制奠定基础。方法 利用1961-2000年陕西省97个台站的气象实测资料，通过数理统计方法及对比分析，近40年陕西省扬沙和沙尘暴天气的时空分布特征及变化趋势被得出。结果 陕西省扬沙和沙尘暴天气主要发生在3～6月，一般出现在下午和傍晚；扬沙和沙尘暴在陕西省的空间分布特征总体是北多南少，近40年扬沙和沙尘暴出现频数在20世纪80年代后呈下降趋势，20世纪末到本世纪初有一个明显的回升趋势。结论 扬沙和沙尘暴天气的出现频数于20世纪80年代后呈下降趋势，20世纪末到本世纪初有一个明显的回升趋势。     

北京西北城区2010年春季一次沙尘暴过程PM10特征研究

采集2010年春季北京市西北城区沙尘暴前期、中期及后期可吸入颗粒物样品,运用场发射扫描电镜和粒度分布软件分析沙尘暴过程中PM10的微观形貌和粒度分布特征。结果表明,沙尘暴期间PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度是一个突然变化的过程,在沙尘期间质量浓度分别增加到1960.68μg/m3、1477.27μg/m3,然后随着沙尘暴的消退逐渐降低,颗粒物质量浓度逐渐减少;对体积——粒度分布的研究表明,无论沙尘暴天气还是非沙尘天气,其体积百分比主要集中在2.5μm以上的较大等效粒径范围内,沙尘暴天气是由于输入了大量的沙尘颗粒,而非沙尘天气的少量大粒径颗粒对体积百分比的影响却很大,导致体积百分比向大等效粒径范围集中;沙尘暴前,颗粒物的微观形貌类型有矿物颗粒、烟尘集合体、球形颗粒和超细未知颗粒,沙尘暴期间,微观形貌类型主要是来源于地壳的矿物颗粒。     

沙尘天气的危害及防治对策

分析了沙尘天气的类型,研究了沙尘天气的特点以及沙尘天气的危害,对沙尘天气的预报提出了建设性意见,并提出了沙尘暴的防治对策。     

沙尘暴的成因及防治对策研究

沙尘暴是我国北方的灾害性天气之一 ,但近年来沙尘暴出现的频率不断增加 ,影响范围不断扩大 ,破坏程度逐年加剧 ,沙尘暴的频繁发生已成为我国北方环境恶化的重要标志 .本文研究了我国沙尘暴灾害现状 ,指出了沙尘暴多发性的原因 ,分析了沙尘暴的动态演变 ,提出了防治沙尘暴的几点对策 .     

三京西北城区2010年春季一次沙尘暴过程PM10加特征研究

采集2010年春季北京市西北城区沙尘暴前期、中期及后期可吸入颗粒物样品,运用场发射扫描电镜和粒度分布软件分析沙尘暴过程中PM,。的微观形貌和粒度分布特征。结果表明,沙尘暴期间PM10和PM25的质量浓度是一个突然变化的过程,在沙尘期间质量浓度分别增加到1960．68μg／in。、1477．27μg／m^3,然后随着沙尘暴的消退逐渐降低,颗粒物质量浓度逐渐减少;对体积——粒度分布的研究表明．无论沙尘暴天气还是非沙尘天气,其体积百分比主要集中在2．5μm以上的较大等效粒径范围内,沙尘暴天气是由于输入了大量的沙尘颗粒．而非沙尘天气的少量大粒径颗粒对体积百分比的影响却很大,导致体积百分比向大等效粒径范围集中：沙尘暴前,颗粒物的微观形貌类型有矿物颗粒、烟尘集合体、球形颗粒和超细未知颗粒,沙尘暴期间,微观形貌类型主要是来源于地壳的矿物颗粒．     

从沙尘暴看黄土的沉积及黄土高原的形成

以近年来我国西北地区多发的沙尘暴现象为缘起,对沙尘暴的特征、发生机制等进行了讨论;论述了沙尘暴引起的降尘与黄土的堆积与沉积的过程;黄土堆积沉积的年龄、颗粒成分等;以及沙尘暴与高土高原的形成之间的关系,同时论述了黄土高原的环境变迁,认为高空均质粉尘的降落是不均匀的;高空降尘是突发的,而风及流水对堆积粉尘的改造是长期和连续的。     

The trend of sand flux and the meteorology elements changes in the near-surface layer of Tengger desert in the spring of 2006

Dust storm events, especially those associated with strong winds, are immediately dangerous, and have long-term harmful effects. During a dust storm event, dust in the near-surface atmospheric layer decreases visibility, and changes local meteorological parameters. In this paper, we analyzed levels of near-surface turbulence during and outside a dust storm event and found differences in the degree of turbulence, with wind speed increasing and amounts of windblown sand greatly increasing air turbulence during the dust storms compared with the corresponding values on a sunny day. In addition, the wind profile during the dust storm deviated from the normal profile and became more complex. In the near-surface atmospheric layer, sand and dust flux during the dust storm also differed from those on a sunny day.     

Characteristics and sources of 2002 super dust storm in Beijing

~~Characteristics and sources of 2002 super dust storm in Beijing~~     

Dust storm in Asia continent and its bio-environmental effects in the North Pacific： A case study of the strongest dust event in April, 2001 in central Asia

The iron hypothesis, first proposed by John Martin in 1990[1], suggests that some surface oceans such as North and Equatorial Pacific Oceans have high nutrient but low chlorophyll (HNLC). Thus iron coming from terrestrial dusts is the primary factor limit…     

不同沙尘天气微气象和沙尘演变规律的对比研究

利用内蒙古浑善达克沙地沙尘暴实验探测资料,给出2004年春季多次沙尘天气过程近地面微气象学要素、湍流通量及沙尘浓度的极值对比,重点分析了3月27-28日强沙尘暴过境时近地面微气象学要素和辐射分量的变化特征。结果表明： 沙尘天气过程中,白天近地层温差均有不同程度的降低,夜间逆温强度减弱;净辐射与感热通量较晴空值均有不同程度的削弱。沙尘天气过境时,动量通量显著增加,动力湍流与热力湍流配合,有利于加强沙尘源区的局地起沙和沙尘的垂直输送过程。3月27-28日强沙尘暴过境时,伴随地面水平风向的转变,沙尘浓度迅速增加,风速及其垂直梯度增大;在沙尘暴增强阶段,近地层降温达7℃,比湿出现极大值,净辐射和感热通量降为负值。当沙尘浓度达到最大值后,净辐射上升至零,反映了夜间沙尘气溶胶对低层大气和地表的保温作用。     

风沙流/沙尘暴与高雷诺数壁湍流野外观测

 风沙流与沙尘暴是发生在高雷诺数大气边界层中的气固两相流,对风沙流与沙尘暴的深入认识、准确预报和科学防治都要基于对风沙运动规律的认知和把握,因而需要借鉴高雷诺数湍流的研究成果。本文综述了高雷诺数壁湍流和风沙流/沙尘暴研究的现状,着重介绍了在中国民勤地区建立的沙尘暴与高雷诺数壁湍流野外观测站,以及基于观测站的观测列阵所获得的初步成果,展望了进一步的发展方向。     

春季沙尘天气与气压的关系

利用西北地区10个站近30年（1971—2000年）春季月平均气压与沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘月发生次数计算分析了沙尘暴多发年、正常年、少发年春季地面气压场（距平均）特征差异,研究了中国西北地区春季扬沙、浮尘月发生次数与春季地面气压场的相关性。     

Dust storms and loess accumulation on the Tibetan Plateau：A case study of dust event on 4 March 2003 in Lhasa

Whether the Tibetan Plateau is a significant dust source area is of great importance, because this is related to the understanding of sources, accumulation and environmental effects of dusts on the Tibetan Plateau and inthe Far East-Pacific Ocean regions as well as to the evointion of coupling of the Tibetan Plateau and atmaspbere-oeean-continent exchange. Synoptic dynamics and remote sensing tracing of a dust storm on 3 to 5 March, 2003 in Lhasa onSouth Tibet demonstrate that the Tibetan Plateau possessesall factors and conditions of generating dust storms. Accompanied with this dust storm is a strong ascending stream onthe Plateau which has raised various sizes of durst particlesinto different levels. The lifted coarse particles were largelyfallen down and accumulated as loess on the eastern TibetanPlateau, and the fine particles were translated by the westerly jet and subsided in the northern Pacific Ocean. The spa-tial-temporal distribution of dust-storms between years 1961and 2000 ou the Plateau shows that duststorms mainly occurin winter and early spring with high frequency, and tile pathof dust storm moves gradually from south to north, which isclosely coupled with the northward moving of the westerlyjet from winter to spring over the Tibetan Plateau. Com-pared with other twelve dust source areas in China. the Ti-betan Plateau is one of the key dust souree areas for thelong-distance transport because its high occurring frequencyand elevation cause fine particles easily to be lifted into thezone of the westerly jet.     

Coupling and feedback between iron and sulphur in air-sea exchange

Iron in surface seawater has been demonstrated to be the limiting nutrient factor for primary productivity in certain oceanic regions where other major nutrients are abundant[1—5]. The available Fe to the phytoplankton in seawater is related to the uptake of carbon dioxide through the ocean and, in turn, to the global greenhouse effect[6—11]. Recent reports showed that the available Fe in the seawater is closely correlative to nitrogen fixation in the ocean[12—17]. Understanding which Fe s…     

Study and case simulation of a regional dust model coupled with a nonhydrostatic dynamics model

A new regional dust model suitable for simulation and forecasting of dust storms over northern China was described. The dust model was developed by coupling the mesoscale dynamics model MM5 (the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model) with a set of mass conservation equations for the particles. The model includes all the atmospheric physical processes of dust storms including occurrence, lifting, transport, and dry and wet deposition. It considers the parameterization of dry and wet deposition, the dust size distribution and microphysical processes in detail. The dust flux from the surface is parameterized based on the friction velocity, which is provided by the mesoscale nonhydrostatic dynamics model, which takes account of the vegetation coverage, land use, soil category, and soil moisture. This new dust model is used to simulate the dust storm that occurred on 19--21 March, 2002 in North China. The results show that there is high dust concentration and its movement is consistent with the surface weather record and satellite monitoring images of the observed dust storm. The simulated dust concentration coincides with the observation data of the particulate concentration of PM10 (dust particles smallerthan 10 μm in diameter). The new numerical model also successfully simulates the formation and migration of the dust storm of 6-8 April, 2002 in North China.